Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yvette Pearson Weatherton, University of Texas, Arlington; Stephanie Lynn Daza, University of Texas at Arlington; Vu V. Pham, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

degrees awarded to people in these underrepresented groups over thepast few decades, there is still much work to be done to diversify the profession to reflect thecountry‘s shifting demographics and to broaden perspectives used in developing newtechnologies and solving complex problems.The importance of diversity in the engineering workforce has been recognized as a priority by anumber of entities, including the National Academies. Engineers from diverse backgrounds andexperiences are needed to devise creative solutions to the challenges posed by a diverse andmore interconnected world.1 Recruitment of a diverse engineering workforce includes thesuccessful recruitment, retention and graduation of a diverse engineering student population. Inorder

Conference Session

Myths About Gender and Race

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M Riley, Smith College; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

underrepresented1,2 reveal howcentral difference is to our explanations. For example, women’s lack of self-confidence or self-efficacy (or math anxiety) is understood relative to men.3-5 Women are seen to lack female rolemodels and peers relative to their male counterparts.6,7 A “chilly climate” that is hostile orcompetitive toward women drives women out,8-15 while men are more likely to stay. Stereotype Page 22.356.2threat, a reflection of perceived difference in ability, is seen to affect women and minoritystudents.16-17 Calls to alter curriculum and pedagogy focus on attracting women and minoritieswho are viewed to be more motivated by altruistic and

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Cooley Jones, Louisiana State University; Kelly A. Rusch P.E., Louisiana State University; Del H. Dugas, ExxonMobil

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

ofmentors and protégés was added during Phase 2. The 62-item survey results showed that theprotégés rated overall mentoring experience a 4.5 on a scale of 1(low) to 5 (high), and they havereported several positive outcomes including “Better understanding of skills used by engineering,science or math professionals.” Likewise, the mentors rated the experience 3.9, and reportedseveral positive outcomes such as “Self reflection on my own career.”The partnership and program has succeeded in increasing the engineering retention and degreecompletion rate for the minority scholars. Fourteen of the Phase 1 participants graduated inengineering with an overall mean GPA of 3.005 (s.d. = 0.505), and the remaining Phase 1scholar is on track to graduate May 2011

Conference Session

Build Diversity in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison Kang, University of Washington; Lisa A. Peterson, University of Washington; Elena Maria Hernandez, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Successful Undergraduate Research Program for Science and Engineering UndergraduatesIf current trends continue, the percentage of whites in the United States by 2020 will decline to63.7% (down from 75.6% in 2000) and by 2050, almost half of the U.S. population will benonwhite1. The group predicted to make up the majority of the nonwhite population areHispanics2, but other underrepresented minority groups will also grow substantially. Hispanicsmake up roughly one in every five high-school-age youth, compared with one in ten in 19902.Those trends are expected to be reflected in the state of Washington as well, but Washington alsohas a relatively large population of Alaska Indians/American Natives (AI/AN), about 1.6% of thepopulation

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth A. Eschenbach, Humboldt State University; Mary E. Virnoche, Humboldt State University; Tyler J. Evans, Humboldt State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

HSUinstitutional research. In that research, the models look at population data for a group of studentsentering an institution or program in the fall term of an academic year and communicate thepercentage of that cohort that returns for study in each subsequent academic year: these are the Page 22.870.4“retention” and “persistence” rates. Retention usually reflects stay at the institution regardless ofmovement between majors, while persistence relates to particular course taking patterns in majorpathways. Most institutions simply track institutional retention. We track and report both.If a student enrolled in coursework for a given term, but dropped

Conference Session

Build Diversity in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiabin Zhu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Demetra Evangelou, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Cyndi Lynch, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Audeen W. Fentiman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Phillip S. Dunston, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

