Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elsa Q. Villa, University of Texas, El Paso; Peter Golding CPEng, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Paper ID #8706Building Capacity for Preparing Teacher-Engineers for 21st Century Engi-neeringDr. Elsa Q. Villa, University of Texas, El Paso Elsa Q. Villa, Ph.D., is a research assistant professor at The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) in the College of Engineering and is Co-Director of the Center for Research in Engineering and Technology Education (CREaTE). Dr. Villa received her doctoral degree in curriculum and instruction from New Mexico State University; she received a Master of Science degree in Computer Science and a Master of Arts in Education from UTEP. She has led and co-led numerous grants from

Conference Session

SD Technical Session: Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University; Colleen Marie Croyle, The Ohio State Univeristy ; Alison N. Snyder; Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Student

search process are like. Wehypothesize that as the field has evolved so has the job search process and market for individualswith these types of degrees. This “Tricks of the Trade” paper provides information related to thehypothesis through a mixed methods research project grounded in Q methodology that targetedthose who have recently received a Ph.D. specifically in engineering education.IntroductionAlthough engineering education has been studied for many years, it has only recently become arecognized field of formal research, with the first Ph.D. in Engineering Education granted byPurdue University in 2006.1 Before this time, there were many researchers in engineeringeducation who joined the field through different pathways, but now the number

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianno Coller, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

ofthree students labeled P, Q, and R whom I believe to be representative, in a macro sense, of thedifferent ways in which students played the Novice level of the Spumone Drop challenge. Theletters P, Q, and R were chosen for convenience. Any relation that may exist between theseletters and the students’ actual names is coincidental.Student P. The way that that Student P played the novice and practice levels of the Dropchallenge is depicted in Figure 8. The horizontal lines represent timelines on two separate days.Vertical lines above the horizontal axis represent instances in which the student played the game.The practice level is essentially the same as the novice level, except there are no flowers to killthe spuCraft. The purpose of the

Conference Session

Issues in ET Education I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Joseph Michael PE, Gannon University; Fredrick A. Nitterright, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Robert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University, Erie

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

is also asked to verify FEA results withclosed-form calculations wherever possible. For example, plate theory4 shows the maximumnormal stress, S, around a hole can be calculated using: qRo 2 F7 S t2Where q = applied pressure, Ro = outer radius, t = plate thickness and F7 is a stress factor basedon the geometry of the plate. In addition to hand calculations, the student responsible for the structural analysis(student “A”), is asked to defend the accuracy of his or her FE analysis. Students are encouragedto report structural error and explore submodeling techniques on the crown plate. For example,Figure 5 shows submodeling on the crown plate a student performed to validate the accuracy ofhis FE model

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph P Hoffbeck, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

(see the 555 datasheet for details). It is unlikelythat a tie will occur if the clock frequency is very high.A breadboard with the circuit was passed around during the lecture so that students could see thecircuit in operation (see Figure 2). Vcc CD4013BE 14 Vcc LED 0 6 Vcc S q0' 1 14 3 5 q 1 q0

Conference Session

Simulations and Project-Based Learning II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gonca Altuger-Genc, State University of New York, Farmingdale State College; Yue Han, Stevens Institute of Technology; Yegin Genc

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 24.362.6from the velocity counters, the velocities at v1 and v2 are 5 and 2, respectively. The animationdoesn’t specify a particular unit system. Figure 3. Module 2 Set-UpModule 2 Assignment:Module 2 assignment can be developed to teach the concept of continuity equation. Thecontinuity equation is based on the principle of volumetric fluid flow (Q) staying same throughthe pipe even though the diameter of the pipe changes. The calculation of the volumetric fluidflow is shown as[15]: Q  v1 A1  v2 A2v1 and v2  Velocities at Diameters 1 and 2 A1, A2  Cross sectional areas at diameters 1 and 2 Figure 4. Module 2 animation overviewAt

