Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Cross-cultural Awareness and Social Impacts

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Mazzurco, Purdue University; Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kavitha D. Ramane, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

International

paper were collected as part of a larger study on global competency. Respondentswere engineering undergraduates (total n=230) recruited from the following courses andprograms: 1) first-year engineering students enrolled in a global engineering learning community(ENGR103, n=21), 2) mechanical engineering students enrolled in a global engineeringprofessional seminar (ME, n=142), 3) engineering and computing students in the InteractiveQualifying Project program (WPI, n=22), 4) engineering students participating in a one-semester Page 25.204.4China study abroad program (China Abroad, n=28), and engineering students in GlobalEngineering Alliance for

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathy Schmidt Jackson, Pennsylvania State University; Mark D. Maughmer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Robert H. Bishop P.E., Marquette University; Wallace T. Fowler P.E., University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

well as the real need to help our students become self-regulated learners. It is not our intention to place blame on our students, the professorate, or theuniversities, but rather to identify real concerns and issues as well as to offer aerospace space-specific approaches to embracing a rigorous pedagogy that requires real commitment from the Page 25.205.2students and faculty.References 1. Maughmer, M. & Schmidt, K. (2009). “Is Student Performance Declining? A Look at Twenty-five Years of Data.” Proceedings of the 2009 American Society of Engineering Educator’s Annual Conference, Austin, TX. 2. Spinelli, Teri (1981

Conference Session

Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Hertzberg, University of Colorado, Boulder; Bailey Renee Leppek, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kara E. Gray, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

arange of resources and are required to use creativity, guided by their own aesthetic sensibility, to generate their Page 25.206.2fluid flows and visualization techniques. Grades are de-emphasized by grading based on full completion of allassignments. Constructive feedback is provided by in-class critique sessions. All student work is published on ahigh-visibility archival website 1, such that their work becomes a part of their permanent online persona. Noneof these innovations were research-based at the time; they were assembled based on the instructors’ personalvalues as an empirical experiment. As hoped, students

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sydney Rogers, Alignment Nashville; Sandra M. Harris, Alignment Nashville and PENCIL Foundation; Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technological University; David Conner McNeel, Alignment Nashville

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

meetings; and each club posted their schedules tothe master A2S calendar.Afterschool Club ActivitiesEach A2S coaching team plans and creates their club meeting schedules by semester. Clubschedules are then posted on the master A2S Google calendar. Each STEM-focused activity isspecifically prepared to increase students’ interest in STEM careers. Concepts are executed inthree-part modules; allowing three club meetings to a particular concept. To help students makereal-world connections to their club experiences, some modules are complemented by a field trip(site visit) to a local business related to a particular A2S module (see example below). Design & Manufacturing  CLUB MEETING 1: Symmetry/ Golden Triangle  CLUB MEETING 2

Conference Session

Stimulating Broader Industrial Participation in Undergraduate Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Anna Traband, University of Toledo; Daniel Burklo, Northwest State Community College; Nadeane D. Howard, University of Toledo; Marcia A King-Blandford, University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

of advancedenergy products and systems, as well as the installation, operation and maintenance of thesesystems. The goal was to gain a national leadership role in advance energy research,manufacturing and technology. As Ohio began its expansion into renewable energy, thechallenge of providing a highly trained and technical workforce began receiving more attention.For Ohio to reach its goal of becoming a national leader in advance energy research,manufacturing and technology, the state’s postsecondary education institutions had to play a keyrole. See Table 1. Page 25.208.3Table 1. Renewable Energy Industry Employment and Revenue in a

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Curricula and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allan T. Kirkpatrick P.E., Colorado State University; Scott Danielson P.E., Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Thomas Perry P.E., American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Responses were received from academic leaders at more than 80 institutions, frommore than 1,400 engineering managers, and more than 600 early career engineers with less thanten years of practice. Complete data sets are given in the Vision 2030 report4, and an overallsummary is given in Danielson et al.5StrengthsFigure 1 shows a comparison of how the industry supervisors (n=647), the educators (n=42), andthe early career mechanical engineers (those that answered the strengths question, n~590) ratedthe 15 areas as a strength (e.g., “strong” on the scale above) of the graduates. Note the widedisparity of opinion between the industry supervisors and the academic leaders in many of theseareas. This should serve a reality check for many academic programs

