Conference Session

Novel Teaching Methods in a Multidisciplinary Context

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ananda Mani Paudel, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

the course. 2. Design and 3D Printing in Rapid PrototypingDesign is a crucial component of engineering education. It is outlined in ABET’s courseoutcomes criteria “ c” that students should have “an ability to design a system, component, orprocess to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental,social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability”4. The inclusionof a prototype in the design process helps to improve the final design. Witnessing the results andlearning through failure in the earlier design phase minimizes loss in the later stages of productdevelopment. Creating a physical prototype can be an effective way to observe and assess ideasbefore implementing

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea L. Welker, Villanova University; Kathleen Louise Nazar; Paul Bonfanti, Villanova University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

# Semester#or#year#studying#abroad# 0%# 20%# 40%# 60%# 80%# 100%# %"Indica)ng"engagement"in"ac)vity"Figure 8. Results from Senior Survey for Participation in Educational Activities and Service –Question was “Did you participate in any of the following activities?” Developing#a#deep#sense#of#empathy#and#concern#for#others# Developing#a#deep#sense#of#ethics#and#morality# Accep0ng#others#as#they#are# Trying#to#change#things#that#are#unfair#in#the#world# Searching#for#meaning

Conference Session

Design Throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David C. Jensen, University of Arkansas; Dennis Beck, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Annual Conference &Exposition. 2005.35. Zhu Q, Zoltowski C, Feister M, Buzzanell P, Oakes W, Mead A. The development of aninstrument for assessing individual ethical decision-making in project-based design teams:Integrating quantitative and qualitative methods. 121st ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition.2014. Page 26.1363.13

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ben David Lutz, Virginia Tech; Mike Ekoniak, Virginia Tech; Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech; Courtney S Smith-Orr, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

,implement, and communicate solutions to their problems. This synthesis of skills is a criticallearning outcome of the capstone course, as it provides students with an understanding of thework they will be doing when they graduate.There are a variety resources that describe the topics covered and desired outcomes of capstonedesign courses. Surveys of capstone instructors 1-3 show that instructors teach a wide range ofsubjects, including oral communications, teamwork, project planning, and ethics, among manyother aspects of engineering design. Moreover, the Engineering Profile 4, developed using datafrom both industry practitioners and design faculty, highlights the importance of bothprofessional and technical skills, describing engineering roles

Conference Session

Communication Across the Divisions I: Communication in Engineering Disciplines

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Conrad, Portland State University; William A. Kitch, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Timothy James Pfeiffer P.E., Foundation Engineering, Inc.; Tori Rhoulac Smith, Howard University; John V. Tocco J.D., Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

engineering, civil engineering projectmanagement, ethics, and the capstone design course. Class sizes ranged from 12 to 70.The next section summarizes results for each assessment category. We also analyzed results foreach course, but no patterned differences were found.5.2 ResultsThe quantitative assessment measures consistently show improvements in student writing (Table2). Every statistical measure was significant. Below we discuss a few noteworthy aspects of theassessment.Table 2. Summary of Quantitative Assessment Results No. of courses Assessment Category Quantitative Results (and levels)1 Genre Analysis (Field 4 courses

Conference Session

Innovative Use of Technology I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn Kusbit Dunn, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #11285Beyond Margin Notes: Utilizing Technology to Improve Feedback to StudentWritersDr. Carolyn Kusbit Dunn, East Carolina University Carolyn Kusbit Dunn is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Technology Systems at East Carolina University. Dr. Dunn teaches Technical Writing and Technical Presentations, and centers her research on the pedagogy of technical writing and the ethics of risk communication. Page 26.279.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015Beyond

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Julia Ziyatdinova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Jacek Kropiwnicki, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland; Phuc Van Nguyen, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

conducted a survey of the 2008 NSF Summit on Globalization during which the topfive competencies were identified. Among these were an appreciation of other cultures, an ability tocommunicate across cultures and in other languages, an ability to work in cross cultural teams and dealwith ethnic and cultural diversity and having an international work/educational experience.6 In additionthe global engineer must have a higher standard of competency in the broad range of electroniccommunication tools over the internet and over a broad range of ethical and professional standards whichincludes a sensitivity to norms other than one’s own country. These attributes among others take on new

Conference Session

First Year Programs Division Poster Session: The Best Place to Really Talk about First-Year Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen E Silliman, Gonzaga University; Toni Boggan, Gonzaga University; Vladimir A Labay, Gonzaga University; George D. Ricco, Gonzaga University, Spokane; Suzann Girtz, Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

customer Be able to analyze and learn from engineering / computer-science failure Identify new business opportunities Think creatively through complex problems Consider the impact of projects or solution on societal and individual needs Work in a team environment Interpret how the individual motivations of clients or coworkers might impact a project or solution Modify projects or solutions based on ethical considerations Pursue service efforts as a professional Pursue service efforts as a private individual Page 26.345.6Table 2: New questions included on the December, 2014, survey of students in the freshmanseminar.Q1: How has your