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics of Materials

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Egelhoff, Montana Tech of the University of Montana; Edwin M. Odom, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

derivative of the strain energy with respect to a load applied at that point. If an externalload is not present at the point of interest, then a dummy load can be applied there for thepurpose of deflection determination. After the partial derivative is calculated with respect to thedummy load, that dummy is set to zero in the moment equation. In equation form, we write: Page 24.946.4 U M Q 0 M L Q   dx Eq.2 Q 0 EI QThe variable Q is used to

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Rafiq Muqri, DeVry University, Pomona; Hasan Muqri, UCLA; Shih Ek Chng, DeVry University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

another. One defining characteristic of an ODE is thatits derivatives are a function of one independent variable. The order of a differential equationis defined as the order of the highest derivative appearing in the equation and ODE can be ofany order. A general form of a first-order ODE can be written in the formdy/dx + p(x)y + q(x) + r = 0where p(x) and q(x) are functions of x. This equation can be rewritten as shown belowd/dx(y) +y p(x) = - q(x) - rwhere r is zero. A classical integrating factor method can be used for solving this lineardifferential equation of first order. The integrating factor is (exp)^∫p dx.Euler MethodGraphical methods produce plots of solutions to first order differential equations of the form y’ = f(x,y), where the

Conference Session

Construction Materials and Technologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jing Du, University of Texas at San Antonio; Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Construction

.......................................................... Model 1 (b) Residuals-fitted, model 1(a) Residuals-fitted, model 0 (c) Q-Q plot, model 1 Figure 2. Residual Plot of model 0 and model 1, Q-Q plot of model 1 Model 2: Stepwise procedures To continue with the model refinement, stepwise procedures are highly preferred rather than all- subset selection due to the large number of subsets ( 2 P 1  8192 ). Three procedures were followed: Forward Selection, Backward Elimination, Forward Stepwise Regression and compare models by typical selection criteria. The result is listed below. Procedure Significance α

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Yumi Kahori Nakagawa; George Roskovich, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

Images to Strengthen Learning 2ndedition, Corwin Press, CA[4] LaFosse, Michael (2009), Money Origami Kit, Tuttle Publishing Page 24.126.20AppendixDemographics Figure A.1 Race Distribution Figure A.2 Age Distribution Page 24.126.21 Figure A.3 Gender DistributionQuestionnaire Q: I feel developing intuition is important Figure A.4 Student Feedback on developing intuition Q: I feel visualizing algorithms is important for my learning

Conference Session

Renewable Energy in Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhittin Yilmaz, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Naren Reddy Dhansri, TAMUK

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

real wind speed values at whichthe wind turbine motor shaft rotates. The given wind speed will be the reference speed to themotor system, i.e., the presumed wind speed will be converted to a reference voltage to drive themotor. The presumed wind turbine PMDC generator is connected to the presumed wind turbinemotor, rotating at the same speed and generating corresponding voltage values. The teams weregiven the following concept questions during the actual laboratory and were asked to include thecorresponding answers in their technical laboratory report: Q) Investigate the wind turbine mathematical equations, explain the variables affecting the power & voltage generation, and introduce another parameter to reflect real-life

Conference Session

Principles of K-12 Engineering Education and Practice

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ming-Chien Hsu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; George D Ricco, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

multiple reason for this, the first and foremost is that the quantile rank itself is a useful diagnostic tool that will allow the researcher to determine whether or not a logarithmic or other fit is useful for the student data. Depending on the nature of the research and the exam itself, one may choose to use the quantile as an indicator that a Q-Q plot should be used next. Quantile distribution functions themselves can take many forms, for example, the exponential quantile takes the form, log ! (1 − 𝑥) 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 = − 𝑦 Where, x is greater than 0 and less than 1. Using a simple quantile

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaitlin Litchfield, University of Colorado, Boulder; Amy Javernick-Will, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cathy Leslie P.E., Engineers Without Borders - USA