. Researchers’ reflective notes were also summarized aftermeetings and activities. One-on-one interviews were conducted and recorded with the consent ofthe participants. The students were not compensated for their participation in the study. Therewere ten different questions in our interview protocol concerning the different aspects of ourstudies including: 1) their experiences of transitioning into graduate school, 2) their REACHexperiences and 3) their mentoring experiences. Sample interview questions are as follows,  How would you describe your graduate student life?  How would you describe your REACH experiences?CodingFieldnotes were transcribed after each meeting and activities. One-on-one interviews weretranscribed. After the

Conference Session

Myths About Gender and Race

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy E. Slaton, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

desire to become an engineer. 4, 10Individual agency is cast in such formulations as something which not only exists in meaningfulform among all students, of all backgrounds, but which, when present in sufficient amounts, candetermine a student's interior life (promoting the desirable activities of "self-regulation" or "self-reflection") and also his or her outwardly visible activities such as the attainment of goodgrades, or persistence. Skill acquisition and confidence are mutually supportive in many of theseanalyses, with both attainments in turn leading to success in college and the workplace. 11Negative interior experiences, such as anxiety and fear, also configure some students'performance and are seen to impede life success. While

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students, Diversity, and Assessment

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregg L. Fiegel, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Ben Mason, University of California, Berkeley; Nicholas W. Trombetta, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Minorities in Engineering

prior to beginning their work at Davis. Three ofthe five undergraduates were given the opportunity to work extensively with the centrifuge testdata and results. Two of the five undergraduates continued to work at the centrifuge facility forover a week after the test was concluded, helping with report preparation and data analyses. Inaddition, for one of the centrifuge tests, we recruited two undergraduates to work together asresearch assistants.AssessmentStudent QualificationsThe data summarized in Table 5 illustrate that the research team was successful in recruitinghighly qualified undergraduate participants, which reflects well on the recruitment programestablished for this project. All of the undergraduates had grade point averages greater

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students, Diversity, and Assessment

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Amithraj Amavasai; Jyothsna Kavuturu

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Minorities in Engineering

conceptswere correct but incorrect calculations in one step resulted in a failing grade. By breaking aproblem into steps and concepts and rewarding success at each step, students were encouraged tocomplete a problem and ask for help if they did not remember an abstract concept or equation.This paper describes a method for rewarding students for levels of knowledge during the finalexamination of a transportation engineering course.Kolb’s learning style theory 1 identifies four types of learning styles: (1) Concrete Experience(feeling), (2) Active experimentation (doing), (3) Reflective Observation (watching), and (4)Abstract Conceptualization (thinking). While every student has some component of each of thesefour learning styles, there is usually one

Conference Session

Myths About Gender and Race

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Kilgore, University of Washington; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington; Debbie Chachra, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

workQualitative Interviews Fifteen students at a large, public institution were interviewed in the spring of their senioryear (2007). Interviews were semi-structured and open-ended. Questions were designed to elicitstudents’ reflections on their college experience. Students spoke about their motivation to studyengineering primarily in response to one question: Are there any aspects of engineering that youparticularly like? Follow-up prompts elicited detail about the qualities or specific activities ofengineering that students cited. Students spoke about gender and their experience as engineeringstudents in response to three related questions: (1) How has gender played a role in yourexperience here at the UW? (2) Can you tell me of a particular

Conference Session

Myths About Gender and Race

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carroll Suzanne Seron, University of California, Irvine; Erin A. Cech, University of California, San Diego; Susan S. Silbey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Brian Rubineau, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

informants begin with “lay” myths about engineering. Asthey progress through their engineering programs, their experiences raise questions about thecore values of engineering. For some, these questions lead to critiques of engineering and itsorganizing values. Through their diary entries we learn that many question whether engineeringis in fact committed to meaningful social change and humanitarian work; in their experiences atwork sites during internships, they reflect on whether engineering tasks are often too mundanewhere one only has the opportunity to focus on a small, technical problem of a larger and oftenuninteresting project; others describe a workplace dominated by men who display a tendency tobe dismissive toward (particularly young

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tanya D. Ennis, University of Colorado Boulder; Jana B. Milford, University of Colorado at Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beth A. Myers, University of Colorado Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

