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Displaying results 241 - 270 of 1770 in total
Conference Session
Circuits and Systems Education 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ilan Gravé, Elizabethtown College; Tomas Estrada, Elizabethtown College
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
of Notre Dame in 2005 and 2009, respectively. His research interests include control systems, engineering education, technology-related entrepreneurship, and sustainable engineering applications. Page 26.136.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 A “Trick and Think” Approach to a Second-Order Circuit LabAs instructors, we always look to engage students in a way that keeps them alert, stimulates theirattention and interest, and adds some elements or insights to their skills. This is important in afirst circuit lab course [1], where students are struggling with many
Conference Session
Project-based Learning in ET Programs
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yonghui Wang, Prairie View A&M University; Suxia Cui, Prairie View A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
the physical conditions of the environment andorganizing to collected data at a central location [1]. WSNs are a significant technology for hugescale monitoring, allowing sensor dimension at high temporal and spatial resolution. Thestraightforward process is typical and direct where data are communicated to a base station;nonetheless, WSNs can also achieve in-network sort out operations such as aggregation, eventdetection, or actuation. The WSN papers a decade ago clearly articulated the promise of thetechnology for a diverse range of monitoring applications including forests, waterways, buildings,security, and the battlefield, and how it would transform the way we live [2]. Some of the earliestuse of WSN technology started back with military
Conference Session
Design Pedagogy
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wei Wu, California State University, Fresno; Yupeng Luo, California State University, Fresno
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
have addressed both topics, they are typically taught as separate subjects, providingthat the synergistic convergence of sustainability and BIM has been embraced by bothprofessional and educational communities [1, 2]. This study investigated an integrative strategy toformulate a joint course project with concurrent focus on sustainable design and BIMimplementation using two upper division elective courses in an undergraduate constructionmanagement (CM) program.This study was motivated by the dual pressure from program assessment requirements andregional industry needs. Recent American Council for Construction Education (ACCE) re-accreditation review of the CM program revealed severe weaknesses of students in graphicalcommunication
Conference Session
Issues in Engineering Technolgy Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christina R Scherrer, Southern Polytechnic State University; Leigh Sharma; Jennifer Vandenbussche, Kennesaw State University; Valerie Washington, Kennesaw State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
assesses Positive Urgency,Negative Urgency, (lack of) Premeditation, (lack of) Perseverance, and Sensation Seeking –factors which might impact a students’ likelihood to complete assignments.The statements were reviewed by the researchers and students were moved to different studygroups if necessary. For example, if a student assigned to the implementation intentions groupdid not follow instructions correctly and ended up writing a less specific goal, they were Page 26.200.4classified in group two for the analysis. Table 1 shows the resulting self-reporteddemographics for each of the three groups, and Table 2 shows the same information for
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lash Mapa, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology); Kishan Saha, Purdue University Calumet
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
apriority in health care. Assuring this safety is a task that is more and more complicated andwhich entails potential risks with no one method being capable of guaranteeing a total absence oferrors. The Institute of Medicine estimates that “tens of thousands of deaths and injuries arecaused by medical mistakes every year [1]. The FDA estimates that number to be nearly 500,000[1]. Nowadays, one of the main worries in maintaining a high level of safety in health careenvironments is to closely follow the patient throughout their stay in a healthcare facility, i.e.,from their arrival until they are discharged, registering both waiting and care times in each of theareas subject to control. However, Mentioned patient waiting time is a detriment to the
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
) in order to be compared with GPAand persistence data to be collected each semester. Figure 1 shows the results for each question(with the positive coding). 1 GRIT Scale Item Average Response 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Total average 0.3 Female average Male average 0.2 0.1 0
Conference Session
First Year Programs Division Poster Session: The Best Place to Really Talk about First-Year Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tracy Jane Puccinelli, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison; John Murphy, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
asked to complete a survey on the use oflaboratory design notebooks in our course that semester. Although nearly 50% of students didnot use the ELN, response to the notebook survey was very good, with a 76% response rate. Ofour lab instructors, 6 used the ELN, 1 used both ELN and paper, and 6 used paper only.Instructors that used paper only did not respond to the survey. Overall, the percentage ofstudents who would choose to use the LabArchives ELN in the future was low at just 40 %.Here, we report some preliminary data related to time spent learning LabArchives (Figure 1),resources used to learn LabArchives (Table 1), and multivariate plots of ELNs vs. papernotebooks performance in logistical categories (Figure 2). Figure 3 shows a
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division: Strategies Beyond the Classroom
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy Elizabeth Dawson, Arizona State University; Bianca L. Bernstein, Arizona State University; Kerrie Wilkins, Arizona State University ; Jennifer M. Bekki, Arizona State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
the RCT, participants were asked to respond to two short open-endedscenarios, each depicting a commonly faced interpersonal communication scenario for womengraduate students. The first asked each participant to imagine that she had received criticalfeedback from her advisor, and the second asked the student to put herself in a situation in whichshe was confused by a comment made by her advisor about another student. These situationsdrew on the skills taught in two specific communication modules, namely, Receiving andResponding to Feedback and Active Listening for Question 1 and Question 2, respectively. TheAICS measured participant ability to illustrate how they would apply interpersonalcommunication skills in each scenario. Responses were
Conference Session
Development as Faculty and Researcher: ERM Roundtable
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claudia M Walter, DiZ - Center for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education; Christian H Kautz, Hamburg University of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
