Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynn K. Byers, Quinnipiac University; Justin W. Kile, Quinnipiac University; Corey Kiassat, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, and aerospace and mechanical engi- neering design. She is a licensed Professional Engineer and is a rated pilot in both rotary and fixed wing aircraft.Dr. Justin W. Kile, Quinnipiac University Dr. Kile is the associate dean of engineering and an associate professor of industrial engineering at Quinnipiac University. Prior to joining Quinnipiac in 2012, he was an associate professor and program coordinator for the Industrial Engineering program at the University of Wisconsin – Platteville. His research interests include material handling, facilities planning, and logistics. Additionally his education based research is in the areas of communication skills and lean curriculum development. He earned his Ph.D. and

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Constituent Committee Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew C. Hurt, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robert C. Deadman, Ivy Tech Community College; Jenny Daugherty, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Daniel O. Lybrook, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

technology leader needs both. A gap exists between what organizations need fromemployees in the way of technical competence and leadership capability and what educationalinstitutions provide. Therefore, educational institutions need to adjust their curriculum to meetthis need. This paper describes efforts to move the field of science and technology forward byoutlining a plan to uncover the competencies associated with technology leadership and proposea way of integrating these competencies into technical education programs. The proposedprogram will ensure that students have both technical skills and the ability to lead. This is aplanned effort of two institutions of higher education (a community college and a researchintensive university) to develop

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul J. Kauffmann P.E., East Carolina University; Joseph Wilck IV, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

students understood the concepts-.  Attend one of two weekly whiteboard conference sessions which lasted approximately 45 minutes. These sessions with the instructor covered the topics completed in the previous week’s chapter and previewed the coming chapter, using the Saba Meeting conferencing system. These sessions were held from 5-6PM on Monday and Wednesday and were primarily designed to answer questions and emphasize key concepts.Table 1 summarizes how we planned for the course format to mirror best practices. The gradingrubric for the course is summarized in Table 2. In addition to the standard engineeringeconomics topics, students wrote two business memos on engineering economics problems

Conference Session

Architectural Design Topics in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

aspects will be presented and discussed.The argument of the paper will be based on the International Building Code (IBC 2012) which is issuedby the International Code Council (ICC) and considered as the most comprehensive and coordinatednational model code in the US and is currently commonly used and enforced in 44 states. The paper willalso examine and report on the purpose, types, interpretation, understanding and use of building codesapplied in the United States.We discuss the courses from students’ point of view, and the experience earned in design, codedevelopment, and also in written and oral communication skills. Future plans to evaluate the effectivenessof these courses in term of learning outcomes. 1. Introduction:Architecture design

Conference Session

Discipline Specific Topics and Techniques

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; Korine Steinke Wawrzynski, Michigan State University; Megan A. Shannahan, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

completed online, in response to an email distributed through the surveysoftware. In an effort to encourage faculty mentor participation (and avoid the appearance of“checking up” on the mentors), it was decided to conduct both surveys anonymously. The pre-experience survey explored the research mentors’ preparation for working with undergraduateresearchers. Mentors were asked about how they planned to communicate with theirundergraduate researchers, and whether they had discussed general expectations (e.g., student’srole in the research, working hours) and more specific concerns (e.g., responsible conduct ofresearch, lab safety or procedures). For classification purposes, the pre-experience survey askedmentors about their prior experiences with

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zupeng Zhou, Guilin University of Electronic Technology; Charles Pezeshki, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

International

.Chinese Department of Education. Several Suggestions of Excellent Engineering Training Program. Documents ofthe Chinese Department of Education, 1, 2011.[9] 桂林电子科技大学内部资料, 2011Internal documents of Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 2011[10] http://www.abet.org/why-accreditation-matters/[11] Shouwen Yu. Modern Engineering Education and Engineer Development [J]. Research in Higher Education ofEngineering, 4: 1-7, 2004.[12] 郑莉芳等. “卓越工程师教育培养计划”下的液压与气压传动教学改革与实践 [J]. 中国现代教育装备, 7:32-34, 2013.Zheng Lifang ect. Teaching reform and practice of hydraulic and pneumatic transmission course in the plan foreducating and training excellent engineers [J]. Chinese Modern Education Equipment, 7: 32-34, 2013.[13] 张志锋, 刘育熙. JSP 程序设计课程在“卓越工程师计划”中的实施 [J]. 计 算机

