Conference Session

IT-based Instructional Technologies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard G. Helps, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

. For example there are designers who concentrate heavily on Page 25.266.2microcontroller-based systems. These systems are characterized by small systems with kilobytesof memory, slow processors (tens of MHz or slower) and no operating system. There aremultiple books and authors addressing this community, for example [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Thenthere are designers who tend to assume that an embedded system will have many of the featuresof conventional computers including large resources (tens to hundreds of megabytes of memory,fast processors (hundreds of Mhz) and operating systems with sophisticated resources such asnetwork connectivity

Conference Session

FPD VII: Research on First-year Programs Part II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Doug Bullock, Boise State University; Seung Youn Chyung, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

andmathematics over the next decade2.Like the rest of the country, Boise State University has implemented research projectsand initiatives to study and improve mathematics success among engineering students,with particular emphasis on freshman retention. An engineering professor who has ledseveral of these initiatives decided to experience freshman-level calculus firsthand by re-taking Calculus 1 nearly 30 years after her own freshman days. Her instructor was thechair of the mathematics department, a professor with whom she has collaborated onnumerous research projects. The evidence presented in this paper is based on the Page 25.267.2experiences of these two

Conference Session

Broadening Participation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Cruz, Great Minds in STEM; Lupe Munoz Alvarado, Great Minds in STEM

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

attract and retain new high-tech industries. According to the U.S.Department of Commerce (Langdon, McKittrick, Beede, Knah, & Doms, 2011)1 over the past 10years, STEM jobs grew three times faster then non-STEM jobs. Between 2008 and 2018, STEM jobsare projected to grow by 17 percent compared to 9.8 percent growth for non-STEM jobs. Theconcern for the U.S. is being able to supply a well-educated technical workforce.Education provides individuals with the 21st Century knowledge, skills and competencies that areneeded to fully participate in the New Economy. By 2016, four out of every 10 new jobs (40percent) will require some advanced education or training (Dohm & Shniper, 2007) 2. Fifteen of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten A. Davis, Boise State University; Sondra M. Miller, Boise State University; Ross A. Perkins, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

University. Page 25.269.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Bridging the Valley of Death: A Preliminary Look at Faculty Views on Adoption of Innovations in Engineering EducationAbstractThere is a nationwide need to better translate engineering education research into the classroomsetting. Moving engineering education research into practice is a more complicated task than itmight initially seem. There are many significant barriers to hinder the transition from research toimplementation. These barriers can be categorized into two groups: (1) individual barriers, suchas

Conference Session

Collaborative Projects in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sinead C. Mac Namara, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

two required structurescourses, less than 30% say they would take the structures if it were not required. I havefound there is a wide range of preparedness amongst architecture students formathematical learning. A lack of understanding of fundamental structural ideas canstymie the creativity of architectural design. But an aversion to mathematics does notpreclude an understanding of, and an intuition for, how structures work. Plesums argued”knowledge of mathematical methods, however, does not assure a feeling for structuralbehavior.”1 Severud stated that it is more important for architects to have a sense of thebasic fundamentals of how structures work and that the figures can be left to theengineers.2 I further argue that it is this very

Conference Session

Robotics and Automation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yonghui Wang, Prairie View A&M University; Yubin Lan, USDA ARS; Jian-ao Lian, Prairie View A&M University; Suxia Cui, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

current progress andimplementation strategies on this course and discusses the future plan of the project in betteraligning the goal of the department to that of the sponsoring agent. Page 25.271.21. BackgroundIn the 2009 white paper on Human Capacity Development prepared by the Academic ProgramsSection of the Association of Public and Land Grant Universities [1], the authors identified thechallenges: the rate of investment in human capacity development in Food, Agriculture,Natural Resources, and Related Sciences (FANRRS) has lagged behind investment in thecreation of new knowledge, resulting in an increasing gap between discovery

Conference Session

Focus on Elementary

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy V. Ernst, Virginia Tech; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth A. Parry, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

subsequent investigationalhypotheses proposed and researched through the Engineering Design Models inElementary Schools project field test:Research Question 1 - Does the integrated full-day engineering design approach promotestudent learning in science and engineering and design? • Hypothesis 1 - There is no difference in student learning in science content knowledge before the onset of instruction and after participating in the integrated pedagogical approach. • Hypothesis 2 - There is no difference in student learning in engineering and design content knowledge before the onset of instruction and after participating in the integrated pedagogical approach.Research Question 2 - Does the integrated full-day engineering

