Conference Session

Computers in Education Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy D. Ropp, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David M. Whittinghill, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Raymond A. Hansen, Purdue University; Erin E. Bowen, Purdue University; Joshua L. Holmes

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

private pilot. Tim leads the AT Department’s Hangar of the Future Research Laboratory, a multi-disciplinary lab focused on technology and process innovations for air vehi- cle maintenance, aligning with U.S. Next Generation Air Transportation System philosophy of embedded safety risk management and human-in-the-loop technologies. He currently teaches a highly interactive senior level maintenance management capstone course, Aircraft Airworthiness Assurance (AT402), uti- lizing Purdue’s large transport aircraft, incorporating SMS and QMS principles, engaging his students through active learning challenges and applied research projects.Dr. David M Whittinghill, Purdue University, West LafayetteRaymond A. Hansen, Purdue

Conference Session

ETD Design V: Classroom Delivery, Course Content, and Assessments

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Eastman, Rochester Institute of Technology; Fred Walker, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

consistency purposes, such conversion must be set within acontext of ET curricular needs. Certainly not unique to ET, but critically important to ET nonethe less, are curricular needs for the following types of educational experiences: Page 22.631.4  “Hands-on” activities vs. demonstrations,  Laboratory-based course work,  Pedagogical designs emphasizing activities and assignments organized as discrete projects, and  Extensive use of teams throughout all aspects of the curricula.The needs for ET curricula identified above were handled by engaging in curricular design anddevelopment holistically from the program or systemic level

Conference Session

Industrial Collaboration and Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niaz Latif, Purdue University, Calumet; Nick L. Wilson, Morrison Container Handling Solutions

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

toprogrammable logic controllers (PLCs), conveyor systems, machine vision and servo motors,control and sensor logic as well as other technologies and various industry standards withprimary focus on packaging machinery technology. In past two years, successfulimplementation of the program is evidenced through enrollment growth and, receiving of twoNational Science Foundation (NSF) grants, ―A Mechatronics Curriculum and PackagingAutomation Laboratory Facility,‖ and ―Meeting Workforce Needs for MechatronicsTechnicians‖. The program established a knowledge and resource center to address the needs ofthe packaging machinery industry and the Mechatronics Engineering Technology programthrough learning, engagement, and discovery activities. An endowment has also

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Physics I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sudipa Mitra-Kirtley, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Rana Mitra, Southeastern Louisiana University; Maarij M Syed, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

or a second major. This paper describes how experiments havebeen taken outside of the laboratory and into real word situations for a few specific courses. Two arefreshman physics courses at RHIT, and the others are engineering mechanics courses at SELU. Theexperience gained from this initial effort will be used to expand the scope of this effort to other physicscourses in RHIT and to other physics-oriented courses in the Engineering Technology program at SELU.Expand the boundaries of the laboratory classroomsWe have incorporated a number of experiments in solid mechanics, which are to be performed outsideof the laboratory rooms, and in a real-world setting. The expectation is that if a considerable portion offundamental physics principles

Conference Session

Descriptions of Curricular and Model Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Hsiao, Memorial University of Newfoundland

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

what engineering is in the realm of 9-12th gradescience curriculum. The research results are incorporated into the development of a hands-onlearning tool, a “portable materials science lab kit” that considers the input from thesecommunity educators and uses various types of materials, i.e. composites, nanomaterials,magnetic alloys, to demonstrate what engineering is and how engineering and innovation arerelevantly applied to the important sectors of the province (the energy, oil and gas, oceans, andwildlife sectors). The “portable lab kits” are designed for high school classrooms, in whichsmall groups of students work through hands-on laboratory modules focused on a specificmaterial in a specific application. The process of innovation is thus

Conference Session

Mechatronics in the Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bingen Yang, University of Southern California; Cheng-Yuan Jerry Chen, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

of Formulas, Solutions, and MATLAB Toolboxes”.Cheng-Yuan Jerry Chen, USC Dr. ChengYuan Jerry Chen is fulltime Lecturer of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, who has in- volved with AME laboratory teaching for more than 8 years in AME341, 441, and 443 classes. His expertise is not only in analytical and computational of dynamic and control systems, but also in exper- imental and laboratory hardware implementations. He has more than 20 years of advanced machining experience and has accomplished enormous projects in mechanical and electrical designs. He is currently the head leader of the instructional laboratory in the Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department

