Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sunil Mehendale, Michigan Technological University; John L. Irwin, Michigan Technological University; Robert A. Marlor, Northern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

inquiry-based learning while utilizing computer simulations and 3D printing in their classrooms to help solve engineering problems.Prof. Robert A. Marlor, Northern Michigan University Robert Marlor is a Professor in the Engineering Technology Department at Northern Michigan University. He received a Ph.D. in civil-structural engineering from Michigan Technological University in 2003. His research interests include load duration behavior of wood connections, project-based learning in engineer- ing mechanics, and teaching design through student design clubs and competitions. Page 26.197.1

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christi L Patton Luks, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Laura P Ford, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, mass transfer, and chemical engineer- ing senior labs. She is a co-advisor for TU’s student chapter of Engineers Without Borders USA and has recently advised students on TU’s Hydrate Flow Assurance joint industry project. Her email address is laura-ford@utulsa.edu. Page 26.211.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Analysis of a Small Gamification Addition to LabsAbstractOne small gamification aspect was incorporated into senior chemical engineering labs.“Bragging Points” were awarded for certain things that the students should be doing

Conference Session

Research to Practice: STRAND 4 – K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design (Part 1)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Avneet Hira, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Morgan M Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

calls for more well-rounded engineering graduates who cannavigate the global, economic, and environmental aspects of engineering problems 31,32. The Page 26.294.5NGSS in Appendix J 1 calls for making home and community connections by: “(1) increasingparental involvement and encouraging roles as partners in science learning, (2) engaging studentsin defining typically engineering problems and designing solutions of community projects, and(3) focusing on science learning in informal environments”. Also, Appendix F 1 mentionspiquing students curiosity towards real-world problems (such as energy, disease, fresh water andfood, climate change

Conference Session

Technical Session: Student Experience & Perspectives

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

proposals or conference presentations, or led discussions on educational research methods. 8. Understand your group’s interests Every institution will have different needs that can be met through a broader community of practice. Finding engaging ideas and projects for members is key to continued membership and attendance.Finding members of the DBER community to form a community of practice can be difficult.Places to look for DBER scholars include:  Known discipline-based educational research faculty and their research groups  Common educational courses that DBER scholars might take (e.g. research methods courses)  Educational research presentations by graduate students

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Whipple, Bishop Fox; Keith B Smith, Brigham Young University; Dale C Rowe, Brigham Young University; Samuel Moses, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

continue to grow. InfoSecpositions are projected to grow 37 percent, and it is growing much faster than averageoccupations 6.To compound the problem, there is consensus among government officials, the private sector,and educators that there is a massive shortage of skilled cyber-security professionals7–10.This document proposes a fully-implementable program that addresses the growing need forcyber-security professionals. Research begins with identification of common roadblocks toimplementing a cyber-security program. Next, this document discusses solutions to theseobstacles. Finally, a detailed description of the program implemented at Brigham YoungUniversity is given, along with the results that have come from successful implementation. Thiswork

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Bring-Your-Own-Experiments 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jun Nogami, University of Toronto; Scott Ramsay, University of Toronto; Scott D Ramsay, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

students, set up a number of experiment stations, and supervise an activity with a lab reporttemplate that could be completed within a 50 minute class period. For this particular lab, eachsection would have three complete sets of the four stations, and students in groups of three orfour would rotate among the stations, spending 5 to10 minutes with each activity. There weremany challenges with the scale of this project as there were typically six parallel sessions run inthis way during a typical fall or winter term. The first year of implementation, there were alsoequipment failures with the suitcases, which were standard oversized luggage. This wasexacerbated by the fact that all of the “atoms” were also steel balls, which were very heavy in

Conference Session

Communication Across the Divisions II: Communication and Transdisciplinary Pedagogies

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Mechanical Engineering, Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

onlyinterest in the topic (and a passionate one), but an education in the humanities” (Kynell, p. 96).Harbarger played several leadership roles in the English Division of the Society for thePromotion of Engineering Education (SPEE) and published widely on the subject of technicalcommunication instruction for engineers. In an article titled “The Qualifications of a Teacher ofEnglish for Engineering Students” (1920) and summarized in a June 1929 report, Harbargerdelineated what might be described as a pyramid of qualifications for success as teacher ofEnglish to engineering students: 1. the personality of the teacher, which obviously affects, 2. the presentation of the material, or the project, and 3. the cooperation of the instructors of the

Conference Session

Design and Assessment of Graduate Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Homero Gregorio Murzi, Virginia Tech; Prateek Shekhar, University of Texas, Austin; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