Conference Session

Assessments, Assessments, and Assessments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David B. Meredith, Pennsylvania State University, Fayette

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

successful completion of the course andexpress these as course learning outcomes in proper format.1 This step is also required as part of the ABET CQIprocess. If the course has already been taught, the course outcomes should already be included in the existingcourse syllabus and should be reviewed as part of your course preparation. I have always viewed this process asdeciding what will be covered on the final exam before I teach the first lesson. Keep in mind that your courseoutcomes are always a work in progress. In fact, it is a good idea to review and update them at the end of eachsemester, while everything is still fresh in your mind.Philosophy of TestingFrom my perspective, there are three purposes of a test: (1) the students learn what they

Conference Session

Reflections on the “Raise the Bar” Initiative (Part II) - Using a Decade of Experience to Chart the Future

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jon D. Nelson P.E., Tetra Tech, Inc; Monte L. Phillips P.E., Americal Society of Civil Engineers; Craig N. Musselman, CMA Engineers, Inc.; Michael J. Conzett, HDR, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

to the “Raise the Bar” initiative. These papers will be written from six different, yetrelated, perspectives including the (1) overall initiative, (2) civil engineering bodies ofknowledge, (3) changed university curricula, (4) experiential guidelines, (5) revised accreditationcriteria, and (6) modified licensure laws and rules. This paper addresses the sixth perspective: theprocess of modifying the educational standards for engineering licensure in the state laws andrules.Because ASCE considers “professional practice” to mean “licensed practice,” implementation ofthe “Raise the Bar” initiative must include the modification of the requirements for engineeringlicensure. Individual states and other U.S. jurisdictions regulate the practice of

Conference Session

Progress in Manufacturing Education III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack P.Eng., Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

include industry, academia, and others. Questions includeoverall opinions about the state of industry and education, as well as topical preferences.Respondent comments are provided as an appendix and provide some insights into themanufacturing community.1. IntroductionManufacturing engineering continues to be one of the most dynamic disciplines with constantchange driven by global competition and new technologies. Obviously education is a key forpreparing manufacturing professionals who have knowledge and skills that can supportcontemporary and emerging issues 8, 9. In the face of ongoing change it is necessary to assesswhat has been done, the current status, and a direction for the future. This work focuses onmanufacturing education in general

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chih-Ping Yeh, Wayne State University; Gene Yeau-Jian Liao, Wayne State University; William Stark, Macomb Community College; Joseph L. Petrosky, Macomb Community College; Douglas A. Fertuck, Macomb Community College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

professional development.1. IntroductionThe automotive industry has been one of the largest and most important industries in the UnitedStates, employing more than 1.1 million Americans1, accounting for 4% of total gross domesticproduct, and representing the single largest U.S. export (nearly $121 billion) in 20082. The worldeconomy, however, has shifted over the past year. Today the automotive industry is engaged in atransformational change that incorporates a technological shift from the petroleum-poweredengine that drove the transportation economy of the 20th Century to the renewable resource-based electric powered motor that will sustain the dynamic global economy and environmentalassets of the 21st Century. In response to a shift in consumer

Conference Session

Retention of Women Students II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christel Heylen, Katholieke University, Leuven; Kathleen Geraedts, Katholieke University, Leuven

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

and motivation of the first year engineeringstudents were measured in relation to gender. Furthermore, because it was hypothesized thatboth aforementioned characteristics have an influence on the academic achievement2,3, thestudents’ study time and grades were compared with the gathered data.2. Materials and methodsSubjectsFor this study, data was gathered during two subsequent academic years: 2009 – 2010 and2010 – 2011. All participants were first year engineering students. Table 1 gives an overviewof the number of students that participated and their gender distribution. Table 1: Overview of the number of participants and their gender. Academic year Total number of Number of female Percentage of

