Conference Session

Approaches to Teaching Ethics

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael H.G. Hoffmann, Georgia Institute as Technology; Jason Borenstein, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

EducationTraditionally, the main objective of engineering ethics courses has been to foster awarenessof and to stimulate reflection on the special responsibilities of professionals in technologicalfields. A well-established method to pursue this learning objective is to provide students withcase studies from engineering practice. The case studies typically focus on common ethicalissues such as taking a bribe from a vendor. However, a key problem with standard cases isthat they usually describe the ethical problem in such a fashion that renders it as beingsomething that is too simplistic. The more obvious the wrongdoing is, the easier it is todetermine what should have been done. Thus, there may be no true ethical ―challenge‖presented in the case.Clearly, the

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Transportation and Geotechnical Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rhonda K. Young, University of Wyoming; Kristen L. Sanford P.E., Lafayette College; Shashi S. Nambisan P.E., Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

for thisquestion was: more rigorous (3 Points), similar in rigor (2 Points) and less rigorous (1 Points).Students were also asked to comment on whether the level of rigor of the class was view as apositive or negative. The remaining questions about specific perceptions of the profession werescored on a five point Likert scale with five points being most agreeable. For these questions,students could also provide a “Don’t Know” response that was coded as a null value. Allquestions were coded so that higher values reflected more positively on the transportationprofession than lower values. For all questions, improvements in the students’ perceptions of thetransportation field are indicated in final survey values that are higher than the initial

Conference Session

FPD III: Innovation in Design in the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Lau, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Tara Lynn Sulewski, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

meeting is fortwo 50-minute periods which is twice that for a lecture-based course, reflecting the hands-onpracticum nature of EDSGN 100. At University Park, our facilities for the course allow for oneof the weekly meetings to be in a typical technology classroom with a computer tied to aprojector, and flexible seating with tables and chairs that can be moved around. Another class isin a room that has lab benches designed for each team to have a bench and two computers. Thisroom, called the “design lab,” also has a main computer with projector, as well as testing andmeasurement equipment. Adjacent to it is a workshop with woodworking tools that students canuse to make prototypes. This workshop also has a rapid prototyper that students can use

Conference Session

Focus on Elementary

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth A. Parry, North Carolina State University; Emily George Hardee, Brentwood Magnet Elementary School of Engineering; Lizette D. Day, Rachel Freeman School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

STEMnotebooks in their classrooms as each student’s record of his/her own learning. Very little wasavailable at the time about STEM note booking but as an engineer, Ms. Parry knew theprofessional practice of engineers keeping documentation of their work. This combined with thethen available research on science notebooks in elementary schools (Ruiz-Primo and Li)provided the basis for training. To model the process, Ms. Parry gave each participant their ownSTEM notebook and gave feedback each evening on the day’s prompts and reflections. Furtherinformation on STEM notebooks is provided later in this paper.Teamwork was another topic of the training. One of the most important aspects of working andthinking like engineers is working in teams. Initially

Conference Session

FPD II: Hands-on Curriculum in the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen W. McKnight, Northeastern University; Michael E. Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College; Paula G. Leventman, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Assessment (“What Challenging 16have you enjoyed about the HTT&T projects?” and Boring 4“What suggestions do you have to improve the Sense of 18experience for the future?”) elicited comments about accomplishmenthow satisfying it was to see changes in code reflected *Number of students – out of a total ofin the response of the instruments and a desire to see Page 25.46.12more hands-on projects. 29 – who checked given response

Conference Session

Energy, the Environment, and Nano Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harold T. Evensen, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Osama M. Jadaan, University of Mount Union; Tsunghsueh Wu, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Yan Wu, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Esther N. Ofulue

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

delivering sub-microliter samples toelectronic MEMS devices. This combination will open MEMS to uses in agriculture, such as:real-time monitoring of the health of crops and herds; early pathogen detection; and tracking andidentification of agricultural products as they move from the farm to the consumer. viThe nanotechnology market, while not at the level yet of MEMS, is expected to surpass it in thenear future. This is reflected by the large investments by both government and industry. TheU.S. Federal Government, through the National Nanotechnology Initiative,vii provides $2.1billion toward nanoscale research in 2012.viii State governments have added hundreds ofmillions more,ix and have launched at least 25 statewide initiativesx in