India.Dr. Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech Lisa D. McNair is an Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she also serves as co-Director of the VT Engineering Communication Center (VTECC). Her research interests include interdisciplinary collaboration, design education, communication studies, identity theory and re- flective practice. Projects supported by the National Science Foundation include exploring disciplines as cultures, interdisciplinary pedagogy for pervasive computing design; writing across the curriculum in Statics courses; as well as a CAREER award to explore the use of e-portfolios to promote professional identity and reflective practice

Conference Session

New Teaching Pedagogies: Methods and Assessments

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James V. Canino, Trine University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

problems on the final hadbeen on previous exams. The scores on the exams were the primary mechanism for evaluatingthe efficacy of the flipped classroom pedagogy over the Think-Pair-Share pedagogy.Moreover, neither the author nor the students knew which pedagogy would be used beforeregistering for the Fall 2013 classes. The author had previous experience with the flippedclassroom and believes that it is important to have students in a classroom where they can gatherin small groups around tables and collaborate.20 Trine University has a Project-Based Learning(PBL) classroom that has movable tables so that students can more easily collaborate. Thisclassroom is generally used by the School of Education, but can be used by other faculty subjectto

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James L. Hanson, California Polytechnic State University; Amro El Badawy; Katherine C. Chen, California Polytechnic State University; Nazli Yesiller

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

project weresignificant.-The multi-departmental exercise benefitted both courses.-The different levels of students participating in the exercise (graduate versus undergraduatestudents) did not adversely impact the quality of the interactions.-Expansion of engineering courses to include conflicting priorities for design is beneficial for preparing students for a multidisciplinary workforce.-Identifying challenges and formulating solutions are both beneficial for the engineering curriculum.-The methodology described is well suited to adaptation and/or adoption by other courses in the same disciplines as described herein as well as by other disciplines.-For future applications, including synchronous interaction for cross-departmental activities is

Conference Session

Continuing Professional Development Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell L Springer PMP, SPHR, SHRM-SCP, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mark T Schuver, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Thomas J Brumm, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

systems. He is internationally recognized, has contributed to scholarship more than 150 articles, presentations, books and reviews on software development methodologies, management, organizational change, and program management. Dr. Springer sits on many university and community boards and advisory committees. He received his Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from Purdue University, his MBA and Doctorate in Adult and Community Education with a Cognate in Executive Development from Ball State University. Dr. Springer is certified as a Project Management Professional (PMP), Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR & SHRM-SCP), in Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR), and, in civil and domestic mediation. He

Conference Session

The Human Element of Librarianship

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bertha P. Chang, North Carolina State University; Honora N. Eskridge, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

display. They were alsoexplicit in their needs for projection in meeting spaces. High resolution and accurate colorrepresentation were of critical importance to allow them to discuss and analyze their research.The ability to display a variety of media and to run audio and video files was also a priority.Collections and ServicesFaculty and students also shared many comments about collections and services in the variousstudies. A major change with Hunt Library was the use of the bookBot, an automated retrievalsystem (ARS) to store the majority of the engineering collection. Of approximately 400,000volumes, only about 30,000 are available on open shelving; these are newer books published inengineering and textiles subjects, as well as some

Conference Session

ETAC/ABET Related Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark A. Laingen, Illinois State University; Steven A. Freeman, Iowa State University; Thomas J Brumm, Iowa State University; Mack Shelley, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

ofimportant program learning outcomes, while over 67% identify internships and community-based projects as useful in “evaluating the graduates’ potential for success” [2, p. 18], and half ofthe employers target them as the place where institutions should devote the most resources forassessment [2]. Experiential learning environments provide places where “knowledge is created throughthe transformation of experience” [14, p. 41], while enhancing their learning experience [13]. Itis an authentic assessment environment that more closely simulates later types of learningsituations, and is “one of the truest forms of active learning” [16, p. 80] where students candemonstrate their knowledge and skills, and receive valuable feedback from the

Conference Session

Circuits and Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole P Pitterson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

standardized performance on the tests. Students alsoEnabled active John Sciences, of the TEAL project on tests, multiple reported an appreciation for thelearning affect 2009 students' cognitive and choice and learning experience and that theirundergraduate affective outcomes. Students' open ended understanding was significantlystudents' conceptual understanding items impacted by the innovative approachunderstanding of

Conference Session

Survey and Assessment Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David L. Little II, Oregon State University; Kathleen Quardokus Fisher, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Jana Bouwma-Gearhart, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Dr. Kathleen Quardokus Fisher is a post doctoral scholar at Oregon State University. She is currently participating in a project that supports the use of evidence-based instructional practices in undergraduate STEM courses through developing communities of practice. Her research interests focus on understanding how organizational change occurs in higher education with respect to teaching and learning in STEM courses.Dr. Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University Shane Brown is an associate professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Oregon State University. His research interests include conceptual change and situated cognition. He received the NSF CAREER award in 2010 and is working on a

