Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

-year colleges and universities and howstudents’ innovative capability influences such transfer capacity. The goals are: (1) to explore thepedagogical practices used to support non-traditional students in community colleges to informpersistence, (2) to understand whether such practices are effective in offering non-traditionalstudents a program that enables them to stay in engineering and science majors and to transfer toa four year college or university, and (3) to determine if students’ propensity for innovativeproblem solving influences use of pedagogical practices and ultimately, transfer persistence. Theresearch targets five research questions: (1) What are the patterns of pedagogical practices thatcommunity colleges employ to enhance

Conference Session

Computers in Education Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virgilio Ernesto Gonzalez, University of Texas, El Paso; Oscar Antonio Perez, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Page 26.1773.2INTRODUCTIONThroughout history there have been many attempts to provide an incentive to graduate fromcollege as fast as possible in order to optimize the different resources available to students.1 Whencompared, some of these incentives have been more effective than others.2 Undergraduate studentstake longer than expected to graduate with a 4-year undergraduate degree.Specifically at The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) students take longer than the nationalaverage3 to graduate4. Some of the factors for this delay are: social setting (commuter campus),low-income student population, cohort is not as homogeneously defined as in a residential campus,and the lack of available data to the operator or the agents. In some cases the

Conference Session

Design and Research in BME

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Hsu Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Kristen O'Halloran Cardinal, California Polytechnic State University; Trevor R. Cardinal, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

, including stem cell and developmental biology, cell culture and tissue engineering,immunofluorescence, cell transplantation and animal manipulation, and microscopy. Through thecommon core coursework, students develop laboratory skills, while also developing anappreciation for primary literature and stem cell research - from its historical roots to the latestcontemporary studies.After the coursework, the students complete a 1-week intensive Stem Cell Techniques Course atthe Scripps Research Institute3. During this experience, students are trained in human pluripotentstem cell culture, embryoid body development, directed cellular differentiation, and other hands-on skills for working with and evaluating stem cells. After the training, students embark

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natacha Depaola, Illinois Institute of Technology; Paul R. Anderson, Illinois Institute of Technology; Roberto Cammino, Illinois Institute of Technology; Bonnie Haferkamp, Illinois Institute of Technology; Limia Shunia, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Jamshid Mohammadi, Illinois Institute of Technology; Fouad Teymour, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, business,and design are well-suited to urban problems); and we have a history of collaborativeinteractions with various city departments that play a vital role in maintaining and improvingurban infrastructure.In fall 2014, the urban systems IPRO had 35 students, representing several engineeringdisciplines, architecture, psychology, business, and the sciences. The sequence of major tasks forthe semester (Figure 1) guided students through a multistep process including problemdefinition, exploratory prototyping, and project execution, all culminating in a final presentationat a campus-wide IPRO exposition. Weeks  1  -­‐  4:   Weeks  5  -­‐  6:   Weeks  7  -­‐  9:   Weeks  10  -­‐  13:   Examine

Conference Session

Integrating Curriculum and Labs in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ranjeet Agarwala, East Carolina University; Robert A. Chin, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to the additive manufacturing resources, capabilities, capacities, and products that could be produced. They were then introduced to several processes underway, including the one with which they would be engaged during the balance of the event. The introduction also included supervised processing and post-processing. Once a level of participant hands-on confidence with 3D printing was achieved, they were provided the opportunity to process canned products, which they could have personalized, and then 3D print the designs they developed. During the end of the last session of the event, the participants were administered a post-event poll to, on a 1-4 scale, gage their satisfaction with the event and to ascertain their plans for the

Conference Session

Student Experiences and Motivation: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew J Jensen, Florida Institute of Technology; Anna KT Howard, North Carolina State University; Sherry Jensen, Florida Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

featuring their classroom professor and students who wereinstead exposed to a non-local professor. Additionally, an end of course survey revealed that ingeneral students had no preference for who was featured in the videos. Further refinement of theclass materials management system and the inclusion of additional course modules areopportunities to improve and further validate this study.Section 1: IntroductionOver the last several decades, more and more U. S. students are enrolling in college, with nearlyforty percent of Americans obtaining at least a two-year college degree1,2. The United States haslong been the leader in higher education, boasting a majority of the top universities and collegesin the world3. As the economy moves away from an

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Salinas, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Eliud Quintero, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Pablo Guillermo Ramirez, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Eduardo González Mendívil, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM)

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Paper ID #12300Fostering Spatial Visualization through Augmented Reality in Calculus learn-ingDr. Patricia Salinas, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM) Full time Professor at Mathematics Department in Campus Monterrey, Tecnol´ogico de Monterrey. Edu- cational researcher with interest in the integration of technology for the learning of Mathematics. With a Bachelors Degree in Mathematics and 2 Masters Degrees, in Education with Mathematics Specializa- tion. PhD in Mathematics Education since 2011. Member of the National System of Researchers SNI 1, CONACYT, M´exico. Co-author of several textbooks for the teaching and learning