Conference Session

Linking Engineering and Liberal Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gayle E. Ermer, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

curriculum.Engineering ModelingThe central activity of the engineering profession involves creative design of new systems inresponse to given needs. Design is a process of problem-solving, consisting of many stages Page 25.1279.5between the development of a new concept and the implementation of a concrete solution. It isabout bringing ideas to life. A structured engineering design process is commonly taught andused to help clarify and reduce the complexity of engineering design work. A typical prescriptiveflow chart for this process, taken from a popular first-year engineering design textbook, is shownin Figure 1.xiiiThe modeling/analysis/evaluation stage of

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl White, Morgan State University; Clifton Sean Martin, Innovative STEM Foundation and Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Academy; Givon Forbes, Innovative STEM Foundation; Charles Lamont Clark, Academic Training Management Organization; Joseph White, Innovative STEM Foundation; Albert Edward Sweets Jr., iSTEMS

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

, quality engi-neering/assurance, customer satisfaction, design/development, engineering education, and project man-agement. Sweets has successfully project managed more than 100 worldwide projects/programs thatresulted in meeting customer requirements, industry announcements, more than $100 million in savings,and more than $1 billion in revenue. He matrix managed a team of more than 200 engineers in ninedifferent countries. He has excellent interpersonal skills and is highly motivated, flexible, an effectivecommunicator, goal oriented, and skilled in team building. Page 25.1280.2 c American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

CoED General Technical Session II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan M. Hill, University of Hartford; Ying Yu, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

not have a suitable hands-on laboratory experience.Apart from that, Coowar3 describes an advanced course that may benefit with the use of adevelopment board. Likewise, Weng, Zhu, and Cheng6 as well as Amaral, Berube, andMehta5 each describe a logic circuits course for computer science majors involving PLDdevelopment boards.We started the Fall 2011 semester with several clearly defined, achievable goals for ourintroductory logic circuits class that our electrical and computer engineering students take. Page 25.1281.3 1. Largely replace the use of TTL chips in laboratory with CPLD devices, revising or developing entirely new laboratory

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alak Bandyopadhyay, Alabama A&M University; Neema Simon Sumari, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

microcontroller, electronicsensor, and drive motors. They determined that their system was a flexible tracking system withlow maintenance, and ease of installation and operation. They also found that by using computersoftware instead of mechanical parts their solar tracker would be more flexible for futuredevelopment.In the current research, the main objectives are:1. Design the computer software to control the solar tracker (or multiple solar trackers) remotely via the Internet using the User Datagram Packets (UDP) protocol.2. Design the communication protocol that will be used to send commands from the master controller computer to the remote controller computer.3. Implement a secure encryption and decryption standard so that the communications

Conference Session

Mechanics Concepts II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sinead C. Mac Namara, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

AC 2012-4322: THE DESIGN COMPETITION AS A TOOL FOR TEACH-ING STATICSDr. Sinead C. Mac Namara, Syracuse University Page 25.1283.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 The Design Competition as a Tool for Teaching Statics.1. IntroductionThis paper describes ongoing efforts at Syracuse University to re-engineer the traditionalstatics course. This course forms part of a larger NSF funded project aimed at increasinginnovation and creativity in engineering curricula. The principal aim of the overallproject is to find strategies to foster and reward creativity in engineering students.This study examines a design

Conference Session

Engineering Education for Modern Needs Part I: Non-traditional Learning Methods and Expanding Student Markets

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ioan Gelu Ionas, University of Missouri; Matthew A. Easter, University of Missouri; William H. Miller, University of Missouri, Columbia; Gayla M. Neumeyer, University of Missouri Research Reactor; Valerie Deitz Taylor, Center for Energy Workforce Development; Gwen K. Weakley, Kansas City Power & Light

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

Fundamentals(EIF) course was initiated by the Center for Energy Workforce CourseDevelopment (CEWD)1. CEWD is a non-profit consortium of Analysiselectrical, natural gas, and nuclear utilities and their associationsand was formed to help utilities work together to develop solutions Intervention Technology Design Selectionto the coming workforce shortage in the utility industry. The EIFcourse provides a broad understanding of the electric and natural