Conference Session

Communication Across the Divisions I: Communication in Engineering Disciplines

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Ekoniak, Virginia Tech; Molly Scanlon, Virginia Tech; M. Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

in the eastern United States. Allfirst-year engineering students at the study site take a common course sequence preparing themto enter their chosen engineering discipline at the end of the freshman year, with studentsintending to major in electrical and computer engineering or computer science taking a second-semester course with an emphasis on computing and circuits. This course was the setting for thisstudy, with data collection occurring in the 2012-2013 academic year. Course content includedan introduction to ECE concepts including programming and analysis in MATLAB, and basiccircuits and sensors culminating in a half-semester team-based engineering design project andreport. In the first half of the semester, students engaged in a

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin R. Schmeckpeper P.E., Norwich University; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Patrick D. Pedrow P.E., Washington State University; Jay Patrick McCormack, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

class period to review and discuss the results. The detailed facilitation plan forimplementing the EPSA in a course is shown in Appendix E, table E-1.At Norwich University all assessment of the student discussions was conducted in real-time, Page 26.1689.4during the discussions. Instead of using electronic voice recorders as is typically done by theresearchers on the NSF sponsored project, all data was collected as the discussions took place,  with the assessors simply writing tally marks and notes directly on the relevant portion of theEPSA Rubric.The students in each class were divided into teams. Some members of the team were assignedthe role of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

solving for students to persistin engineering majors.3 Accordingly, this engineering education seeks to examine a sample ofnon-traditional college students enrolled in science and engineering programs in four urbancommunity colleges to determine (a) the types and frequency of support practices they utilize,(b) how such practices influence their achievement, persistence and transfer status to four yearcolleges and universities, and (c) how in turn their propensity for innovation and creativeproblem solving affects such choices and persistence. This paper presents on the first year of athree-stage research project funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The value of thestudy’s findings depends largely on an exploratory research design

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Student Issues as Related to Culture

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth A. Powell, Tennessee Technological University; Joanna Wolfe, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

then it came time to start to talk about the project. In the morning, all of the questions were directed towards my [male] peers. (Female professional)Female students often provided specific examples in which women were either directly orindirectly discouraged from pursuing engineering: I did International Science Fairs, or I did a science fair, and I competed at the International Science Fair twice when I was in high school. One time, one of the judges was like, “I can't believe this—” He was talking in a group of other people, and he was like, “I can't believe that girl did that work.” I was, “Uh.” (Female student) I was in India two years ago, and we went to this woman’s college and on the way back

Conference Session

Concepts and Conceptual Knowledge

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren Suzanne Wallace; Floraliza Bornilla Bornasal, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

cognitivelyinclined—a concept is a single thing that is non-negotiable and has a specified approach. In theworkplace, concepts may function differently as posed beyond these ideals. Concepts may besituated, distributed, and pragmatic, and may be negotiated according to the project at hand.This study initiates a series of studies proposing the malleability of concepts in the workplace Page 26.391.2that is not actively addressed in academia and engineering instruction. Studies regarding thevalidity of the utilization of resources in academia with concerns to preparedness for theworkplace is very sparse. This study attempts to provide insight into this gap in

Conference Session

Visualization Within Engineering Design Graphics Education Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Hadipriono Tan, The Ohio State University; Shilun Hao, The Ohio State University; Jiyuan Li, The Ohio State University Civil Engineering Department; Lei Zhao; Fabian Hadipriono Tan P.E., The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

floor pattern; steps were also installed to reach the raised floorplatform. Inside this perimeter, more stone blocks were installed as the bases for columns, andstone plinths were then placed on top of these column bases. Between these column basesmasonry strip foundations, functioning as grade beams, were installed. These strip foundationsdivided the floor space into cells that were filled with soil up to the floor elevation level. Finally,installation of stone slabs would complete the temple floor. Notice that in Stage VI of Fig. 2, thecolumn plinths project from the floor; the circular columns supporting the structure would beplaced on these plinths. The Hall of Central Harmony is depicted in Fig. 4; its frontal view is depicted on top of

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 9: Focus on Student Learning, Lifelong Learning, and the Whole Student

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krista M. Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Jacob T Allenstein, Ohio State University; Robert B. Rhoads, Ohio State University; Clifford A Whitfield, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

top 10 percent University Admission Profile 27-31 95% ranked in top 25 percentIn the senior year, engineering students are required to complete a capstone project to satisfytheir capstone experience. The EEIC offers a Multidisciplinary Capstone program (MDC) as anoption for students to replace their discipline specific capstone experience. Students arepartnered with industry companies to improve processes, reduce costs, or create new products.MDC also offers non-engineering students the opportunity to participate thru the EEIC’sengineering sciences minor program. This promotes discipline diversity in the program whilegiving students’ academic credit. Through