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holt Zaugg, Brigham Young University; Spencer P. Magleby, Brigham Young University; Timothy L Elliott, Brigham Young University; Alan R Parkinson, Brigham Young University; Gregg Morris Warnick, Brigham Young University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

University Gregg M. Warnick is the Director of the Weidman Center for Global Leadership and Associate Teaching Professor of Engineering Leadership within the Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology at Brigham Young University (BYU). The center provides oversight for leadership development and inter- national activities within the college and he works actively with students, faculty and staff to promote and develop increased capabilities in global agility and leadership. His research and teaching interests in- clude developing global agility, globalization, leadership, project management, ethics, and manufacturing processes. Gregg has lived in numerous locations within the USA and Europe and has worked in many

Conference Session

Visualization Within Engineering Design Graphics Education Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norma L Veurink, Michigan Technological University; A. J. Hamlin, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Technological University AJ Hamlin is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Engineering Fundamentals at Michigan Technolog- ical University, where she teaches first-year engineering courses. Her research interests include engineer- ing ethics, spatial visualization, and educational methods. She is an active member in the Engineering Design Graphics Division of ASEE and is currently serving as the Associate Editor of the Engineering Design Graphics Journal. Page 26.381.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Comparison of On-line versus Paper Spatial Testing

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramanitharan Kandiah P.E., Central State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

ethics. This urges a different teaching pedagogy for a GeDC from that which isrequired for teaching a course in a student’s major discipline 2.Course: Introduction to Water Resources ManagementIntroduction to Water Resources Management, a three credit hour course, has been taught tofulfill the general education-natural science requirement for non-Water Resources Management(Non-WRM) majors and the core course requirement for freshmen Water ResourcesManagement Department (WRM) majors. Three major programs, Water ResourcesManagement, Geology and Geography require WRM 2200 as a core course. Each semester, thiscourse is taught in three sessions with twenty students per session by two or three instructors.The university catalog description of the

Conference Session

Best Paper Presentations

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University; Kaitlin Engle Mallouk, Rowan University; Krishan Kumar Bhatia, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

formultidisciplinary, project-based engineering experience for students at all levels3.The seven major course topics of FECI are measurements, engineering professions, teamwork,problem solving, communication, design process, and safety, professionalism, and ethics. Inaddition, FECI serves as engineering students’ Rowan Seminar course, which is a collegesuccess course and has objectives in writing and critical thinking, library research skills, Page 26.400.2cooperative learning, and classroom management skills. As such, students taking FECI areexpected to learn to take measurements in a laboratory setting, analyze and communicate theresults of those

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary J. Meixell, Quinnipiac University; Nebil Buyurgan, Quinnipiac University; Corey Kiassat, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

semester of junior year to allow student to pursue a study-abroad. If studying abroad,IE students take their technical elective courses in their last two semesters of study. Note that ourprogram requires an internship. We included a seminar course in our curriculum before theirinternship where resume writing, interview skills and ethical issues are covered. Freshman Sophmore Junior Senior Intern. Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Intro. Hum

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Strategies I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Hagge, Iowa State University; Mostafa Amin-Naseri, Iowa State University; Stephen B Gilbert, Iowa State University; John Jackman, Iowa State University; Enruo Guo; Gloria Starns, Iowa State University; LeAnn E Faidley, Wartburg College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

and Function”, Chemical Page 26.440.16 Engineering Education 31, 152-157.15- Haile, J.M. (1997), “Toward Technical Understanding. 2. Elementary Levels”, Chemical Engineering Education 31, 214-219.16- Haile, J.M. (1998), “Toward Technical Understanding. 3. Advanced Levels”, Chemical Engineering Education 32, 30-39.17- Freeman, W.J. (1994), “Role of Chaotic Dynamics in Neural Plasticity”, Progress in Brain Research 102, 319.18- Searle, J. (1992), “The Rediscovery of the Mind”, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.19- W.G. Perry, Jr., Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York

Conference Session

Evaluation: Exploring High School Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Jill Rogers, University of Arizona; Noel Kathleen Hennessey, Program Coordinator; Sanlyn Buxner, University of Arizona; James C. Baygents, The University of Arizona