BOLD/GoldShirt studentsin Andrews Hall. These mentors have collaborated with other student leaders in the hall as wellas BOLD team leaders to introduce new culturally diverse activities. The cultural relevance ofthe artwork in of Andrews Hall became an issue on the radar to address. Student mentorsselected artwork for study lounges and common areas which reflect the cultures of students whoreside there. Other activities, such as a Mardi Gras celebration, are planned for the springsemester. These enhancements to the appearance of and activities in Andrews Hall will create amore welcoming environment for diverse students and an opportunity to share diverse cultureswith all students in Andrews Hall.Peer Mentoring ProgramA new peer mentoring

Conference Session

Broadening Participation of Minority Students in and with K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison Anderson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Guillermo Luis Trotti, Trotti & Asssociates, Inc.; Suzanne Marie Wilcox, ExplorationWorks Museum of Science and Culture; Elizabeth Perry Gundersen, ExplorationWorks Museum of Science and Culture; Dava J. Newman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

concepts, explanations, arguments, models, and facts related to science. Strand 3 Manipulate test, explore, predict, question, observe, and make sense of the natural and physical world. Strand 4 Reflect on science as a way of knowing; on processes, concepts, and institutions of science; and on their own process of learning about phenomena Strand 5 Participate in scientific activities and learning practices with others, using scientific language and tools. Strand 6 Think about themselves as science learners and develop an identity as someone who knows about, Page 22.1638.4

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea M. Ogilvie, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Page 22.634.6 12 Building Community: Study Break Proceedings of the 2011 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2011, American Society for Engineering Education 13 Engineering Scholarships, Financial Aid, Jobs On-Campus 14 End of Semester CelebrationTable 5. EOE First Year Interests Groups – Weekly Seminar Topics for Spring Semester.Week Seminar Topic 1 Welcome Back, Reflections, & Setting Goals 2 How to Prepare for a Career Fair 3 Study Session for: Calculus II, Physics or Programming Course 4 Resume 101 Workshop 5 Intro to Study Abroad, Undergraduate Research, Business Foundations

Conference Session

Broadening Participation of Minority Students in and with K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine C. Chen, California Polytechnic State University; Lizabeth T. Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University; Heather Scott Smith, California Polytechnic State University; Teana Fredeen, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

similar in terms of gender, ethnicity, and year in school.Table 1 gives the percentages of gender and ethnicity of the students. A significant number chosenot to specify their ethnicity, and thus percentages in the other ethnic groups could changedramatically. The “total number” of participants in the Table also reflects the number of campparticipants that completed both the pre and post-surveys, and might be smaller than the totalnumber of students that actually attended the camp.Table 1. Demographics of the EPIC participants for 2009 and 2010.Camp participants 2009 2010Total number (n) 124 136Female 43% 42%Male 57% 58%White/Caucasian 46% 37

Conference Session

Myths About Gender and Race

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jordana Hoegh, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

this metaphor’spredominance, including: 1) what theoretical or methodological advantages and disadvantagesdoes this metaphor afford researchers? and 2) how does it highlight or mask the livedexperiences of women working in engineering academic contexts? In addition, we ask perhapsmore controversially how the reluctance to release pipeline theory from its hegemonic strongholdmight reflect engineering education’s larger disciplinary reluctance to review their currentstructure and reconstruct themselves into institutions that are more egalitarian? Page 22.684.2This paper critically explores the discourse of “pipeline” as an aim to (re)introduce

Conference Session

Broadening Participation of Minority Students in and with K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine A Broom, University of British Columbia, Okanagan; Wendy Lynn Klassen, University of British Columbia, Okanagan ; Carolyn Labun, Ph.D., University of British Columbia