Conference Session

The Philosophy of Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, National Science Foundation; Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

technologicalsystems. The approach emphasizes that components provide specific capabilities or functionsand are combined using the design process into technological systems. Initial results of thiswork-in-progress are encouraging. The FCSD framework has been used in engineering literacyand introductory courses. In preliminary studies students are able to articulate main conceptsand conduct a design project following an FCSD approach.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation under awards: DUE-1121464 andDUE-0920164. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.Bibliography 1. Pearson G

Conference Session

Computers in Education Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John C Nesbit, Simon Fraser University; Li Liu, Simon Fraser University ; Qing Liu, Simon Fraser University; Olusola O Adesope, Washington State University-Pullman

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Systems in Computer Science and Software Engineering Education John C. Nesbit, Arita Liu, Qing Liu Simon Fraser University Olusola O. Adesope Washington State University Abstract Many research reports have been published over the last 30 years on the use of intelligent tutoring systems in computer science and software engineering education, but no previous systematic review has been conducted to describe and assess the field as a whole. This project (in progress) searched for publications meeting defined inclusion criteria

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Evelyn C. Brown, East Carolina University; Mary A. Farwell, East Carolina University; Anthony M. Kennedy, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

PBL. This approach is new, and data regarding its impact are notyet available.Undergraduate research opportunities early in a student’s program have been shown to support Page 26.1776.8STEM learning gains, particularly for minority students23. As the PI of the biology S-STEMgrant is the ECU’s Director of Undergraduate Research, several of the S-STEM students startedundergraduate research as sophomores and are continuing. Others began projects as juniors.Undergraduate research and living-learning programs are considered “high-impact” practices24.These are programs and practices that give today’s college graduates what are universallyunderstood

Conference Session

Engineering Economics Teaching Tools

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University; Matthew T. Stimpson, North Carolina State University; E. Downey Brill, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

Paper ID #11345Evolution of a Flipped Engineering Economy CourseDr. Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University Jerome P. Lavelle is Associate Dean of Academic Affairs in the College of Engineering at North Carolina State University. His teaching and research interests are in the areas of engineering economic analysis, decision analysis, project management, leadership, engineering management and engineering education.Dr. Matthew T. Stimpson, North Carolina State UniversityDr. E. Downey Brill, North Carolina State University Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NCState

Conference Session

Studying Engineering Education Research & Institutions

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Johannes Strobel, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

clientto work with (e.g. within project-based learning approaches). Similarly, the other positive linksbetween Empathic Concern, Fantasy, and the innovative behaviors may require the engineer tohave mindsets oriented towards real-world users who would be impacted by the design.The pervasive negative relationship between Personal Distress and each innovative behaviorseems to be an especially critical area for further investigation. At the individual course level, itsuggests that instructors seeking to inspire innovation should emphasize alleviating stress to the Page 26.740.10extent possible. Fostering an individual instructor’s empathic

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard J. Aleong, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; David S Strong P.Eng., Queen's University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-authentic data. Also, while we believe that these professionaldevelopment activities are important to students’ educational experience, the activities may beperceived as being beyond formal academic requirements. Therefore, we believe that theimplementation of mandatory participation may be unethical. Page 26.742.8RecruitmentRecruitment methods consist of posters in engineering buildings, email messages throughdepartmental mailing lists and social media, and email notices in the engineering societynewsletter. A project website has been created to provide more information and an informationsession is scheduled prior to the start of the

Conference Session

Pipeline and Performance in BME Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Davide Piovesan, Gannon University; Karinna M. Vernaza, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

. The rubrics have a different number of performance indicators (or dimensions) toallow for a comprehensive tool that describes multiple facets of the outcome to be assessed. Theperformance indicators of each rubric were built in view of the performance indicators of eachengineering course in the program. Each outcome specific rubric was agreed upon the facultyand calibrated on a “senior level” of intellectual maturity since ABET’s evaluation is based onattributes achieved by students upon graduation. The assignments were designed specifically tosatisfy each dimension of the rubric and consisted in questions or problems presented to thestudents in midterms and final exams/projects. The four levels of the rubrics are: Unsatisfactory,Marginal

Conference Session

Fundamental: Home, Parents, and Other Out-of-School Issues Related to K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob Inman, INSPIRE Institute for Pre-College Engineering Education; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

at the university level. While thesequestions may seem somewhat restrained considering the scope of the data gathered, the researchperformed for this project can serve as somewhat of a jumping-off point for further study on thesubject that incorporates factors from other children’s toy research. The use of rudimentarystatistics on the data ensures that continued use of our data will not be marred by faultymathematics in this initial analysis. These research questions can be summed up as: 1. Are STEM-related toys purchased for girls as frequently as they are for boys? 2. Are there differences in the patterns of toy purchases for boys vs. girls based on the purchaser’s relationship to the recipient child? 3. Which of math