Conference Session

Design Tools and Methodology II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geoffrey Samuel Frost, University of Toronto; Jason A. Foster, University of Toronto; Robert Irish, University of Toronto; Patricia Kristine Sheridan, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

development of DfE suggest five distinct steps that occurred as the DfEguidelines formed. The steps are described as: (1) A Push, (2) A Brave Step Forward, (3) ASimple Set of Rules, (4) A Recipe for the Implementation, and (5) A Measure of Success.Separate from the core 5 steps, we suggest a sixth outlying step that can occur as the first or laststep in the development of a DfX. We have described this step as (6) A Push or Pull. Identifyingthese stages in the development of DfE suggests that similar stages could apply to understandingor developing other DfXs.We hypothesize that understanding and generalizing how a DfX emerges has three main values:(1) Identifying emerging DfXs could provide engineering designers with a competitiveadvantage; (2

Conference Session

New Research and Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nadgee Mar González García, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Laura Isabel Nieves, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Paola Beatriz Pacheco, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Rosaurelis Joanne Marín, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Aidsa I. Santiago-Román, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 The Development of a Spanish Version of the Statics Concept Inventory (CATS)IntroductionConcept inventories (CIs) are criterion-referenced tests designed to evaluate whether a studenthas an accurate working knowledge of a specific set of concepts.1 Typically, CIs are organizedin a multiple-choice format that addresses a single idea in order to ensure that they are scored ina reproducible manner. The purpose of CIs includes ascertaining (a) the range of whatindividuals think a particular question is asking and (b) the most common responses andmisconceptions to the questions. In its final form, each question includes one correct answer andseveral

Conference Session

Innovative Course Developments in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Kelting, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Eric A. Holt, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

alternativedelivery methods that have been recently adopted in the course. These methods are: 1) providingopportunities for students to build residential assemblies outside the classroom in collaborationwith industry professionals on full-scale projects by applying knowledge learned in class, and 2)new interactive electronic reading. This information may assist educators with developing theappropriate mix of delivery methods.IntroductionThe core subjects in construction management are scheduling, estimating and contracts, whichare typically delivered in a lecture, format in standalone classes [1]. “The traditional segmented,topic-based approach to construction management curricula clearly has been successful atfacilitating the attainment of specialized

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Hooshangi, George Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

AC 2012-5259: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BACH-ELOR’S DEGREE COMPLETION PROGRAM IN THE STEM FIELDSDr. Sara Hooshangi, George Washington University Page 25.1288.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 The Development of an Interdisciplinary Bachelor’s Degree Completion Program in the STEM FieldsIntroduction:Much of the economic growth of the twentieth century has been driven by the advancements inthe scientific arena, the applications of engineering principles, and the spirit of entrepreneurshipand innovation.1 As we move forward in the twenty-first century, every aspect of our lives

Conference Session

Outreach Activities and Introductory Materials Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tasha Zephirin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mohammad Mayy, Norfolk State University; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tanya S. David, Norfolk State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

University Norfolk State University, Purdue University, and CornellUniversity. Interdisciplinary technical training occurs in four areas: (1) Physics andNanotechnology of Metamaterials, (2) Magnetic Multilayer Nanostructures, (3) NanoscaleMagnetic Systems, and (4) Engineering Education Research. Graduate Trainees at participatinginstitutions will participate in research under one of these four areas. A primary goal within theengineering education research component is to identify ways to transfer graduate programelements and the technical theory behind nanoscience and nanotechnology to multipleeducational stakeholders (e.g., K-12 students, undergraduate students, graduate students, andindustry professionals) via curricula, workshops etc.This paper

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University; Gordon W. Skelton, Jackson State University; Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University; Jessica Buck Ph.D., Jackson State University; Britney M. Williams, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

efforts promote and encourage undergraduate students topursue a degree in Homeland Security-related Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics (HS-STEM) as well as ensure that they will have the skills needed to manage acrisis, to help prevent the worst, and to improve outcomes in all types of disasters. This paperdiscusses the program development and experiences in the first year of operation of EMTprogram.1. I TRODUCTIOOn the morning of September 11, 2001, four American airliners were hijacked by nineteen menarmed with box cutters and knives. Two airplanes crashed into the World Trade Center, one intothe Pentagon, and the last 80 miles southeast of Pittsburgh. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina1,2devastated the Mississippi coastal area. The need