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Futuristic Planning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Danielson P.E., Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Thomas Perry P.E., American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Allan T. Kirkpatrick P.E., Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

surveydata from industry, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of baccalaureate ME and BSMETgraduates, provides an outcomes-based assessment of undergraduate education. With these 14categories of response, or attributes, which were derived from the survey data via a clusteranalysis; a simple difference – strength minus weakness – in response rate for a given attributeprovided a picture of educational outcomes and the difference between viewpoints of academiaand industry. Tables 1 and 2 below show the attribute profiles for newly hired BSMEs andBSMETs, as of spring 2009. While there is some overlap in the distribution of strengths andweaknesses, the overall pattern of differences provides an indication of the outcomes of the twoeducational

Conference Session

Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

AJ Hamlin, Michigan Technological University; Jean-Celeste M. Kampe, Michigan Technological University; Amy E. Monte, Michigan Technological University; Brett Hamlin, Michigan Technological University; Douglas E. Oppliger, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, which alsoprovides the first-year engineering program for all engineering departments. This degreeprogram serves students 1) who have very specific career goals that are not met with a traditionalengineering degree offered by the university; 2) who want a general engineering degree toprovide a technical foundation for other advanced degrees in areas such as law, medicine, andpublic policy; and 3) who want to work in a new, emerging, or interdisciplinary engineeringfield.The courses used in BSE degree pathways reside largely in the engineering departments, and inthe other academic units of the University, and are uniquely combined under supervision toprovide the individually specialized engineering education desired or needed for a

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Elif Ozturk, Texas A&M University; Joshua Johnson, Prairie View A&M University; Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Xiaobo Peng, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

addition to the student participants, practicing engineers from industry were surveyed using the instrument. Participant demographic, education, and engineering experience data were collected. These data were used to examine the relationships among expertise related responses and demographic variables. We report the factor analyses results and the reliability coefficients of the instrument and the observed differences between students’ and engineers’ responses to survey items.IntroductionComputer-aided design (CAD) tools are ubiquitous and used throughout the development process inmany industries 1. CAD tools are available in multiple platforms and change quickly. This makes itimperative that students are trained in a

Conference Session

Pedagogical Approaches for Software Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin A. Gary, Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Yegeneswari Nagappan, Unicon, Inc.; Supreet Verma, Delasoft, Inc.; Russell J. Branaghan, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

results is presented and preliminary conclusions drawn.1 IntroductionOver the past decade, the software engineering education community has focused significantlyon defining the body of concepts that both undergraduate and graduate students should (in somesense) “know” and be able to apply upon graduation. Efforts such as the SWEBOK1, the SEEK2,and the GSwE20093 together with associated certification processes from IEEE (CSDP andCSDA) and ISO (ISO/IEC 24773:2008) go to great lengths to define outcomes primarily ascoverage of the maturing body of knowledge (BOK) in software engineering. The evolution ofthe software engineering BOK and certifications over the past decade+ is a good thing as itspeaks to the maturing of the profession. However

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Teaching Methods and Assessment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

providedguidelines that help educators and administrators alike. #1: Identify traits to be considered in scoring an assignment. Traits are usually nouns or phrases that are descriptive # 2: Establish a three-point or five-point scale # 3: Write an explicit statement that describes performance at that level. # 4: Try out the scale with samples of former student’s work. Revise if needed. Page 25.214.3Primary Trait Analysis Catherine Palomba and Trudy Banta have provided rubrics for scoring the recordingthe primary traits. Uses of Primary Trait Analysis have also been documented by variousauthors and scholars. 1. Showing improvement