Conference Session

Innovative Program and Curricular Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn A. Vallas, University of Virginia; Juliet J. Trail, University of Virginia, Center for Diversity in Engineering

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

participants werefirst-time and two were returning, “RET2,” conducting a second summer of research with theprogram. Teachers were matched to appropriate labs and faculty mentors by subject area andthrough an “Areas of Research Interest” essay submitted with the application materials.Wherever possible, they are placed in pairs in participating research laboratories. This pairplacement allows participants to problem-solve with a fellow K-12 teacher throughoutdevelopment of research investigations and classroom extension materials, and helps to preventfeelings of intimidation or isolation while working in busy research laboratories. Teacher-pairsdo not necessarily work on the same research project within the host laboratory.Over the course of the program

Conference Session

Robot Mania!

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Talley, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford P.E., University of Texas, Austin; Christina Kay White, Columbia University; Kristin L. Wood, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-instituteassessment. The mixed-methods evaluation methodology includes correlation ofresponses with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality types of theparticipants, which is used in the institute to help form design teams. Data for the 2010institute were collected using the same instrument employed in the 2004 institute,allowing a longitudinal analysis of the effects of changes to the institute. The analysisindicates that the modifications to PDI have had meaningful impacts across MBTIpersonality types. The teachers, on average and across the all MBTI types, mostly agreedor totally agreed that the instruction and laboratory aspects of the PDI were relevant tothem each day. Multiple teachers commented that they enjoyed the “tag-team” effort

Conference Session

ECE Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mariusz Jankowski, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

computing. Dr. Jankowski has received awards from the Ames Laboratory, Wolfram Research, and University of Southern Maine for his scholarly and pedagogic work. He has received grants from the National Science Foundation, Maine Science and Technology Foundation, and Wolfram Research. Page 22.1219.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Recent advances in computational technology in the classroomAbstractRecent advances in computational technology have made it significantly easier to create interactive demonstrations with pro-grammable tools that are fully

Conference Session

Communication: From Pecha Kucha to Bullets

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth R. Leitch, West Texas A&M University; Rhonda B Dittfurth, West Texas A&M University; Freddie J Davis P.E., West Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

communication skillsin the existing engineering curricula. Communication instruction has always been an important part of theuniversity education process but this current initiative strives to focus on the study and improvement of technicalcommunication skills throughout engineering coursework requirements. This reflects the need of employers forengineers with strong communication skills and the desire of our students to improve these skills. Three engineeringcourses have been targeted for the initiative: ENGR 1201 (Fundamentals of Engineering), ET 2371 (Metals andCeramics), and ENGR 1171 (Engineering Ethics). The first two courses have a laboratory component with writtenlaboratory reports and oral presentations while the third is a course created in

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Physics II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Ross, University of Detroit Mercy; Meghann Norah Murray, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

reported a laboratory activity that incorporated various aspectsof nanotechnology. In the activity, undergraduate students produced working solar cells by spin-coating a conjugated polymer containing the fullerene C60 onto indium tin oxide (ITO) coatedglass slides and subsequently applying a metallic cathode.14 Undergraduate laboratory activitieson the dielectric and mechanical properties of polymers have been reported.15 In this paper wepresent another activity that we believe is suitable for physics and engineering students inundergraduate courses.16,17The paper is organized in the following manner. First, we present a brief outline of the physicsof OLEDs. Subsequently, we describe the organic synthesis procedures, the device depositionprocesses

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane F. Cotter, Union College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

laboratories with biometricsensors and software, introduces students to biometric systems and pattern recognition while alsogiving students another opportunity to more fully grasp the fundamental concepts of DigitalSignal Processing (DSP). Students are first introduced to biometric systems through thedevelopment of a speaker recognition system which ties nicely into the one-dimensional signalprocessing theory that they have already learned. Then students use image processing methods indesigning a face recognition system and working with a fingerprint recognition system. This isstudents’ first introduction to image processing and sampling, filtering, and frequency analysis intwo dimensions are covered.The application of signal processing methods to