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

questions.Qualitative Data & ResultsPhase 1: Open-ended QuestionnairesPhase 1 of the qualitative data collection consisted of open-ended questionnaires that weredistributed at seven regional EWB-USA conferences in the fall of 2011. Participants were askedto answer the following questions in a corresponding colored box on a piece of paper shown inFigure 2: Q.1. How do you describe yourself? Q.2. How do you describe an engineer? Q.3. How do you describe an EWB-USA member? Q.4. What do you think an engineer needs to know? Q.5. What, if any, are the gaps in your engineering education? Q.6. What are your biggest gains from your experience with EWB-USA?Of the 505 respondents who answered these questions and

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio; Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. closed systems, evaluation of properties,state principle, internal energy vs. enthalpy, transient vs. steady state, realizing entropy is athermodynamic property, reversibility, and correct application of process equations vs. rateequations. A few examples are discussed here with specific strategies to promote studentlearning.Students often struggle to distinguish between isothermal and adiabatic processes. Students findit counter-intuitive that a system can absorb energy by a heat transfer, Q without a change intemperature during a process. In many cases the temperature increases with heating, but if thesystem undergoes a phase change at constant pressure the temperature remains constant. Aclassic example is boiling water trapped in a piston

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses - Labs and Projects

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow; Brian K. Johnson, University of Idaho, Moscow; Clifford J. Chapman, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

® readily available on a university-widelicense.The program has an attractive level of sophistication. Forexample, its inputs are the following: physical dimensions,number of poles and slots, air gap width, frequency, positiveand negative sequence inputs, appropriate motor or generatorsign convention, power and torque output, resistances,reactances, simulation time and time step, and calculationdensity. The tool then builds and displays an appropriatephysical cross-section diagram of the stator created from the givendimensions, showing a correct number of slots with their windings properlypitched. It calculates a complete lumped parameter d-q model, displaying itsparticulars on request. The tool then creates the rotor from the given dimensions

Conference Session

Promoting Technological Literacy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; George Roskovich, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

average score was 3.66.While the students displayed their belief in the importance of intuition, they also displayedoverwhelming support for the teaching styles implemented in the course that were designed tocater to visual learning. When asked the importance being able to visualize concepts as theylearn, the total average score was above 3.6. Q: I feel that developing intuition for control is important Figure 3.1: Student Feedback on importance of developing intuition for Controls When asked questions on how the students preferred to be introduced to concepts in ControlSystems, the results were in favor of engaging techniques such as visual, hands-on activities, 3Dpuzzles, and communication-based exercises, as each

Conference Session

FPD 4: Peers and Perceptions

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sudhir Kaul, Western Carolina University; Robert D. Adams, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Learning Outcome III Learning Outcome IV Q 1 2 3 4 5 Mean Q 1 2 3 4 5 Mean Q 1 2 3 4 5 Mean Q 1 2 3 4 5 Mean 1 24 22 1 2 0 1.61 3 23 20 5 0 1 1.69 4 11 26 9 3 0 2.08 5 18 27 3 1 0 1.73 2 33 15 0 0 1 1.39 6 22 25 2 0 0 1.59 9 15 22 10 2 0 1.98 8 27 19 3 0 0 1.51 13 29 19 1 0 0 1.43 7 27 21 1 0 0 1.47 10 27 20 2 0 0 1.49 15 25 20 3 0 1 1.61 14 5 6 4 16 18 3.73 12 25 22 1 1 0 1.55 11 22 24 1 1 1 1.67 20 32 16 1 0 0 1.37 17 13 28 8 0 0 1.90 19 23 22

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura J. Borrego, Virginia Tech; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Christopher Evan Nellis, Virginia Tech; Prateek Shekhar, Virginia Tech; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

regular class session?Q. Are there any courses where these expectations were challenged, in other words, where yourexpectations of your involvement during class were different?Q. When you think about a typical engineering lecture-based course, what expectations do youthink faculty have of you in terms of your involvement in the class session. In other words, whatdo you think faculty expects you to do during a regular class session?Q. Are there any courses where these expectations were challenged, in other words, wherefaculty expectations of your involvement during class were different?Q. How do you respond when a faculty member tries an instructional style that requires yourinvolvement in class, for example, working with a partner or a team to