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy A Niesl, University of Minnesota STEM Education Center; Siddika Selcen Guzey, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tamara J Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

following NGSS: Disciplinary core ideas: LS4.C, Crosscutting concepts: Cause and effect, and Engineering Practices: ETS.1.A-C. This unit begins by introducing the problem people have with slipping on ice due to poor foot traction during Minnesota winters. Students are challenged to look into ways nature has already solved the problem. The engineering challenge charges students to design a shoe that is inspired by “Mother Nature’s Shoes” that will work to prevent slipping on ice. The unit includes a pre and post content test to measure student content learning and a rubric to measure student engineering design solutions. Unit Summary Lesson Objectives Lesson 1: The To

Conference Session

Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wesley B. Williams P.E., University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Eric J. Schaus, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

shifting to alternative manufacturing approaches. The key success for theAM parts included the desired reduction in cycle time, effective matching of existing complexgeometry, efficient mass reduction, and increased productivity by allowing students to move onto other tasks while parts were being printed. Once final embodiments were settled on for thevarious AM parts, they performed their intended functions without incident throughout thetesting and competition at Kennedy Space Center.IntroductionStudents at the UNC Charlotte designed and built a robot to compete in the 5th annual NASArobotic mining competition [1]. The six wheeled robot, which weighed in at 167 lbs, includedten motors/actuators, numerous sensors, mechanisms, and an off board

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

from programming in languages such as Java or C. A PLCis a solid-state control system with a user-programmable memory, used to read input conditionsand set output conditions to control a machine or process [1]. To write a PLC program,engineers need to know not only PLC programming syntax, but also the functions and generalcharacteristics of the many hardware devices (such as different types of sensors and motors) thatcan serve as input or output (I/O) devices.To become proficient at PLC programming, engineering students need to become familiar withfunctions and general characteristics of hardware devices, to understand how PLC controllersprocess programs, to be able to interface I/O devices with a PLC, and to be able to understandthe control

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristina Maruyama Tank, Iowa State University; Tamara J Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

 2     Lesson  5     Lesson  1   Lesson  3   Lesson  4     Standard  vs.  non-­‐ Designing  a  toy  box   Non-­‐standard  units   Physical  properties   Testing  materials   standard  units   organizer  Literacy   Book

Conference Session

ECCD Applications in Energy and Thermodynamics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan L Falkenstein-Smith, Syracuse University; Jeongmin Ahn, Syracuse University; Kang Wang, Syracuse University; Ryan James Milcarek, Syracuse University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, innovation suffers and emergingengineering students are left with a skill gap which employers are limited by their resources tofill4, 7-8. Therefore, in order to fill gap and create the next generation of innovative engineering,universities must adjust current engineering curriculum and find a balance between engineeringdisciplines and practical experience. Over the past decade many universities have adjusting curriculums to develop studentsinto T- Shape professionals, professionals who are highly trained in a single discipline, but havethe capability of communicating, understanding, and working with people from a variety of otherareas3-4, 9. Figure 1 represents a diagram that clearly defines the qualities of a T-shaped

Conference Session

Curricula Innovations in Engineering Economics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weihang Zhu, Lamar University; Alberto Marquez P.E., Lamar University; Julia Yoo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

the E-book and use the calculatorand interest tables to help themselves. This app has been developed for both Apple iOS andGoogle Android platforms, and they have been released in the Google Play and Apple App Store.The cross-platform app development allows easy deployment to multiple mobile platforms. Thisapp is intended to give students more opportunity to learn and practice concepts of EngineeringEconomics whenever and where they want using their mobile devices.* Acknowledgment: This project is partially supported by a grant from the National ScienceFoundation DUE-1140457 to Lamar University. Page 26.541.2 1. Introduction Engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas at El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Ryan Wicker, University of Texas, El Paso; Zhonghua Hu, University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

latest uPrint® SE Plus works based on the same technology, but, is more powerful based onits new inherent functions and features 4: 1) The software CatalystEX used by uPrint® to translate computer aided designs for 3D printing is based on an advanced designed that integrates the functions of Insight software and FDM status. The user interface is WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) which is deemed more user-friendly. 2) uPrint® SE Plus 3D printer supports network communication, allowing a 3D printer to be shared in a network. A user can control the 3D printer remotely. This compared to Page 26.517.3 traditional

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey A Mathis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tamara J Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Siddika Selcen Guzey, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Lesson 1 (Day 1 & 2) Lesson 2 (Day 3-5) Lesson 3 (Day 6 & 7) Introduction: Biotechnology: Surface Area: Engineering & Cells DNA Extractions Data Analysis & Measurement - Introduction to the - Learn how to extract DNA - Use physical and graphical models to design challenge from cells explain the relationship of exterior and STEM Integration Activities - Review cell