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael A. Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

the project reports and a content analysis performed on seven MQP reports publicly available.During the review, a set of summary sheets were completed by the review committee and facultyadvisors for each project. The paper provides the detailed statistical data upon which this review Page 25.215.2was based on, assessment methodology followed and a discussion on the findings.IntroductionConsidering the fact that engineering students of 2010 will still be professionally active in 2050,their engineering education today should be broad enough for them to generate solutions to meetthe new requirements of the global industry and society [1-3]. To

Conference Session

Innovations in Promoting Technological Literacy I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence E. Whitman, Wichita State University; Mandy C. Phelps, Wichita State University; Karen V. Reynolds, Wichita State University; Barbara S. Chaparro Ph.D.

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

involvement in theprogram. Males had a greater interest in technology and longer involvement (0-3 years) in theprogram resulting in more positive attitudes. Females tended to have more negative opinionsabout technology at both pre- and post-assessment.IntroductionProject Lead the Way (PLTW) is targeted toward educating middle and high school studentsabout engineering and technology to encourage the study of engineering post high schoolgraduation.1 PLTW was established in 1997 to address the shortage of domestic engineers. Thereare currently 4,500 program implementations in every state with more than 18,000 teacherstrained to teach PLTW courses.2 Approximately 70% of students involved in the PLTW programreport intentions of obtaining a college degree

Conference Session

Graduate Education in ETD

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell L. Springer P.M.P., S.P.H.R., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Gary R. Bertoline, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology, Graduate Studies

Page 25.217.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Assessing the Applicability of Technology Studies through an Examination of Innovation, the Systems Integration Model and Systems Integrator RoleThis paper will examine the role of a major tier 1 research university in defining and developingthe 21st Century Technologist through an understanding of the relationship between innovation,technology as a discipline, the systems integration model and the knowledge-based model of thesystems integrator. This paper will examine how the relationship of these many seeminglyunrelated, yet believed to be highly interconnected concepts, contribute to thecomprehensiveness

Conference Session

Exploration of Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell L. Springer PMP, SPHR, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Erin E. Bowen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mark T. Schuver, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

is known as a peak. The point where a recession ends is known as a trough. Following the trough, the economy expands again towards another peak. Economist call the period of time between two peaks a business cycle6.In an expanding economic cycle, the business spiral is upward. The logic is as follows: 1. Consumers feel confident in the current state of the economy – they feel they are safe in their jobs or other employment is readily available 2. Confidence in the economy fuels increased consumer buying 3. To meet the consumer demand, companies need to produce more product 4. To produce more product, companies buy more raw materials and ultimately hire more people, who participate in the upward spiral

Conference Session

Assessment and Impact

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Raber, Michigan Technological University; Susan L. Amato-Henderson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

faculty serve as mentors and advisors to Enterprise team members; that is, they move fromthe role of imparting knowledge to helping students discover and apply knowledge. We envisiona relationship that parallels the one between faculty members and student researchers whereininquiry and innovation are the norms, learning and application go hand-in-hand, and students andfaculty advisors work in a team environment to solve problems of significance to industry.Enterprise has a twelve-year track record that includes several quantitative and qualitativeevaluative results that document the successful outcomes of the Enterprise program1,2,3,4. Someof the quantitative outcomes achieved by Michigan Tech’s Enterprise include: (1) Three yearretention rates

Conference Session

Technology and Equipment to Improve IE Instruction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dave Yearwood, University of North Dakota; Alex Johnson, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

costly to operate and maintain. Faced with these challenges, institutionswill have to adapt and innovate by pursuing alternative and creative approaches to educating 21stcentury students. Two issues were examined in a recent study: 1. To ascertain the extent towhich less costly bench-top metal lathes can be used as viable alternatives in provide studentswith an understanding about the design and creation of manufactured items And 2. Determinethe levels of acceptance by faculty and industry about the use of smaller lathes as viablealternatives to their industrial size cousins. A study was conducted into the use of bench-topmetal lathes in a post-secondary educational institution. A metal lathe was chosen for this studyprimarily due to its