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Conference Session

Research on Design Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington; Janet McDonnell, Central Saint Martins, University of the Arts London; Ryan C. Campbell, University of Washington; Jim L Borgford-Parnell, University of Washington; Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

of Washington Ryan is a Ph.D. candidate in the University of Washington’s interdisciplinary Individual Ph.D. Program and a research assistant at the UW Center for Engineering Learning and Teaching (CELT). His research interests include: engineering education, ethics, humanitarian engineering, and computer modeling of electric power and renewable energy systems.Dr. Jim L Borgford-Parnell, University of Washington Dr. Jim Borgford-Parnell is Associate Director and Instructional Consultant at the Center for Engineering Learning & Teaching at the University of Washington. He taught design, education-research methods, and adult and higher education theory and pedagogy courses for over 30 years. He has been involved

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paula Rees, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Christine Olson, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Charles M Schweik, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Steven D Brewer, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

betterunderstand the challenges facing the creation of inclusive and effective educationalopportunities. In engineering, four interrelated factors have been noted as barriers to thepersistence of academically talented students that face financial limitations, as is the case formany of our multicultural students20, 21, 22: ● Lack of Engagement/Sense of Belonging ● Underdeveloped Professional Work Ethic & Goal Setting Page 26.1751.5 ● Insufficient Opportunities to Gain Practical Competence & Reflect on Learning ● Working for PayTalented young women, as well as multicultural students, too frequently pursue careers in otherfields or

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Pre-college Student Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynsey Mitchell Kissane, Ryerson University; Liping Fang, Ryerson University ; Ruth Jean Silver, Groundswell Projects

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

ethics, accountability andequity; the impact of engineering work on society and the environment, as well as teamwork andcommunication skills.6In 2013, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) of the United States published a reportcalled “Messaging for Engineering: From Research to Action.”7 This research-based effort, todevelop and test more effective messages about engineering, identified four new messages: • Engineers make a world of difference. From new farming equipment and safer drinking water to electric cars and faster microchips, engineers use their knowledge to improve people’s lives in meaningful ways. • Engineers are creative problem solvers. They have a vision for how something should work and are dedicated

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Tactical Approaches to Entrepreneurship Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric G Meyer, Lawrence Technological University; Mansoor Nasir, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

ofbiomechanics in society include; videogame control of the kinematics based Microsoft Kinect andthe kinetics based Nintendo Wii Balance Board, and human computer-interaction with thekinematics based Leap Motion. Some readily accessible QS topics related to biosensors include;the inertial motion measurement based Wii Remote and various smartphone apps,electromyography based Myo Gesture, and pressure based Nike Hyperdunk in-shoe sensors. Thenew QS devices also raise many interesting professional and ethical questions, such as; “Whatconstitutes a medical device?” and “What safeguards are in place for privacy and security ofpersonal and/or health related data?”In addition, the QS theme can be used to motivate a variety of academic topics (Figure 2

Conference Session

ETAC/ABET Related Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico University; Raul R Peralta, Northern New Mexico College; Alfredo J. Perez Ph.D., Columbus State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kent A. Wayland, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

International

ethics of service learning. The course was meant to be a part of abroader wrap-around approach for service-learning teams, although the framework at this pointremains ad hoc.26 Like most programs, we are working toward developing a broader, systematicstrategy toward increasing students’ global engagement.Reflections on the Variety of Reentry PracticesThese programs offer a limited, unrepresentative sample of engineering education abroadprogramming. Further, they all come from the United States, which severely limits theirrepresentativeness. Future comparative work in the area would be worthwhile. Nevertheless,these reentry programs do offer a number of approaches to consider. They take a wide variety offorms and address different aspects of the

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Fox, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Ergem Senyuva; Joe Spaulding, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

International

Paper ID #11783Go Green on Campus Project: A Collaborative International Student ProjectProf. Patricia Fox, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis Professor Patricia Fox is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Technology Leadership and Communication in the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology at Indiana University-Purdue Uni- versity Indianapolis (IUPUI). Pat has been a member of the faculty for over 32 years. She has previously served as Associate Chair and Associate Dean in the School. Pat teaches leadership, ethics, sustainabil- ity, and study abroad courses. She has held a number of

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isaac L. Howard P.E., Mississippi State University; Braden T. Smith, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

content.Larson et al.1 recently discussed ABET’s Criterion 3, and how curricula were expanded toinclude items such as teamwork and communications. The authors noted some haverecommended refining Criterion 3 from eleven to five outcomes, with one of the refinedoutcomes quoted as follows: “D. Demonstration of professional behaviors through teamingskills, communications, and ethical responsibilities.” A recent interview in a magazine of theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) noted communication as a beneficial nontechnicalskill, but also noted it is very difficult to integrate many nontechnical skills into engineeringcurriculums since so much technical information is required (Hill2). Just prior to the completionof this document, a magazine article