Conference Session

Topics Related To Engineering Design Graphics Division

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary A. Sadowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sheryl A. Sorby, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Paper ID #13075Engineering Graphics Concepts: A Delphi StudyDr. Mary A. Sadowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette Mary A. Sadowski has been at Purdue since 2003 and until September 1, 2011 served as the Associate Dean for Undergraduate Programs and Learning in the Purdue College of Technology where she provided leadership for strategic initiatives in undergraduate education. As a professor of Computer Graphics, her research interests include enhancing visualization skills, cre- ative thinking, and learning styles. She is currently funded to begin gathering data to create a concept inventory for engineering graphics. As

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

manufacturing engineering field5, and it may serve asa foundation for continuous improvement of manufacturing-related curricula, such as IndustrialEngineering Technology. The four pillars are: 1) Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2)Product, Tooling, and Assembly Engineering, 3) Manufacturing Systems and Operations, and 4)Manufacturing Competitiveness6. Additional usages of the four pillars model include:  Dialogues between program constituents and curriculum designers to ensure that graduates possess knowledge and skills in manufacturing principles and practices  A starting point for defining the field of manufacturing engineering  Assessing job applicants to manufacturing-related jobs  Designing in-house training for

Conference Session

Mobile and Emerging Technologies in Construction

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pavan Meadati, Southern Polytechnic State University; Parminder Juneja, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

code learningenvironment is shown in Figure 1. Smart device scans the QR code of the real world object.When the scanning is completed, it establishes the connection with server and a web page isdisplayed. Based on user selection, more instructions will be provided for further navigation. Object tagged with Smart device QR code Server Wireless Network Figure 1: Automated information flow in QR Code Learning Environment Page

Conference Session

Construction Education Topics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Rokooei, University of Nebraska, Lincoln ; James D. Goedert, University of Nebraska

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Simulation After finishing the pre-quiz section, students play the main simulation. The first page ofthe main simulation is a set of demographic questions, and then students are directed to the mainpage of VICE (Figure 1). Figure1: Main page of VICE The first activity of the VICE simulation is WBS sequencing. Students select the correctorder of main activities of a single span bridge project. A player shows an animationcorresponding to each activity after each selection; thus, students can see the gradual completionof the project. Choosing a wrong activity will result in an error message and an animation ofcatastrophic result of the selected activity. In this case students need to correct their

Conference Session

Persistence and Retention

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Ricco, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James F. Ryan III, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Page 26.1103.2Introduction Information Theory is a field derived from a seminal paper by Shannon[1] discussing theuncertainty extant in communication channels. We cover the details in the theory section but thispaper focuses on a measure known as the mutual information. This measure, derived fromShannon’s information entropy - a measure of uncertainty in a random variable - is theinformation gained with respect to one random variable given knowledge of another. In a sense,this measures the dependency between two random variables. We consider this notion of mutual information as a way to measure the dependencybetween variables of interest in the Multiple-Institution Database for Investigating EngineeringLongitudinal Development

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Newberry, DCTC/Nano-Link

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

traditional curriculum (Ref1). From 2010 to 2012 modifications were made to the modularized approach as well as the educatortraining that positively impacted the use of the modules by educators. This modification in approach hasresulted in module use by over 500 educators in 38 states and 4 countries – with a reach to over 32,000students. Figure 1 is a representation of locations within the United States using modules. Figure1. Nanoscale modularized content is being used by educators in 38 states.Benefits and Application of Modularized Educational Content: Page 26.1165.2Infusion of nanoscience content into traditional K-12

Conference Session

Moving the Needle: The Complexities of Race and Gender in Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly J. Cross, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

on the experiences of African-Americans onmultiracial teams and this study aims to fill that gap.This qualitative study employs a phenomenological approach, using a three-interview sequencewith eight African-American male engineering students across academic levels (average age =19) as they worked on team projects at a large research-intensive, predominantly whiteinstitution (PWI). The project durations ranged from two weeks to two full semesters. The semi-structured interviews 1) gathered background information about participants, 2) exploredparticipant descriptions of the team functionality during the project, and 3) asked participants toreflect on the experience in the context of their engineering education and identities. Followingthe

Conference Session

Continuing Professional Development Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Denise Anderson P.E., University of Wisconsin Madison; Kevin Hoag, Southwest Research Institute

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

with the knowledge and skills required of a chief engineer on a newinternal combustion engine development program.The skills and knowledge identified were sorted into 5 general areas: 1) Teamwork, coordination and managerial 2) Design 3) Thermal sciences, fluids, combustion Page 26.1673.4 4) Controls 5) Future trendsTeamwork, coordination, and managerial skills-The skills identified in this category include:The ability to: o manage projects o participate on local, remote, and global teams o manage work load o manage expectations o effectively communicate thoughts, ideas, and