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics of Materials

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William E. Howard, East Carolina University; Odis Hayden Griffin Jr. P.E., East Carolina University; Ihab Ragai, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

and II, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat and Mass Transfer,  six credits of solid mechanics classes: Solid Mechanics and Machine Design, and  seven credits of technical electives.While the credits seem to be heavily weighted toward the thermal-fluid sciences, it should benoted that all ME-concentration students are required to take mechanics of materials as a coreengineering course, but do not take the combined thermal-fluid class that is required for studentsin the other concentrations.In the early planning stages for the ME concentration, a course in kinematics was included. Indiscussions among the faculty, however, we concluded that this was one area where the use of

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Lisa A. Nutt, Robert Morris University; Tony Lee Kerzmann, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

International

Asian and European countries by both governmental and non-governmental organizations. Acharya has a M.Eng. in Computer Technology and a D.Eng. in Computer Science and Information Management with a concentration in knowledge discovery, both from the Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand. His teaching involvement and research interest are in the area of Software Engineering education, Software Verification & Validation, Data Mining, Neural Networks, and Enterprise Resource Planning. He also has interest in Learning Objectives based Education Material Design and Development. Acharya is a co- author of ”Discrete Mathematics Applications for Information Systems Professionals- 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall”. He is a

Conference Session

Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Ethics Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Keith Plemmons PE, PMP, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

managers. As the courses movedthrough a collaborative development process, the industry professionals were asked to reviewand comment on the course objectives, modules, and textbooks. With industry input and strongcommitment from local executives, the four course series was finalized and developed into 3-credit hour courses as a graduate certificate in Technical Project Management. The four courseswere:  PMGT 650: Overview of Technical Project Management  PMGT 651: Technical Project Planning and Scheduling  PMGT 652: Applications of Quality Management  PMGT 653: Technical Project Support and Operations.Initial Offerings and Growth of the ProgramThe TPM Graduate Certificate was approved by The Citadel Graduate College in

Conference Session

K-12 Computer Science and Computational Thinking Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alfredo J. Perez, Northern New Mexico College; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Raul R. Peralta, Northern New Mexico College; David Torres, Northern New Mexico College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

instruction based on the materials fromthe workshops. Participants are also developing activities and lesson plans (figure 7) in schoolswhere CT activities had not been implemented before. In addition, as reported by the Rio GrandeSun newspaper28, an after-class computing club is currently in development in Española, NMwith support from a workshop participant. As reported by the newspaper, this is the first ever Page 24.531.12created K12 club in the city about computer programming. Española Public School Effective Common Lesson Plan Teacher: Grade Level: School

Conference Session

Principles of K-12 Engineering Education and Practice

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle E. Jordan , Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

formally present in-process design plans and garnerformative feedback about ongoing design projects.13-15 Design critiques draw attention toefficient and usable solutions and inconsistencies in a design and facilitate the exchange ofknowledge and perspectives related to specifications and procedural aspects of design.14Engineering design teams commonly participate in such social events, yet little researchexamines the influence of design critique sessions on interaction in collaborative design teamsand no such studies exist for K-12 settings. This qualitative study attempts to address this gapusing a naturalistic, interpretive lens to explore how feedback received in public design critique

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Education Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathalie Duval-Couetil, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Elizabeth C. Kisenwether, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Joe Tranquillo, Bucknell University; Jacob Dean Wheadon, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

entrepreneurship education and understand how to address it intheir classes for true transformation to occur. Over the years, engineering scholars have workedto established a pedagogical justification for including in engineering curricula both courses andmaterial related to entrepreneurship. Nichols & Armstrong explored whether “engineeringentrepreneurship” is consistent with the educational mission of an engineering college byexamining the strategic plans of both the College of Engineering and the Department ofMechanical Engineering at the University of Texas Austin. They identified components of thedepartment’s strategic plan that aligned with entrepreneurship including: creativity, novelapplication of fundamental engineering science