Conference Session

Innovative Energy Projects

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Keith L. Coogler, Sam Houston State University; Reg Recayi Pecen, University of Northern Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

,students have talked to local companies to get major discounts on the tools and equipment theyneed. Some students are beginning to take independent studies and bring their own tools andminor equipment to start projects in which they are interested.D. Implementation of a Skylight to a BuildingTubular Skylights are energy efficient high performance lighting systems that are cylindrical inshape and are designed to light rooms with natural sunlight. A small clear collector dome on theroof allows sunlight to enter into a highly reflective "light pipe" that extends from the roof levelto the ceiling level. The light pipe is coated with a silver mirror quality finish that allows the fullspectrum of sunlight to be channeled and dispersed evenly into a room

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University; Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Anca L. Sala, Baker College, Flint

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

INTERVENTION METHODAbstract The work presented in this paper is based on a certain type of intervention strategy tothe traditional college homework practice presented at the recent ASEE Conference inVancouver [Akasheh and Davis, AC 2011-565, ASEE Conference, Vancouver, 2011]. Followingthe modern cognitive theories of learning and motivation, the intervention strategies proposed inthat preliminary showed potential to restore the effectiveness of homework as a learning toolwhich in turn reflected on better student academic achievement and attitude. Following similarstrategies, this work seeks further validation of the influence of such interventions on studentlearning outcome. It also tests these interventions in different courses and in different

Conference Session

Engineering Education for Modern Needs Part II: Novel Curriculum Development and Project-based Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark T. Schuver, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Lynda M. Coulson, Rolls-Royce Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

Nickel Superalloys”,Business Case for Addressing Cabin Odor” and “Variation Study of Human Controlled ProcessesCompared to Computer Controlled Processes”.Since students come from operations, product design, research and development, productsupport/customer service, the projects selected reflect that diversity.The directed project approach is unique given its focus on solving existing problems, improvingexisting processes or creating new processes that will enhance an organizations function in a waythat impacts the financial results in a positive way.Relative to the overall program, it is also important to note, that although the curriculum wasslightly modified, the courses selected came from courses already created in the university’straditional

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University; Alicia L. Lyman-Holt, Oregon State University; Sean P. Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

comments to their peers. Feedback ranges from informational questions such as“when will you be testing” to critical evaluation such as “the statement of purpose conveyedmixed feelings about deciding to pursue graduate school.” Research on learning, particularlyonline learning, confirms that requiring students to comment on other’s work increases theimpact of each assignment by providing context, models, opportunity for reflection, practice, andfeedback[8, 9] .The first online assignment that students complete is a self-introduction. Students and staff areasked to upload a photo to their profile so that everyone knows what they look like. This processof creating a social presence (or electronic personality) is an important part of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Plumlee, Boise State University; Steven W. Villachica, Boise State University; Linda Huglin, Boise State University; Shannon Rist, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

thefuture. During thesefocus groups, the Incident Cardteam will use the Describe an incident in the workplace that occurred within the first six months toCritical Incident three years after you’d first started working.Method (CIM) [3] to Does this incident reflect (check one):gather data on jobs  Where you successfully performed a job task that you’d learned about in school?and tasks that are  Where you were unsuccessful in performing a job task because your engineering education hadn’t prepared you to do it?essential forengineering. CIM What were the general circumstances leading up to this incident?involves gathering

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathalie Duval-Couetil, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

flow ofinnovation which is reflected in their definition: innovation is the multi-stage process wherebyorganizations transform ideas into new/improved products, services, or processes, in order toadvance, compete and differentiate themselves successfully in their marketplace (p. 1334).Given the recent emphasis on the word innovation, some warn that it risks losing its meaning bybecoming a buzz word. The author of The Myths of Innovation, Scott Berkun, suggested that theword has been overused and warned people to stop.9 His rationale was that Einstein, Ford, da Page 25.1259.3Vinci, Picasso, and Edison rarely said it and people use it as a cop