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert H. Mayer Jr., U.S. Naval Academy; Angela Schedel, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

suchtopics as cost assessment, decision making, economic evaluation, engineering ethics, and projectplanning. The principal course activity, which extends over a period of seven weeks, involvesstudent design of a timber pier which must satisfy client and NDS1 specifications, and requirespreparation of cost estimates, a construction schedule, and detailed design drawings, all presentedto the client (their instructor) in the form of a written design report.We kick-off the fall semester with a brief course introduction and discussion of the nine-stepdesign process (after Hyman2) with special emphasis on Step 5: Concept Generation. To betterappreciate the entire design process (cradle to grave) as well as multidisciplinary aspects ofdesign, we then

Conference Session

Building Pathways that Promote Pursuit/Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey E. Baker, University of Florida, Gainesville; Justin Dunnavant, University of Florida, Gainesville; Janise McNair, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Page 26.862.15 http://www.asee.org/papers-and-publications/publications/14_11-47.pdf.[31] Lisa M Frehill. What do women do with engineering degrees? Women in Engineering ProActive Network, 2007.[32] Mathieu Bouville. Is diversity good? six possible conceptions of diversity and six possible answers. Science and engineering ethics, 14(1):51–63, 2008.[33] LM Frehill, NM Di Fabio, and ST Hill. Confronting the “new” american dilemma. White Plains National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering. Retrieved February, 19:2012, 2008.[34] U.S. Census Bureau. State & county quickfacts, 2014. URL http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html.[35] Alberta M Gloria and Tamara A Ho. Environmental, social, and psychological

Conference Session

Flipped Classrooms in Mechanics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Komarek, University of Colorado, Boulder; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

University of Colorado Boulder in the Department of Civil, Envi- ronmental, and Architectural Engineering (CEAE). She serves as the Associate Chair for Undergraduate Education in the CEAE Department, as well as the ABET assessment coordinator. Professor Bielefeldt is the faculty director of the Sustainable By Design Residential Academic Program, a living-learning community where interdisciplinary students learn about and practice sustainability. Bielefeldt is also a licensed P.E. Professor Bielefeldt’s research interests in engineering education include service-learning, sustainable engineering, social responsibility, ethics, and diversity

Conference Session

Topics Related To Engineering Design Graphics Division

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vimal Viswanathan, Tuskegee University; Maria Calhoun, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

weekafter the submission). Although the students were allowed to meet the instructor and discuss theirmistakes during the office hours, they never received additional grades for such an extra effort.Though detailed records of these meetings were not kept, it was estimated that approximately40% of the students met the instructor more than two times for additional help outside theclassroom. In order to aid in the development of their spatial visualization skills, the feedback ontheir homework assignments were very detailed and the instructor provided them explanations ofthe areas where they needed to improve. In order to avoid any ethical conflicts, a pre-planned grading plan was formulated for thetwo classes. In the control class, the grading

Conference Session

Broad Perspectives on the Chemical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Watson L. Vargas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá; Oscar Alvarez P.E., Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá; Jorge Mario Gomez, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

§ Open-ended problems and case studies § Challenges of engineering practice: safety, economics, ethics, regulation, IP, market/social needs • Include a first year chemical engineering experienceIn addition, such a curriculum should be organized around some guiding principles, such as;molecular transformations, multi-scale analysis and system analysis and synthesis. Integration intime and across courses of the same level is also paramount. It is important to note here that therecent report by NRC on convergence identifies the organizing of curricula around commonthemes or guiding principles as one important aspect to foster the integration of disciplines 8.Globally, there is a growing recognition that

Conference Session

Multidisiplinary Student Research Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natacha Depaola, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Fouad Teymour, Illinois Institute of Technology; Paul R. Anderson, Illinois Institute of Technology; Roberto Cammino, Illinois Institute of Technology; Bonnie Haferkamp, Illinois Institute of Technology; Jamshid Mohammadi, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

discovery process. The course was developedso that students from all disciplines could participate (i.e. no pre-requisites were required).Students are introduced to proposal development, scientific and technical literature reviews,measurement techniques, statistical data analysis, design of experiments, good laboratorypractice, and oral and written research communication. Ethics and intellectual property topicsrelated to research are also covered. During this course, students are involved in hands-onexperimentation to practice their measurement and data analysis skills as well as test theirhypotheses and/or the validity of their approach to the specific topic being investigated.Research Expo: Students are required to present their research

Conference Session

Survey and Assessment Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University; Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

,procedural validation, communicative validation, pragmatic validation, ethical validation, andprocess reliability. Walther and colleagues emphasize creating a conversation within any Page 26.35.5 Figure 1. Mapping of Messick’s unified theory of construct validity14qualitative study to ensure each of these areas are addressed through “making” and “handling”data. They also stress researcher flexibility in finding the aspects that will support validation intheir work. While the focus in Walther and colleagues’ framework is not directly linked tosurvey validation, similar to Messick it emphasizes considering a complex array of aspects