Conference Session

Construction Education Topics in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yutaka Sho, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

, it became an outlet for the above forces to materialize. Thecontext for our project, however, was regulated by Rwanda’s ambitious housing policies.Housing in RwandaThe Kigali City Masterplan was a collaborative effort between US-based companies includingOZ Architecture and Engineers Without Borders. 9 Surbana from Singapore developed it andRwanda’s Ministry of Infrastructure is implementing it. The award winning plan was funded by Page 24.670.6the African Development Corporation and the World Bank. As part of Vision 2020, Rwanda’sofficial development guideline that reaches all areas of life, the masterplan has been radicallyaltering the

Conference Session

Diversity Redefined: Nontraditional Views in Traditional Environments

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chrissy Hobson Foster, Arizona State University; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

families to gather and think, plan, andteach is found. In this direction, the focus is on k’é, which is a kinship term that represents therelationships with the family, community, and the natural environment as well as anacknowledgement of the inherent value in others9. In this direction, the function of duality, or theendowments given to man and woman to function in the natural world, come into play4.   North. The north embodies all knowledge of reverence and respect for nature. TheNavajo way of life recognizes that all things in the world are intelligent and full of life and thatgratitude and respect should be given to all things2. Understanding that the world is highlyordered and that there is power in the natural order of things is

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design, Part 1 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Hahler, Louisiana Tech University; Krystal S. Corbett, Cyber Innovation Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Urban Design; students team up to create a urban Page 24.1347.7design plan for a section of city using their knowledge of lines, parametric equations, andparabolas. Beyond the teamwork required to create this plan, one of the piloting teachers evensuggested (and the idea was hence implemented into the curriculum) that student teams switchplans and check another team’s set of equations for a certain area of their city. From the teacherperspective, when a mathematics teacher gets to the Cartesian Coordinate writing assignment,the English teacher could be the one to actually assign the essay. This collaboration pairsteachers from multiple

Conference Session

Diversity in K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica M. Scolnic, Tufts University Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Kathleen Spencer, Tufts University; Merredith D. Portsmore, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

“engineering moments,” or moments where students engage in behaviors andthinking that can be viewed as the foundations of productive engineering practice. Theseengineering moments may include defining problems, planning, designing solutions, andengaging in evidence-based arguments. We argue that the students who successfully engaged inthe literature-based engineering challenge exhibited capabilities including the ability to frameproblems, use drawings and plans to guide their building, make informed design decisions, andreflect on and evaluate their work. The students who viewed the purpose of the unit as building aworking prototype also exhibited the most coherent engineering process. Additional support andstructure may be necessary, however, to help

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Lichtenstein, Quality Evaluation Designs; Martin L. Tombari, University of Texas, Austin; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University; Kaye Storm, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

similar survey to high school seniors nationwide, to which 519 seniors respondedwho planned on attending college in the fall. Those intending to study engineering identifiedmiddle and high school instruction as significantly more influential in their choice of major thanstudent proclivity, aptitude, and family influences. The survey also identified specificinstructional and advising strategies (consistently mentioned in teacher interviews) that weresignificantly influential. Implications are discussed.Introduction The Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) program in engineering and computerscience was initiated by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 2001. RET programs are

Conference Session

Integrating Engineering & Liberal Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pete Hylton, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Wendy Otoupal-Hylton, IUPUI