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Curriculum Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MD B. Sarder, University of Southern Mississippi; Shahdad Naghshpour, University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Park

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and meanings); visual learners (prefer visual representations of vs. verbal learners (prefer written and presented material--pictures, diagrams, flow spoken explanations); charts) inductive learners (prefer presentations that vs. deductive learners (prefer proceed from the specific to the general) presentations that go from the general to the specific); active learners (learn by trying things out, vs. reflective learners (learn by thinking working with others) things through, working alone); global learners (holistic, systems thinkers, learn vs. sequential learners (linear, orderly, in large

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experience

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krystal S. Corbett, Louisiana Tech University; Galen E. Turner III, Louisiana Tech University; Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Narate Taerat, Louisiana Tech University; Nichamon Naksinehaboon, Louisiana Tech University; Oneka Tiwanna Cummings, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Student

reflect positively on their university. The conference would allow graduate students topractice presenting their research as well as gain exposure to other research conducted at theuniversity. The conference would also provide an atmosphere for socializing or networking withother students as well as faculty outside the confinement of the classroom or lab walls. Creatingan atmosphere of a social nature has been shown to increase collaboration and quality of work 3.Additionally, having a college wide conference could provide an opportunity to show newgraduate students the wide range of research being conducted. Typically new graduate studentsdo not have the knowledge of what research they are interested in1, by having a conference thestudents could

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Trends and Tools

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron P. Wemhoff, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

disadvantages of applying the three problem-solvingapproaches: experimental, theoretical, and computational. Experimental approaches can be tooexpensive or require too much lead time, and in some cases the use of experiments is not alloweddue to legal or political reasons8. Theoretical approaches may oversimplify problems byapplying invalid approximations and assumptions to make it analytically solvable. Likewise,computational approaches may inherently contain simplifications that may not reflect reality.Furthermore, computational approaches can often provide solutions that theoretical approachescannot feasibly solve, but the risk of a poor computational setup will result in poor answers. Forthis reason, software users must recognize these limitations

Conference Session

New and Innovative Ideas

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue Ph.D., Towson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and students might use video cameras asteaching and learning tools in their elementary classrooms at all; and still fewer position camerasas tools for evidence-based reasoning in these contexts. This is quite apart from researcherscollecting and using video data,5 or for teachers using video data to reflect on their teaching.6 Some published studies provide relevant insights, including articles in which digital stillcameras have been used to support children’s science education. For example, Davison wroteabout how her second graders developed inquiry questions prior to a trip to the zoo (e.g., “Howdo the animal cages look like animal habitats?), and then took digital pictures while at the zoo ofevidence to help them answer their

Conference Session

Projects in Instrumentation and Control

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Hossain, Purdue University, Calumet; Tanima Zaman, Purdue University Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

interactionbetween the user and the machine/process in automation industry, a good HMI display makesthis interaction flawless and smooth. On the contrary, a poor HMI design makes it difficult forthe operators to have a clear understanding of the machine/process and contributes to reducedsystems performance, significant amount of production loss, or even accidents/fatalities at worst.In the process industry, high performance HMI display design focuses on providing maximumamount of effective information related with a machine/process. There is a misconception thatincorporating more raw data means providing more information. In real sense, providing usefuldata with proper presentation is reflected as information while designing an efficient HMIdisplay. Well

Conference Session

New Research and Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly J. Cross, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

disidentificationproposed by Steele, Osborne defines identification with academics as “the extent to whichacademic outcomes affect self-esteem.”10, p. 731 More broadly, it reflects individuals’ sense ofbelongingness in a domain and the degree to which they value success in that domain as ameasure of self.The primary research methodology associated with identification with academics is quantitativesurvey data using validated instruments to measure identification as construct, followed bycorrelational data analysis between the construct and varying measures of academic success.Studies have examined both secondary and college students in a range of institutional settings,though in general the studies focus on identification with academics broadly and do not