Conference Session

Unique Developments in Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Technological University students,employees of industry looking to improve their knowledge in robotics automation areas, as wellas students from another universities and colleges. So far, the developed “Robotics Automation”4 credit hours course has been offered twice. The first offering was conducted in a semester long,and the second one in the intense 2 weeks mode. Each offering included extensive hands-onexperience. A significant part of this course is devoted to introducing the basics of programmingindustrial robots using the ROBOGUIDE software package. After receiving sufficient off-lineprogramming training, students implement their knowledge and perform laboratory experimentsprogramming and operating a state-of-art LR Mate Fanuc Robotics

Conference Session

Simulation and Virtual Instrumentation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikunja Swain, South Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Page 22.1402.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011Teaching Spreadsheet-Based Numerical Analysis with Visual Basic for Applications and Virtual Instruments AbstractLabVIEW, EXCEL and VBA are currently used in a number of engineering schools and industries forsimulation and analysis. By introducing virtual instrumentation (LabVIEW) and EXCEL/VBA to theexisting laboratory facilities and course(s) the students can be well trained with the latest designtechniques and computer aided instrumentation, design and process control used throughout industry.This will also allow the students greater interaction with the subject matter and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Liao, Wayne State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

storage engineers and technicians. Thispaper presents the collaboration between university and community colleges to create anadvanced energy storage curriculum; setup an industrial-based energy storage laboratory;develop and deliver a short course for on-site training of engineers, technologists, and collegeinstructors working in the alternative energy and advanced automotive propulsion fields; developand deliver a series of workshops and seminars for K-12 science teachers, corporate partners,energy and automotive professionals; and provide transfer student advising by university faculty.1. IntroductionThe growing demand for energy and the increasing concerns about man-made climate changeshave called for clean and sustainable energy development

Conference Session

Design and Graphics Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle Patrick Hewerdine; James M. Leake, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; W Brent Hall, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

. Engineering programs have difficulty teaching GD&T due to its complexrule based nature, as well as the time needed to do the subject justice. Page 22.1017.2The focus of this paper, then, is the development of a hands-on, visually based method forteaching geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. In order to be successful, the program mustprovide an ample introduction to GD&T, while presenting the subject in a stimulating andsuccinct manner. To attain these goals two laboratory units are developed; one unit focuses onthe fundamentals of GD&T and the other focuses on its application.In the first laboratory unit a portable coordinate measuring

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching: Mechanics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffery S. Thomas, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Richard H. Hall, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Timothy A. Philpot, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Douglas R. Carroll, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

possible inthe traditional lecture-and-textbook class format. The study described in this paper examines theeffectiveness of asynchronous online video that has been used in various ways in a Mechanics ofMaterials course over the past four years. The content delivered via the Internet includedconcept videos, problem-solving videos, and videos of demonstrations and laboratory activities. In this study, four differing approaches to present the Mechanics of Materials course toapproximately 1000 students in 17 course sections over a four-year period were compared. Thefirst approach involved traditional, face-to-face lectures. The second approach completelyreplaced the face-to-face lectures with videos recorded by the instructor outside of the

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathaniel Bird, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

the weekly directed laboratory assignments as well as the quarter-long project.As part of the course, students were required to purchase their own Arduino board and afew other parts. This is a departure from the way this course has been run in the past inour department, where the school maintained a set of microcontrollers that were onlyavailable during the laboratory sessions. However, due to the desire to incorporate aquarter-long project and potentially longer laboratory assignments, restricting the use ofthe Arduino boards to laboratory sessions was not feasible, so students were required topurchase their own boards. Costs were kept in line with previous iterations of the courseby requiring a much cheaper textbook, however.The following

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Willie K. Ofosu, Pennsylvania State University, Wilkes-Barre Campus