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

% had bachelor’sdegrees and 47% had graduate degrees. But only 37% had degrees in engineering or technology.Thus, those leading the majority of companies which are advancing our technology have liberal,non-technical degrees. It is therefore surprising that many collegiate engineering programs havereduced the number of liberal arts courses required in their plan of study in favor of moretechnical courses.4Fortunately, some still recognize the importance of a diverse foundation to build a well-roundedgraduate. Yale and Johns Hopkins universities have begun offering Bachelors of Arts degrees inengineering for students seeking greater technical understanding within a broader liberal artscontext.6 Such schools are integrating the two disciplines in

Conference Session

Teaching and Pedagogy Issues in Graduate Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron P. Wemhoff, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

thestudents showed essentially no interest in ME graduate research. These students were in theclass to earn the “easy credit” to gain full-time status. Additional survey questions indicated that100% of the class was planning to graduate in Spring 2013, one-third of the students wereenrolled in the department’s 5-year BS-MS program, and approximately one quarter of thestudents in the class had performed undergraduate research in the department. Page 24.533.5 A. To satisfy curiosity regarding graduate research ongoing in the ME Dept B. To fulfill the minimum of 12 credits required for full-time status

Conference Session

CPD Technical Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Soma Chakrabarti, University of Kansas; Kevin Curry, University of Kansas; Zachary Gredlics, University of Kansas

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

competitive edge.However, the organizations act differently when it comes to the types of the learning eventsthey hold. Our hypothesis is that these organizations have different learning and developmentconcepts to train their employees and these concepts are deeply embedded in their values,vision, mission, goals, initiatives and resulting project plans. Collectively this maybe called“strategic learning” for our use. We must clarify that “strategic learning” here does not havethe same meaning as it is used in developing evaluation-based business strategy. Instead, thismeans planned learning process based on organizational strategy. In this paper, we will firstexplain what we think is the core concept in strategic learning of the organizations and

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen D Alfrey, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Stephen Hundley, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Terri L. Talbert-Hatch, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; David J. Russomanno, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

industry; (d) Advising through mentoring; and (e) Resources for academicsuccess (hence the acronym CLEAR). The ultimate goal of this project is to produce engineeringbaccalaureate degree graduates with lower student loan indebtedness and greater preparation forpost-degree roles.We present here our early results and lessons learned from the process of getting this program offthe ground, as well as our plans for continued growth.Program DesignThe CLEAR Scholars program provides scholarship support and academic, career, andleadership development opportunities to a cohort of students with demonstrated financial need aswell as potential to succeed in engineering, demonstrated by maintaining a GPA over 2.7 infreshman math, science, and engineering

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Programs and Courses Session 5

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Joseph LeBlanc, Ohio Northern University; Khalid S. Al-Olimat P.E., Ohio Northern University; Firas Hassan, Ohio Northern University; Nesreen Alsbou, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

proposedsolutions and guide them toward developing the best possible solution. Although this step of theproposal development process would not exist in an industry setting, it was useful from apedagogical standpoint and supported the outcome of persisting and learning from failure, whichis one of the outcomes associated with the entrepreneurial mindset3,7,8.In the written proposal, each “company” had to list the required materials, show total costincluding labor, perform a break-even analysis, illustrate the circuit design and schematics,verify the designed circuit through simulation, plot the voltage-temperature relationship of thedesigned circuit, establish a detailed testing plan, investigate proper device housings, propose atime schedule for delivery

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shakira Renee Hobbs, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Odesma Onika Dalrymple, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

NextGeneration Science Standards (NGSS), the presented concepts were covered in greater depththan what is specified in the standards. Using a combination of interactive presentations andhands-on activities, the modules appealed to visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles.For the curriculum exchange the following resources related to the energy and anaerobicdigestion module will be shared: a) lesson plans with instructor notes; b) presentations andworksheets; and c) assessments. Page 24.349.2

Conference Session

Global Perspective and Experiential Learning in Civil Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mueller PE P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sue Niezgoda P.E., Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

activities have primarily been applied to a stream restoration course as part of a baselinemonitoring program for the planned restoration of Lost Creek. The course is structured aroundconducting weekly field labs along Lost Creek. In this environmental river mechanics / streamrestoration course, students are introduced through field labs to the concepts of fluvialgeomorphology, aquatic ecosystems, and sediment transport for application in restoring impairedstreams. During the quarter, the students make frequent visits to Lost Creek for the purpose ofcollection baseline monitoring data that is used to classify channel morphology and process,analyze stream habitat characteristics, estimate sediment transport, and analyze stream stability.The data