Conference Session

Lessons learned

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ibrahim F. Zeid, Northeastern University; Ramiro g Gonzalez, Boston Arts Academy High School; Cassandra Wallace, Boston Arts Academy High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Founded in 1998, Boston Arts Academy (BAA) is the city’s first and only high school forthe visual and performing arts [1]. It was founded on the conviction that academics and the artsare equally important to student development and achievement. The arts are integratedthroughout the academic curriculum motivating students with a variety of learning styles tosucceed in high school and pursue higher education. BAA is committed to providing a rigorousarts and academic education to urban youth who seldom have the opportunity to focus on thearts. Its 405 students reflect the diversity of the seventeen Boston neighborhoods from whichthey come: 49% are African American, 29% Latino, 17% Caucasian, 3% Asian, and 2% self-identified as Other. Nearly

Conference Session

Innovations in Materials Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harovel G. Wheat, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Materials

future corrosion issues, and begin to think about and propose (ifpossible) solutions based on changes in material choices and/or system design. The groupdescriptions of renewable energy sources/energy related issues varied slightly, but some ofthe major corrosion problems are briefly summarized below.Solar Corrosive effects on solar panels Degradation of metallic reflective coatings and/or reflective substrate materials Corrosion associated with the metal connectorsWind Atmospheric, uniform and crevice corrosion of wind turbine blades Degradation of zinc or zinc/aluminum alloy coatings for corrosion protection Corrosion from extreme marine environments in offshore wind farmsBiofuels Stress corrosion cracking in pipelines

Conference Session

Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shamsnaz Virani, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley; Iris B. Burnham, Da Vinci School for Science and the Arts

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, Understanding by Design (UBD).This format begins with clear objectives for student outcomes using Bloom’s Taxonomy; aMotivational or Student Engagement Component; an array of delivery methodologies includingteam work, lecture, project-based learning and inquiry-based learning; concluding with self-reflection exercises and formative assessment of the objectives. The specific artifacts of the UBDincluding the mission goals, essential questions and the objectives are included in appendix. Acore group of science, math and technology teachers, and the school superintendent wereinvolved in the development of the UBD artifacts customizing the curriculum to Da Vincischool.For example, the Framework in the 9th grade begins with Engineering & Me. The

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Constans, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Hong Zhang, Rowan University; Bonnie Angelone, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

testing will be conducted to assess a) change in retention between courses and b)change in student problem-solving and design skills.BackgroundMany sources have made the case for reforming engineering education to reflect modern trends.Most notably, a recent National Academy of Engineering (NAE) report found that2 Engineering education must avoid the cliché of teaching more and more about less and less, until it teaches everything about nothing. Addressing this problem may involve reconsideration of the basic structure of engineering departments and the infrastructure for evaluating the performance of professors as much as it does selecting the coursework students should be taught.The report also stressed the importance of teaching

Conference Session

Design Spine

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Constans, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Krishan Kumar Bhatia, Rowan University; Hong Zhang, Rowan University; Tom Merrill, Rowan University; Bonnie Angelone, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

knowledge retention. Page 25.814.2 2. A large-scale design project requiring tools from many courses improves student problem-solving and design skills.By integrating five semesters of the mechanical engineering curriculum into a cohesive whole,this project has the potential to transform the way undergraduate education is delivered. Beforeand after testing will be conducted to assess a) change in retention between courses and b)change in student problem-solving and design skills.BackgroundMany sources have made the case for reforming engineering education to reflect modern trends.Most notably, a recent National Academy of Engineering (NAE

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Denson, Utah State University; Chandra Y. Austin, Auburn University; Christine E. Hailey, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

ground theory approach to analyze the focus groupresults. The grounded theory approach yields themes that are formed from the grouping of codesaccording to conceptual categories that reflect commonalities among coded data.10 In this study,researchers looked for emergent themes formed from the focus group participants’ responses.This was done by looking at the transcribed recordings and notes that were taken during eachinterview session. Initial data examination was done independently by each researcher prior tocoming together to discuss the themes that were prevalent. Individual researchers reviewedcollected responses and gradually went from coding to categories, and eventually theory buildingwhich lead to the development of activity components