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

by providing the students with realizable concept ofelectromagnetic radiations. The versatility of the computer enables different types of antennameasurements to be made, and various parameters to be determined. This paper discusses theusefulness of computers in antennas laboratory exercises in a Telecommunications course. Italso discusses student design experiments, and experiments planned for the next step of thelearning experience.IntroductionExplosion of information transmission in the information age is evidenced by the dependenceon information in all spheres of life. In its electrical form, information may be in the form ofvoice, video, or data and transmissions of these require different ranges in the frequencyspectrum. As a result of

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron L. Newberry, Oklahoma Christian University of Science and Arts; Richard Miller, Oklahoma Christian University of Science and Arts; Robert Andrew Stevenson, Oklahoma Christian University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

enrollment, in the fall of 2009 Oklahoma Christian Universityadopted aspects of the Wright State University model1 for mathematics education by introducingan introductory ENGR-1113 Foundations of Engineering Mathematics course as a prerequisitefor first-level calculus enrollment. This course consists of both lecture and laboratory periodswhich are designed to strengthen basic algebra and trigonometry skills while also introducingstudents to foundational elements in calculus, differential equations and other higher-levelmathematics.The early part of the course is designed to cover trigonometric and algebraic fundamentals inorder that students may review these basics necessary for upper-level mathematics andengineering courses. The later-half of the

Conference Session

Impact of the Gulf Coast Oil Spill on Chemical Engineering Education & Misc.

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Frances C. Ray-Earle, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Center for Biorefining & Biofuels (C2B2); Nancy S. Tway, University of Colorado

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

practices in engineering education. His current duties in- clude assessment, evaluation and research for the ITL Program’s and BOLD Center’s hands-on initiatives.Frances C. Ray-Earle, Colorado Center for Biorefining & Biofuels (C2B2), University of Colorado at Boulder FRANCES C. RAY-EARLE is the center coordinator for the Colorado Center for Biorefining and Biofuels (C2B2), a collaborative research and education center of the University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado State University, Colorado School of Mines and the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable En- ergy Laboratory. She holds a B.A. in Spanish and Interdisciplinary Humanities from the University of San Diego and is an MBA candidate at the University

Conference Session

Recruitment, Retention, and First-Year Programs in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector A. Ochoa, University of Texas, Tyler; Mukul Shirvaikar, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Shirvaikar is the Chair and Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Texas at Tyler, where he develops curriculum and laboratories in computer engineering. Prior to this he worked at Texas Instruments specializing in real time imaging systems. Dr. Shirvaikar graduated with his doc- torate from the University of Tennessee. He also has a M.S. degree from the University of Maine, and a B.Tech. from Banaras Hindu University, India. His current research interests include real time imaging and engineering education. Page 22.1455.1 c American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

ELOS Best Paper Nominations

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Liao, Wayne State University; D. Fu, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

educating engineering students in this new and emergent technology of electricdrivetrains.In response to the need of a trained and educated workforce in vehicle electrification, severaluniversities and colleges recently have developed projects, courses, and degree programs fortraining students and automotive engineers and technicians in electric-drive vehicle technology[5-10]. Developing new education and training for electric-drive vehicles requires carefulplanning of support laboratory, equipment and facilities. Existing courses in power electronicsand electrical machines can be expanded and their laboratory resources leveraged with moderatecost. However, the costs will increase if the instruction includes hands-on experience withelectric-drive

Conference Session

ECE Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin P. Pintong, Binghamton University; Douglas H. Summerville, Binghamton University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

with minimum modification. The summer 2010 course therefore served as a trial to collectand evaluate data to determine what aspects of the course, such as lecture, laboratory, andhomework, need to be changed. From analysis of the data collected, we believe that the summer2010 online circuits course delivered an experience somewhat comparable to an on-campusversion of the course.This initial report provides qualitative analysis of the initial run of the online circuits from theperspective of teaching staff and students. Recommendations are based on staff observations andprior research in online education. More quantitative analysis will take place after summer 2011,at which point we will have data from both the spring 2011 circuits and online