Conference Session

Topics in Computer Science and Programming

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Dean Palmer, Northern Arizona University; Eck Doerry, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

teams, and distance education tools and environments. He has been a long-time promoter of stronger social networks as a way of improving student retention and success in engineering disciplines. Exploring and evaluating innovative ideas in this area has become a central focus for him since serving as Department Chair. Page 25.1291.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 The Digital Carnival: Leveraging Gaming for Recruiting and Retention in Computer Science  1 IntroductionAs computer technology becomes anever more integral part of modernsociety

Conference Session

Before and After: Matriculants and Alumni

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xingyu Chen, Purdue University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

to the conversation by studying institutional and state differences inthe effect of college costs and financial aid on access. This study particularly focuses onengineering students to explore access of an important underrepresented group in engineering—students of low socioeconomic status. Therefore, this study aims to answer the followingresearch questions: 1) To what extent do college costs and financial aid (especially merit-based scholarships) interact to affect the fraction of in-state students and access to engineering? 2) To what extent do merit-based scholarships affect the demographics of first-time in- state engineering students? 3) How do these effects vary by state and by institution?To answer these

Conference Session

What Are We Learning About Co-op and Experiential Education Experience?

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern University; Joseph A. Raelin, Northeastern University; Margaret B. Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology; David L. Whitman, University of Wyoming; Jerry Carl Hamann, University of Wyoming; Leslie K. Pendleton, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

, designed to determine the effectof self-efficacy and other factors on retention, especially of women in undergraduate engineeringprograms. These data represent the pre-survey of the study completed in the 2009-2010 Page 25.1293.2academic year (what we will refer to as Survey 1) and a post-survey follow-up in the 2010-2011academic year (referred to as Survey 2). Students initially completed a 96-item Survey 1 (notincluded in this paper due to the proprietary nature of some components) as sophomores. Theythen completed a 102-item Survey 2 approximately one year later. Surveys 1 and 2 were filledout either in written format or online. Additional

Conference Session

Understanding Our Students I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald William Rhymer Ph.D., U.S. Air Force Academy; Richard T. Buckley Ph.D., U.S. Air Force Academy; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

understanding of course material between a research group usingnarration with a control group who received traditional lecture-based lessons. Additionally, thestudents’ subjective impressions of narration, were captured, as we recognized the potential forstudents to resist new pedagogical techniques9.All four class sections of the senior level engineering course “EM 460: Experimental Mechanics” atthe Air Force Academy were used in the research, involving 52 students. Two of sections, involving22 students, were used as the research group, while the remaining 2 sections comprised the controlgroup totaling 30 students. Two instructors taught the course, each having 1 research group sectionand 1 control group section, in order to isolate any instructor

Conference Session

Laboratory Innovations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Awlad Hossain, Eastern Washington University; Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington University; Martin W. Weiser, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

our plans to evaluate the educational outcomesobtained in our heat transfer curriculum.IntroductionThis paper documents a heat transfer project that incorporates analytical, numerical (finiteelement), and experimental analyses to enhance students’ understanding of convection throughtransient cooling. The project is designed to demonstrate the fundamental heat transfer conceptsonce they have been covered in the lecture. It is evident from our previous courses thatconducting experiments and solving analytical equations for devices that students can handleincrease their understanding. We use three different methods to solve the transient coolingproblem for two reasons, (1) some students relate better to each of the methods and (2) by thetime it

Conference Session

Broadening Participation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary B. Phelps, HEDGE Co.

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

careers.Weak correlations between interest in a career in engineering or technology and spatialvisualization skills can be strengthened via practice and encouragement.I. IntroductionIn the early 1980s, females comprised around 15% of engineering graduates; by 2007, nearlythirty years later, that statistic had changed a mere 4 percentage points. Women areapproximately 50% of the population, yet a mere 11% of the engineering and technologyworkforce 1, nearly 40% fallout between college and career.Why is it that women are notably absent from fields where entry level wages are higher than justabout any, and jobs are still to be found? It is not because they are lacking in ability to do thescience or math, as the research has shown 2, but it may be because