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

, which is shown in Appendix B. A bar chart was generated based on likert scale and this is shown in Appendix C.Data Analysis Referring to the bar chart, one can draw certain conclusions and make thesefollowing important observations. It is interesting to note that none of the characteristics observed secured themaximum possible likert scale score of 5. We should also observe that none of thecharacteristics studied secured the minimum possible likert scale score of 1. Five characteristics have recorded an acceptable score of 4 on Likert Scale,indicating that there is enough of room for improvement. These characteristics are: • Reduce dependence on lectures

Conference Session

Design Tools and Methodology II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Joseph Kirstukas, Central Connecticut State University; Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

25.222.2In general, student learning outcome c focuses on the ability of students to follow the logical andorderly design procedures that can be manifested in the following statements: 1. Problem or opportunity identification supported by factual evidence. 2. Creation of an executable design strategy including timetable, critical path, major tasks, subtasks and their interaction. 3. Creation of clear vision of expectation and deliverables with the available resources and constraints such as economic, environmental, social, policies and legal, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability 4. Testing and evaluation of the product and the process against the set goals and or performance

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert G. Ryan, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

assessment of student performance on these design projects wouldbecome a key component of our ABET assessment process.Rubrics for the evaluation of design presentations and reports were developed in order to providea uniform template for faculty expectations for effective communication during design reviews.The rubric development followed the characteristics suggested by Cooney4: consistency withcourse objectives, explicit scoring criteria, a simple form for recording scores, and a one pagesummary of criteria for easy reference for reviewers during the rating process.The design of the rubrics began with the definition of performance criteria for oral presentationsand written reports. Criteria for oral presentations are shown in Table 1. Generally

Conference Session

Manufacturing Education for Emerging Technologies and Competitiveness

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the course istaught at a junior or senior level in a four-year engineering program. This ensures that thestudents have had adequate background in Physics and Mathematics, including differentialequations. Hopefully one expects that the students are exposed to feedback control systemtechniques as well. Given the fact that the students know how to use MATLAB and that they dounderstand what a simple harmonic motion is, one proceeds to build on the knowledge basethat the student already possesses. Given below is a brief list of topics that may include, in nospecific order. 1. A quick review of units and dimensions. 2. Stress the importance of linear algebra in engineering design methodologies. This should include a discussion of matrices

Conference Session

Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

learning methodologies do necessarily require additional work onthe part of students as well as faculty (Barrows, 2000). A pioneer in the area of problem-basedlearning, McMaster University Professor Emeritus, Dr. Donald R. Woods describes acurriculum that is significantly different from the traditional discipline centered curriculum(Woods, 1994). Discovery approach aims to march a step further, when compared with problem-basedlearning. Here the instructor may benefit from the ideas provided by Intel Education. (http://www.intel.com/education/designprojects/) 1. Authentic project work puts students in the driver's seat of their own learning. 2. Instructors should take advantage of curriculum developed by teachers in a large

Conference Session

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Education Technical Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

expected to use diverse instructional methods. He recommendsadministering a learning styles inventory to students as a regular assessment process.In this presentation, the author presents his findings and compares them with the resultsof Hunter Boylan.Introduction Fleming & Mills’ VARK Learning Styles lists only four categories whereasHoward Gardner lists seven styles and suggests humans can be: (Source: Armstrong,Thomas 1993. Seven Kinds of Smart. New York: Plume). 1 WORD SMART: Learners prefer to express themselves using verbal communication skills and they learn by reading and writing. 2 PICTURE SMART: Learners who learn faster when information is provided to

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen W. Laguette, University of California, Santa Barbara