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lifford McLauchlan, Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

(surge), y (sway) and z (heave) directional motionsare depicted. Rotations around the x axis (roll) y axis(pitch) and z axis (yaw) are also taken into account.Velocities are given as u, v and w for the x, y and zaxis. Angular velocities are given as p, q and r. x, y Figure 1 – Unmanned Surface Vehicleand z define positions while the roll, pitch and yaw Sea Fox Shown in AUV Workbench [1]are  ,  and  [6], [11]-[12].“In this assignment, students will step through thedevelopment of the physics based model for the unmannedsurface vehicle system. This allows the students to betterunderstand the vehicle’s movements in 3D as they explorethe vehicle’s model. The students will analyze the stabilityof the

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt A. Thoroughman, Washington University; Alessandra Hruschka, Washington University in St.Louis; Patricia Widder, Washington University in St. Louis

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

voltages and currents affect the patient during DBS? How effective and what is the success rate of DBS? How expensive is DBS and what are the risk factors? How does bioelectricity of the brain get affected during DBS? What are the side-effects of Deep Brain Stimulation? How does the cost-benefit analysis of these procedure compare to that of other treatements? How does the procedure affect people differently? (Ex. ethnicity, presence of other health conditions, and stage of the respective disease) How does deep brain stimulation work on the bioelectric level?Here is a passage from the moderated chat with the physical therapy professor: Q: First, what is the general thought

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Schnittka, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

FerretsMinogue (Eds.) Achieving science and schnittka@auburn.edutechnological literacy through engineeringdesign. New York: Springer. www.auburn.edu/~cgs0013 Page 24.348.212 Q&A What do kids do? Save the Penguins has youth

Conference Session

Software Engineering Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter J. Clarke, Florida International Univeristy; Debra Lee Davis, Florida International University; Raymond Chang Lau, Florida International University; Tariq M. King, Ultimate Software Group, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

Unit Subsystem System Levels of TestingFigure 1: Average percentage increase in the number of test cases, statement coverage, and branchcoverage for each testing level for all the teams.These results were positive for Questions (Q.) 16 - 19 with all the scores above 3.24. These ques-tions focused on the effectiveness of WReSTT in helping students to understand testing conceptsand how to use the testing tools. Q.20 (M = 2.97, SD = 1.16), the lowest value in the table thatfocuses directly on the usefulness of WReSTT, shows the students felt that the number of tutorialswere somewhat inadequate.Table 3: Students’ mean scores (standard deviations) in Section 3 of the survey

Conference Session

Innovations in Electrical Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; George Jonathan Roskovich, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

towards the studentsagreeing or disagreeing with a particular learning strategy. On a scale of 0-4, zero being stronglydisagree, four being strongly agree and two being neutral, the response towards the question, “Ifeel that developing intuition for control is important” (Figure 3.1) the average score was 3.66.While the students displayed their belief in the importance of intuition, they also displayedoverwhelming support for the teaching styles implemented in the course that were designed tocater to visual learning. When asked the importance being able to visualize concepts as theylearn, the total average score was above 3.6. Q: I feel that developing intuition for control is important

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

hydrogels for oral drug delivery. For this experiment, studentsprepare pH-responsive hydrogels based on p(MMA-EG) and characterize the network structureof the swollen hydrogel through mesh size modeling in different pH environments. Students canoptimize the hydrogel for oral drug delivery by varying its structure. They identify importantdesign variables, practice translating quantitative laboratory measurements into data used indesign evaluation, and learn aspects of polymer characterization, which can be applied to otherareas of material science and engineering.Mesh size is determined from correlations using existing tensile and experimental density data tocharacterize how the gels respond to pH variations.The swelling ratio, Q is found from