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

engineering itself may both reflect as well as continue toperpetuate the perception and reality of engineering as a male career. A simple and effectivefirst step to counter stereotypes of engineering as a male field appears to be, from this study, towork towards presenting equal numbers of male and female engineers to students.Bibliography1. AAUW: American Association of University Women (2010). Why so few? Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Available at: http://www.aauw.org/learn/ research/whysofew.cfm. Last accessed November 19th, 2010.2. Baker, D., & Leary, R. (1995). Letting girls speak out about science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 32(1), 3-273. Brotman, J.S., & Moore

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Emin Yilmaz, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Craig Daughtry; Geoffrey Bland, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Wallops Flight Facility; Madhumi Mitra, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Multispec[11] for post processing,georeferencing, mosaicking, and other image analyses. Fieldwork complimented by designefforts and software use in laboratory environment is providing rich learning experience for thestudents involved in the project.3.0 REMOTE CONTROLLED BOAT (AQUABOT)The Kolb model suggests that balance among the four stages as shown in Figure 12 leads tooptimal learning, deeper understanding of concepts and applications, and longer retention ofinformation. It is achieved through reflective observation (RO), and active experimentation (AE).However, a necessary condition for such construction of knowledge is that this knowledgeshould be grasped first. Knowledge depiction occurs through Concrete Experience (CE) andAbstract

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine E. Hailey, Utah State University; Chandra Y. Austin, Auburn University; Cameron Denson, North Carolina State University; Daniel L. Householder, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

applicableto investigations of the impact of other informal education efforts which have similar goals inserving students from groups that are underrepresented in engineering. Page 22.972.8AcknowledgementThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.0426421. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation. The authors are also grateful for the support of Oscar Porter, Executive Director ofCalifornia MESA, and Jeff Ojeda, Utah MESA Statewide

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gordon W. Skelton, Jackson State University; Qing Pang, Jackson State University; Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; HuiRu Shih, Jackson State University; Tzusheng Pei, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

of the instruction in self-regulated learning and hopefully, the effectiveness of using robotics. Freshmen completing theUniversity Success course during the same semester will be used as a control for evaluating theeffectiveness of laboratory experiment. This evaluation will require approximately 5 years sincethis is close to the current average time in which engineering students are completing theirundergraduate degrees at the institution.AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank the National Science Foundation (under grant DUE-0837395)for its support of this project. Any opinions, findings, or conclusions or recommentationsexpressed in this material are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of NSF

Conference Session

Broadening Participation of Minority Students in and with K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhao Chad Kong; Angie Martiza Bautista-Chavez, Rice University; Andres J Goza, Rice University; Rachel Jackson, Rice University; Kurt Kienast, Rice University; Sam Oke; Juan A Castilleja, The Boeing Company; Brent C Houchens, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

22.814.3on anecdotal evidence from teacher feedback to improve students’ understanding of fundamentalengineering concepts8,9,10. The Integrated Teaching and Learning (ITL) Program at theUniversity of Colorado at Boulder developed a Creative Engineering course for students at anearby high school. This course focused on hands-on design based engineering in conjunctionwith the high school curriculum and demonstrated that students had increased confidence in theuse of engineering methods to solve problems11.Research on learning styles reflects the positive impact of integrating kinesthetic learningenvironments with traditional learning structures. A recent study showed that learning is aconglomeration of a variety of interactions12. The results

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne R. Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Rebecca K. Toghiani, Mississippi State University; Christopher Dawson, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

paper, such as developing relationships, changing paradigms, and minority student groups,are more extensively discussed by Johnson, Fromm, and Van Aken, respectively10-12.Goals of This Survey Effort & Subsequent PaperThis effort strives to lay out a tangible guide to involve faculty / administrators from majority(and all) backgrounds to engage in diversity issues, climate assessment, and environmentimprovement in a meaningful and proactive fashion. Experiential reflections from the facultyauthors and student authors are included along with a summary of data from a survey of students.The full survey is provided in the appendix.The survey invitation was sent to 11 American Indian/Alaskan Native, 99 Asian, 714 AfricanAmerican, 82 Hispanic, and