Conference Session

First-year Programs Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Worley, University of North Dakota; Jeremiah J. Neubert, University of North Dakota; Naima Kaabouch, University of North Dakota; Mohammad Khavanin, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

confident” in their mathematical abilities,“somewhat prepared” to take calculus, and “somewhat confident” in their ability to succeed inengineering after taking the summer bridge course. One student reflected a feeling of “veryconfident” in mathematical abilities, “very prepared” to take calculus, and “extremely confident”in ability to succeed in engineering after taking the summer bridge course.Engineering retention ratesAlthough student records have not yet been received to determine enrollment patterns in mathand engineering courses and academic major selection following bridge course completion, wereviewed student responses to questions about intent to take math and engineering courses, aswell as identification of intended major. This line of

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert A. Chin, East Carolina University; I. Richmond Nettey, Kent State University; Edem G. Tetteh; Philip Weinsier, Bowling Green State University, Firelands

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, the funds should support travel to present the research findings and page fees for disseminating the findings. Funding is also part of the validation process.• Know when to talk about your accomplishments and when not. Keep in mind, your accomplishments are a reflection and reflect upon the department, college, and institution.• FolioWeb and like portals for managing online electronic portfolios—the future—vs paper portfolios.DiscussionThe topic of tenure and promotion continues to elicit interest and appears to be of value to ASEEAnnual Conference audience members, authors, and presenters. The intent of this paper was toshare the findings of a tenure and promotion panel discussion and forum that was offered duringa

Conference Session

Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jessica Erin Sprowl; Rui Pan, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Melissa Dyehouse, Purdue University; Carrie A. Wachter Morris, Purdue University; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

processes orproducts.21 Within this frame, they argued that the choices an engineer can make are always “acombination between objective criteria and subjective reflection” (p. 182f) and that the bestproduct would be designed “in the sense of care and compassion for the other in a socialcontext”. (p.183)21HumanitarianHumanitarian engineering is “a balance of technical excellence, economic feasibility, ethicalmaturity, and cultural sensitivity”. (p.1)22 It requires engineers to “design under constraints todirectly improve the wellbeing of underserved populations”. (p.2)22 These constraints might be“not just physical and economic, but also environmental, legal, political, cultural and ethical”.(p.2)23Haselkorn believed that engineers should apply

Conference Session

First-year Programs Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Rippon, Arizona State University; James Collofello, Arizona State University; Robin R. Hammond, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

turnout ofmore than 610 engineering freshmen which was a good compromise between our two fears: thatvery few students would attend or that all 1,137 of our freshmen would show and overwhelmboth our facility and our industry partners.In reflecting on the inaugural Freshman Career Exploration Evening, it occurred to us that theevent seemed to have taken place in a vacuum with little actual and deliberate ties to otherlearning and developmental experiences that our engineering freshmen encounter. With this inmind while preparing for the 2011 event, the ASU Engineering Career Center developed amultifaceted freshman career exploration curriculum that plugged into the engineering successcourses starting that fall. The Freshman Career Exploration

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

consisted of thenew educators’ self evaluations of their effectiveness as teachers as shown in Table 1. Thesurveys were administered before and after use of the pedagogical instrument. The secondconfidential survey asked students to evaluate the new educators’ teaching effectiveness asshown in Table 2. Table 3 contains several examples of critical thinking questions used in theactivities showing the core components of critical thinking.ObservationAttention plays an important part in observation. Students are encouraged to look at detailsbecause this is an important skill in all professions. Observation equips us with the materialnecessary for thought, reflection and judgment. Observation is influenced by experience,knowledge and emotion.Students

Conference Session

Research in Assessment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luanna B. Prevost, Michigan State University; Kevin C. Haudek, Michigan State University; John E. Merrill, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

node sizes indicating the morecorrect responses contained these predictive ideas (i.e. reactants, products, energy of products,lower (energy). Correct responses also contained terms in the category delta G while incorrectresponses did not.We also observed more co-occurrences among categories in the correct responses than amongcategories in the incorrect responses web diagram. These co-occurrences are also more frequentas represented by the solid line between the nodes reactants and lower in the correct responseweb diagram. These connections reflect the comparisons made by students giving correctresponses, such as the response ―…with the products having less energy than the reactants‖which contained 3 ideas. In contrast, the fewer or weaker