Conference Session

Construction Contracts, Law and Ethics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Tymvios, UNC Charlotte; John Hildreth, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Construction

responded similarly. For each action the highest percentage of responses occurred forthe same consideration with the only exceptions being actions “P” (Working in groups on web-based quizzes) and “Q” (Working in groups on take-home exams). In the survey by 4, the highestpercentage for the consideration of both actions was “Cheating”, while in the current study, thestudents considered action “P” to be “Unethical but not cheating” and action “Q” to be “NeitherUnethical nor cheating”. Regarding the frequency of cheating behavior the only difference in theoccurrence of the highest percentage was for action “C” (Asking another student about questionson an exam you have not taken). The highest percentage of students surveyed by 4, stated thattheir

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wookwon Lee, Gannon University; Nicholas B. Conklin, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

(k)” categories, and they haveimproved their ability (or knowledge or understanding, as applicable) in those categories. Forsome questions, e.g., Q7 & Q8, Q11 & Q12, etc., one or two students responded with Neutraland/or Not Applicable, which might have occurred for some of the new team members. Table 2. Survey Questions Q# Description Q1 The extracurricular project activities provided me with an opportunity to improve my ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering. Q2 Participating in the extracurricular project activities, I have improved my ability to apply knowledge of

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Dixon, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

prior art, customer objective(s), customer requirements,design economics, drawings, analytical results, engineering changes, test reports, and an openissues list4. Patent search results may also be included. As the design develops, the presentationshould provide insights into design activities, design alternatives considered and selected,technical/economic trade-off analysis and justifications, and conclusions21. Often the TDR process includes oral presentations. During oral presentations, designassumptions, analysis, alternatives and design methods are challenged during question andanswer (Q&A) portions of the TDR. Duesing4 (2004) states that it is “…critical that engineersexplain their concepts and designs to an engineering and

Conference Session

Improvements in ECE Signals and Systems

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cory J. Prust, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Steven Holland, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Richard W. Kelnhofer, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

RTL-SDR, are capable of streaming 8-bit I/Q samples througha USB 2.0 interface at a maximum rate of 3.2MS/s. A variety of RTL-SDR variants are Page 24.1283.5currently available, the primary difference being the specific RF tuner paired with theRTL2832U. Figure 1 below shows one such variant based on the Rafael Micro R820T tunerwhich is capable of tuning between 24-1766MHz. This particular dongle is widely available at acost of $18 USD. Figure 1: The RTL-SDR based on the R820T tuner and the mobile studioTogether with a host PC running the appropriate software, each student can have their ownmobile platform cable of recording

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica W. Clark, University of Maine; John R. Thompson, University of Maine; Donald B. Mountcastle, University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

semester. As a reminder, the heat transfer cannotbe directly determined from a P-V diagram. This part of the task requires students to use the FirstLaw, ∆U = Q − W , and knowledge of the work and internal energy comparisons from the othersections of the task. We have also created a one-dimensional work task (see Fig. 2) appropriate for students in ourintroductory courses. In this task, students compare the net work done in propelling a cart the samedistance using two different propulsion methods. We have also altered the phrasing from a questionto a statement. This task differs in two main ways from the P-V task. First, the variables aren’tstate variables. We would need to use tension and extension to get the equivalent one-dimensionaltask and

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott L. Post, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Page 24.1094.5 • The Range Safety Officer activated the auto-destruct systems on both SRBs 110 s after launch (36 s after explosion).Note that these times after launch corresponds to the time of “max q”, where q is the commonlyused symbol in aerospace engineering for the dynamic pressure: ! 𝑞 = !𝜌𝑉 !While the space shuttle continues to accelerate as it reaches orbit until its fuel is burned out, theatmospheric density, ρ, decreases with increasing altitude, so that there is a unique point whereq, and the total aerodynamic loading on the shuttle, is maximized.The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident (commonly