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wenshen Pong, San Francisco State University; Amelito G. Enriquez, Canada College; Hamid Shahnasser, San Francisco State University; Cheng Chen, San Francisco State University; Nilgun Melek Ozer, San Francisco State University; S. (Ed) Cheng, San Francisco State University; Hao Jiang, San Francisco State University; Hamid Mahmoodi, San Francisco State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

3 11.5% 5 19.2% Other (Non-engineering) 2 7.7% 5 19.2% Undecided (Non-engineering) 2 7.7% 2 7.7% Total 26 26The failure of the SEI program to achieve its primary goal of recruiting students into engineeringis also reflected in Table 3. Although student enthusiasm for the program increasedsignificantly, there was a statistically significant decrease in student confidence that the Institutewill help them select an appropriate engineering major. The slight increase in student level ofconfidence that they have the necessary skills and preparation

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rigoberto Chinchilla, Eastern Illinois University; Harold Jay Harris, Eastern Illinois University School of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

reflective of the biometric verification process. 3 Phillips el al conclude that “demographic origin of face recognition algorithms and thedemographic composition of a test population interact to affect the accuracy of the algorithms.”This would indicate algorithm performance variations when deployed over dissimilar populationdemographics. To help detect some of the pitfalls associated with face recognition, certainbiometric best scientific practices have been established as guidelines for conducting technical 8performance testing. As Mansfield and Wayman explain in version-2 of Biometric TestingBest Practices, technical performance testing involves attempting to determine the

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

G. Padmanabhan, North Dakota State University; Carol Davis, North Dakota EPSCoR

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

mentor student research. In 2009, the students examined mercury contamination inLake Sakakawea, a man-made lake on the reservation. The student research project identifiedimportant baseline data completed 10 years ago by the state of North Dakota and another by FortBerthold Tribe. This could be of great significance as FBCC prepares to participate as a researchpartner with National Ecological Observations Network (NEON), a climate change researchcenter funded by the National Science Foundation. These environment-based initiatives reflectthe deep interest that the FBCC community has for the environment and the close connection ithas to the culture. Students often reflect that in their choice of research projects

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ram V. Mohan, North Carolina A&T State University; Ajit D. Kelkar, North Carolina A&T State University; Keith A. Schimmel, North Carolina A&T State University; Vinaya Kelkar

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

example, students will be introduced toinformation about the shape of various space crafts and shown that the volumes of suchspacecrafts can be computed by using the disk and shell methods in calculus. Other issues such Page 22.889.9as computing light reflection on different shapes of mirrors will be included in the modules.A module with the following characteristics was developed to be used in the Calculus II (Math132) course.The module involves calculating the volume of the volume of spacecraft Orion, the mathematicsinvolved the use of following mathematical concepts. write down linear function if given two points; write down

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students, Diversity, and Assessment

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy L. Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet; Jana Whittington, Purdue University, Calumet; Carl F. Jenks, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Minorities in Engineering

scholarly writing with the first personactive voice—“I performed the experiment” is a typical construction. Students tend to addresstheir written work to their professors as if they were making an oral report directly to thatprofessor, which leads to immediate problems. The work will not meet scholarly stylerequirements because it reflects an informal tone. A review of literature in engineering andtechnology will reveal that almost no published scholarly work uses the first person in describingthe technical data or the process employed. This is often the result of students not havingfamiliarity with the literature in the field or the style of writing expected. Many of them havewritten first-person experience papers or statements, but not lengthy

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Horacio Vasquez, University of Texas, Pan American; Arturo A. Fuentes, University of Texas, Pan American; Robert A. Freeman, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

with a procedure in which they haveseveral opportunities to acquire and demonstrate their knowledge. Also, repeating thelegacy cycle to solve several challenges becomes an iterative process that allows studentsto apply and reinforce knowledge in different contexts to achieve adaptive expertise. It isimportant to look ahead and reflect back after solving each challenge in order to leave alegacy and to accumulate knowledge and experience. The success of CBI depends greatlyon how well every step of the legacy cycle is prepared and performed by the learners andinstructors as a team. The Challenges Go