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Globalization in BME

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Judy L. Cezeaux, Western New England College; Michael J. Rust, Western New England College; Robert Gettens, Western New England College; Richard D. Beach, Western New England College; Jason A Criscuolo, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

field of biomedical engineering and typical career paths for BME students on Monday.Other lectures included training on laboratory safety related to biological, chemical, and physicalhazards as well as an introduction to the laboratory experiences. Finally, a local surgeon thatworks with the BME faculty on design of breast surgery devices gave a lecture on hisexperiences in the medical field. Evening activities included a scavenger hunt, design of balloonpowered vehicles, and the viewing of the movie “The Island” with a subsequent discussion ofmedical ethics and human cloning. The program culminated with an awards dinner and gamenight in the campus center. A brief schedule of the program is shown in Table 1.Laboratory experiencesThe overarching

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Stephanie Luster-Teasley, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

spring of 2009-2010, an introductory environmental engineeringcourse was re-designed to include four new environmental laboratory modules that use aninquiry-based “open” experiment for enhanced student learning. This research was fundedthrough the NSF Innovations in Engineering Education (IEECI) program to develop modulesutilizing the pedagogy of problem-based learning and case studies to teach new environmentalsustainable design concepts. Problem based learning (PBL) and case studies are novelapproaches for laboratory modules. In PBL and case studies, students are assigned real-worldproblems to discuss, research, and solve as teams. This method diverges from the traditional“step-by-step” method currently used in laboratory courses and provides

Conference Session

Computational Tools

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thad B. Welch III P.E., Boise State University; Sam Shearman, National Instruments

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

within university communication systems classrooms,teaching laboratories, and their natural follow-on coursework (e.g., SDR, CR, DigitalCommunications, Wireless Communications, and Satellite Communications).This paper will discuss the utilization of National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW-based virtualinstrumentation with the USRP and a UHD-based software driver to rapidly create real-timecommunication systems demonstrations for the classroom and/or laboratory settings. Thecombination of the USRP, UHD, LabVIEW, and Windows support enables implementation andexploration of both foundational and more advanced concepts related to signal processing andcommunications.1 IntroductionUniversities have been teaching software defined radio (SDR) courses and

Conference Session

Computational Tools

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

) digitalcontrol using both conventional and intelligent control algorithms for speed control of the DCservo-motor and level-control of dual water tank system, and (ii) remote activation andobservation of these devices over the internet. These devices have been installed in theUniversity of Maryland Eastern Shore Mechatronics and Automation Laboratory(UMESMAL).Other equipment in the laboratory includes LEGO Mindstorms Robotics Invention System/NXT,CONTROL LAB from LEGO-DACTA, MIT HandyBoard and Handy Cricket for outreachactivities to middle and high school students and/or freshman design projects; a four degree offreedom industrial SCARA robot, a computer vision system that can work with the SCARArobot for flexible automation tasks, as well as independent

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods and Learning Models

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean-Claude Thomassian, State University of New York, Maritime College; Risa Kumazawa, Duquesne University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

design of electronic circuitsare included in the course. The course also offers a laboratory component that introducesstudents to simulation/modeling CAD tools such as PSpice and Mathematica’s toolbox AnalogInsydes for the design and analysis of electronic circuits. By the middle of the semester studentsare assigned into groups to complete a midterm project where they build, test, and present theirwork. Several mini-projects are assigned throughout the semester. The prerequisite for thiscourse is Circuit Analysis. The assessment for the course is as follows: 20% Laboratory, 10%Home Work, 10% Quizzes/Presentation, 30% Midterm Exam, 30% Final Exam. The majority ofthe students are from the electrical engineering program since this is a core

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Zafrul Hasan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

fault detection techniques, 4) adopt design for testability approach, and Page 22.456.3 5) implement the above concepts in a laboratory set-upLecture contents can be developed as described in the following paragraphs.Motivation for testing / Introduction: This topic is included in order to make the case of testingimportant. The enhanced complexity and cost of testing integrated circuits (ICs) and systemsneed to be highlighted. Effect of an undiagnosed fault may be huge when detected later. The caseof Intel floating-point bug is an example.Testing Combinational Logic: The stuck-at model needs to be introduced. Testing individualgate and