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

a faculty adviser. Engineeringdeliverables in the form of Prototyping, Testing, Modeling, and Analysis are required eachquarter. Engineering communication in the form of oral presentations, design reviews, andreports is addressed throughout the course and project experience. We emphasize a practical,hands-on experience, and integrate analytical and design skills.The ME Capstone Design Projects include the following types of projects: 1) Industry Partner projects are supported by gifts to the program. Students have an opportunity to work on practical design projects and to interact with outside engineers. 2) Research Partner projects are supported by research or University funding to support current University research projects

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio; Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

easy for the publishers to deliver them to instructors. This has also made it easierfor students to get access to solution manuals. Most engineering textbook solution manuals arenow readily available to students through the Internet. We have noticed that each year a largernumber of students are using solution manuals in doing their homework assignments. In coursesurveys conducted recently in several of our courses, over 90 % of responded indicated thatsolution manuals or similar resources are available that provide solutions to problems in mostengineering textbooks.1 Four out of five respondents (about 80%) stated that they have usedsolution manuals to help them solve problems in their engineering courses.The availability of solution manuals

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University; Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Anca L. Sala, Baker College, Flint

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Page 25.229.3study about simple theory-based interventions to traditional homework, which have the potentialof restoring the effectiveness of homework as intended by its design. In that study, three differentinterventions were used but here we focus on the most representative one as far as the underlyingtheory goes. Additionally, the intervention is studied in different courses and classroom setupsthan the one previously studied. We aim to answer the following questions about the interventionto traditional homework studied in this work: • Research Question 1: How does the proposed homework intervention affect student motivation to thoroughly complete their homework? • Research Question 2: How is student overall learning

Conference Session

ABET: Reflections on Accreditation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin G. Sutterer, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael Robinson P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; James H. Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael C. Reeves P.E., Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc.; Andrew B Twarek P.E., Ruby+Associates, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

passing rates for some student work, thus fostering greater leaps inimprovement of learning in those outcomes. Team review of student work also facilitates greaterlevels of cooperation and more frequent deliberate communication between faculty members andindustry colleagues, ultimately enhancing student learning through the sharing of ideas betweenthese two groups.Findings are reported as: (1) a comparison of passing rate statistics before and after inclusion of industry raters, (2) reflections on the process by both industry and faculty raters, and (3) reflections on the process by the administrators of the rating.We recommend that other institutes consider use of industry raters for student outcomes becauseof the enhanced continuous improvement

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yaseen Mahmud, Morgan State University; Masud Salimian, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

analytical courses.Given such critical importance, it is crucial for IE students to: 1. Develop understanding of the concepts of decision variables, constraints, and measures of performance. 2. Develop skills in creating abstract mathematical programming models (LP, ILP, NLP) from real world problems. 3. Develop operational skills in carrying out procedural steps necessary for algorithms (the HOW skill). 4. Develop in-depth knowledge of the logic behind algorithms and their concepts, and learn to extend them to new horizons (the WHY and WHAT-IF skills).Looking at the above list of capabilities, it is clear that the majority of those skills to bedeveloped rely on understanding the underlining concepts and being able to

Conference Session

Understanding Our Students I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle B. Reed, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

is a vital part of the answer itself,confidence in one’s answer is not typically emphasized during schooling. Nevertheless, it is vitalwhen students enter the work force. The confidence-based grading method described in thispaper gives students practice assessing the confidence in their answer and also serves as a metric Page 25.232.2the instructor can use to evaluate how well the students think they know the material.The method is based on grading the student’s answers Table 1: Points awarded for eachaccording to both correctness of the answer as well as the combination of correctness andstudent’s selection of “confident” or “not

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio; Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

driven by increasing undergraduate enrollments, decreasing numberof faculty due to budget constraints, and increasing focus on achieving or improving the “tier-1”research status of the University. The quality of the teaching performed by adjuncts varies justlike that for full-time faculty. There is often the perception that adjuncts are more eager toplease students, and one easy way to please students is to issue high grades. This is easy tounderstand since end-of-semester student surveys are often the sole mechanism by whichadjuncts are evaluated. If their evaluation scores are perceived as being low, they may not beinvited back to teach next semester