Conference Session

WIED: Medley

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny, King Saud University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

University), why it is almost absent, as well as the different academic, job-related, and cultural justifications for this phenomenon. It also subjectively compares it with similar models existing in nearby gulf countries, as evidenced by the superior performance of female engineers in recent GCC engineering competitions. This paper finally proposes a plan of action possibly utilizing current education technologies that could be taken to promote engineering education in Saudi Arabia. Key words: Engineering, Education, Saudi Arabia, GCCIntroductionSaudi Arabian higher education currently holds in its 25 public universities1 one of the largestnumber of students in the Middle East, now exceeding an impressive

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ralph Alan Dusseau P.E., Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

. Page 24.669.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 History of the Online Master of Engineering Management Program at Rowan UniversityAbstractThis paper describes in detail the planning, development, and growth of a new onlineengineering management program. Planning began for the new Master of EngineeringManagement (MEM) Program at Rowan University in January 2007 with a comprehensiveonline review of 41 engineering management programs nationwide. The goal of this review wasto determine the most-common practices regarding engineering management programs andcourses nationwide and the key courses required for an effective engineering managementprogram. In Spring 2007

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1: In the Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reza Kamali, Utah Valley University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

regulation, technical data and EMC analysis. All students who wantto study in the field of wireless communications should end their study by learning thesefundamentals. This study provides enough knowledge to make a frequency application plan,which is acceptable for licensing. For example in coverage measurement Okumura and Hatamodels are described. Some part of current topics can not only be the added to the courses Page 24.712.2related to radio frequency but they can also be studied with courses such as capstone project andethics10,11.Unauthorized use of frequency channels not only risks the privacy of licensed users but alsoendanger the life of

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

International

beconducting research and the sheer number of students that would be abroad each year, faculty-directed programs may be a component of the international program portfolio; however, they areinsufficient to enable WCOE to meet the goal of an international experience for all students.The international experienced was proposed in Fall 2012 to all of the WCOE engineeringdepartments. The plan was pitched at the department level to provide opportunities fordiscussion and feedback to improve the proposed plan. In Spring 2013, the internationalprogram was adopted and incorporated in the 2013-2014 course catalog so that the requirementcould be placed into effect for the entering class of 2013. Due to this timeline, limited work wasperformed in building programs

Conference Session

Design Across the Curriculum

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Sirkin, Stanford University; Wendy G. Ju, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

historical concepts and controversies, as well as leading figures, in de-sign practice. The last two homework assignments ask students to develop and then refine/updatea final project plan, building up from details such as required materials, their cost, and the timerequired to source them, to key design challenges such as evaluating which features could be re-moved if time becomes scarce, while still presenting a viable, working music player.Design Project: Sending Students Into the World, Bringing Them BackThe final design project take the last four weeks of the ten-week term, and follows a structureddesign process that includes planning, observation, ideation, prototyping, implementation andreflection/documentation. Students typically work

Conference Session

Embedded Systems and Mobile Computing

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Javad Shakib, DeVry University, Pomona; Mohammad Rafiq Muqri, DeVry University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

students integrate knowledge and skills learnt in the previous courses.In the first course (ECET-390, Product Development) students from Electronics and Computerprograms are asked to form teams, and then required to research, plan and develop a projectproposal. Then in the next three senior project courses (ECET-492, ECET-493 & ECET-494: 24Weeks) students implement the project plan by building and testing a prototype. A typical projectinvolves a solution to a software/hardware-based engineering problem. The process of developingand implementing a solution to the problem offers a unique learning opportunity for students togain new insights and competencies and their team-work, problem-solving and analytical thinkingskills.Senior projects, also