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Design and Entrepreneurship

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nabila A. Bousaba, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; James M. Conrad, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. Page 26.1275.2Introduction and Literature ReviewPast research shows the need for an educational shift in the general engineering curricula from apurely technical focus to one that will add entrepreneurial skills to complement theirundergraduate engineering major.1 Angela Shartrand, et al.2, in “Technology Entrepreneurshipprograms in U.S. Engineering Schools: An Analysis of programs at the undergraduate level”examined programs and courses offered at 340 ASEE member schools in the U.S. Theirresearch showed that “entrepreneurship education is available in at least half of the engineeringprogrammed examined and has been integrated within the engineering program in approximately25% of these programs”2. We asked ourselves the question “do engineer

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elena Priymak, Kazan National Research Technological University; Vasiliy Grigoryevich Ivanov, KAZAN NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY; Svetlana Vasilievna Barabanova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Natalya Tyurina, Kazan Federal University; Olga Lefterova, Kazan National Research Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

, including personal monographs and text-books (International legal order, 1991; The Law of international trade 2003 and 2010; International private law 2003; International trade as the factor of international public law development, 2009 etc.); collective works (International law. General questions, 2011; Inter- national Law. Brunches, 2010 etc.) Scientific supervision: prepared 16 candidates of law, including 1 alien (Sudan); 6 persons are in progress. Teaching experience Domestic: over 25 years of lecturing on International Public and Private Law, International economic law, Law of international trade. In alien uni- versities: lectures for students, master students and post-graduates in the universities of Freiburg (1992

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allie S Peters, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University; Kevin Chang P.E., University of Idaho, Moscow; Katherine N Thorton; Kristen Shinohara; Kacey D Beddoes, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

materials and teaching methods.1 While thesematerials and methods are evidence-based and shown to positively affect student learningand educational outcomes, they have been slow to be adopted or disseminated.In an effort to improve curriculum sharing, there is currently a two-part study underway forthe development and dissemination of a web based repository containing curriculummaterials and best practices. These two efforts are in place to understand, facilitate, andencourage sharing of materials and best practices between educators. The first is thedevelopment and refinement of the web-based repository for curriculum materials; thesecond is a study on the curricular decision-making processes of transportation engineeringeducators.The overarching

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 6: Hands-on Projects and Spatial Skills

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Patrick Walton, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Amanda Idema, Michigan State University; Timothy J Hinds, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

the areas of integration of computation in engineering curricula and in developing Page 26.1390.1 comprehensive strategies to retain early engineering students. She is active nationally and internationally in engineering accreditation and is a Fellow of ABET and of the AIChE. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Spatial Visualization Skills Intervention for First Year Engineering Students: Everyone’s a Winner!IntroductionThe connection between spatial visualization skills and performance in engineering courseworkis becoming more evident 1-3

Conference Session

Educational Strategies in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shahnaz J. Aly, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

acombination of both. Architects present all of the work done during this phase to the client andonce the design concept has been finalized and approved, architects proceed to complete designdevelopment and construction documents for the project. Traditionally hand drawings were theprimary means for “design ideation” [1] and for the creation of construction drawings. Whilehand drawings and sketching are still considered very important for conveying design ideas, withthe advent of computer-aided design (CAD) tools in the late 1980s the focus shifted away fromhand drawing to the use of CAD for two-dimensional (2D) drawing. Now a days it is impossibleto conceive of an architectural practice where CAD tools are not used right from initial

Conference Session

Emerging Computing and Information Technologies II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

need for automated and scalableassessment mechanisms, to assess large numbers of students without a proportionateincrease in costs. There are four main approaches to this kind of assessment:autograding, constructed-response analysis, automated essay scoring, and peer review.This paper examines the current status of these approaches, and surveys new research oncombinations of these approaches to produce more reliable grading.Keywords: scalable assessment, autograding, constructed-response analysis, automatedessay scoring, peer review, self-review1. IntroductionLimited resources to adequately assess student work are a major problem in highereducation. A 2012 New York Times article [1] on automated essay scoring contains thefollowing anecdote

Conference Session

Issues in Engineering Technolgy Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

E. Shirl Donaldson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Anne M Lucietto, Purdue University, School of Engineering Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

department in which this course is taught has increased its’ focus on active learning and is moving away from traditional lectures as the primary method of conveying information to students. The departments’ goal is to encourage creativity and develop problem solving skills. However, students are seeking the most efficient ways to garner top grades on exams. Where does this leave the development of critical thinking with respect to the classroom when students are more focused on grades than subject matter mastery? Literature Review The development of critical thinking skills is the “primary goal of higher education” 1. Surveys of faculty have demonstrated that more than 90% of faculty supports this assertion. 2,3 Based upon Douglas’1 findings, there