PDP. The identical questionnaire was administered a second time after theseminar and again three months later. We compare different formats of the seminar as well asinstructors from different academic disciplines. The focus is laid especially on instructors inSTEM disciplines (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) versus non-STEMdisciplines. The data obtained suggest that (1) there are differences between STEM and non-STEM instructors with respect to their initial beliefs, (2) there is noticeable development of theinstructors’ conceptions about teaching and learning as a result of participation in the program,and (3) different formats of the same program may display widely differing effectiveness.1 IntroductionIn recent years
Conference Session
Ocean and Marine Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shyam Aravamudhan, North Carolina A&T State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Ocean and Marine
to traditional approaches can increasestudents’ conceptual knowledge and their ability to transfer acquired knowledge to newersituations [1-3]. Furthermore, exposure to real-world challenges, especially when presented in anactive and practical learning environment increases both student interest and pedagogicaleffectiveness. The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in its report, “Educating theEngineer of 2020,” contends that solving the Grand Challenges will require more than justproviding students with technical training. It argues that an engineering education must producegraduates who combine technical excellence with a multitude of other skills includingcommunication, teaming, ethical reasoning, and contextual analysis. Students
Conference Session
Simulation
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gonca Altuger-Genc, State University of New York, Farmingdale
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
programmingstructure”, were “usually not compatible with the existing experimental systems”, the “hardwaregenerally contained small-scale testing devices”, and “usually housed behind a panel thatprevented the students experiencing the real-life devices and the visual benefits of directexperimentation”1. As the capability of the computers, hardware-wise and software-wise,increased, engineering educators were able develop better-integrated and interactive visualizationcomponents to support the theory in their courses. Educators developed and adoptedtechnologies to create remote laboratories, and virtual platforms to provide students with theapplication experience. Although some of these set-ups were developed to support the onlinecourses, many of the set-ups
Conference Session
Community Engagement in Engineering Education Projects
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sudhir Kaul, Western Carolina University; Guanghsu A. Chang, Western Carolina University; Paul M. Yanik, Western Carolina University; Chip W. Ferguson, Western Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
studentengagement is commonly acknowledged to significantly benefit the students as well as thestudent mentors involved in the program. Data from an initial student survey that measures theefficacy of the proposed mentorship program is included in this paper and these data arediscussed in detail. A 1-5 Likert scale is used for quantitative analysis of the data in order toevaluate the self-efficacy of the program. The group size of the mentorship cohort has beenlimited to a maximum of thirty students at this stage. Preliminary analysis of the data indicatesthat the participating students have a strongly positive opinion of the program.Keywords: Mentorship, Engineering, Project-based Learning (PBL).1. IntroductionMentoring is commonly acknowledged as a means
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kacey D Beddoes, Oregon State University; Devlin Montfort, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Epistemological Foundations of Global Competencies: A New Theory to Advance Research on Global CompetenciesIntroductionAround the world, many influential stakeholders are concerned with increasing globalcompetitiveness of engineering graduates by increasing their global competency. Recent booksfrom the US, Australia, and Europe attest to growing interest in global engineering.1 In sum, Whether working on multi-national project teams, navigating geographically dispersed supply chains or engaging customers and clients abroad, engineering graduates encounter worlds of professional practice that are increasingly global in character. This new reality
Conference Session
Make It!
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Polly R. Piergiovanni, Lafayette College
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
will be displayed. However,the author dyed silk squares in various combinations of mordant and dye, and and crafteda quilt from the squares. The quilt demonstrates the range of colors available with fournatural dyes and five mordants, as well as some artistic flair.Method:The dyeing procedure is divided into four steps. Each step can be modified for differenteffects. The students completed these steps throughout the semester.Step 1: Mordant the fabricNatural dyes will not permanently dye natural fabrics without the aid of a mordant.Typical mordants include alum, tin, chrome and copper (available from aurorasilk.com2,or in many chemistry laboratories). The combination of fabric, mordant and dyedetermine the final shade. An early experiment
Conference Session
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Bring-Your-Own-Experiments 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Roger A Beardsley PE, Central Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
renewable fuels and related climate change topics.The process outlined in this paper can be presented three ways, depending on the pedagogicalcontext:1) Process Demonstration2) Lab Activity with predetermined process parameters3) Lab Activity with process parameters developed in worksheetBiodiesel Reaction ParametersMost vegetable oils and fats (triglyceride) can be easily converted into fatty acid methyl ester(FAME = biodiesel) with a catalyzed process that can occur at room temperature and pressure.The ratios of reactant and products are outlined in Table 1. A reaction using 400 ml of oil willproduce nearly 400 ml of biodiesel. Typically excess methanol is used to push the reaction closerto completion(1). The demo process outlined in this paper
Conference Session
Division Experimentation & Lab-oriented Studies: Mechanical Engineering and Control
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jason Yao, East Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
into how the engineering educational community has been teachingcontrols from the time-domain and frequency-domain, the author conducted a comparativeliterature review. “Controls”, along with “Root locus” and “Bode plot” respectively, were usedas keywords to search the IEEE Transaction in Engineering Education and the ASEE AnnualConference Proceedings. The results from this quick review, as summarized in Table I, indicatethat, in both sources, more efforts on time-domain methods were reported than those onfrequency-domain methods, confirming the discrepancy between the existing efforts in the time-and frequency domain. Moreover, few publications returned from these two searches directlyaddressed the abovementioned concern [1-9].TABLE I Time
Conference Session
Two-year College Division: Authors Address Transfer Matters-Part I
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Cooley Jones, Louisiana State University; Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
hasspecific objectives that will support these goals. They are: (1) develop and maintain an effectiveliaison between BRCC and LSU; (2) utilize scholars to develop a peer ambassador/mentorprogram facilitating transfer success; (3) establish and conduct a pre-transfer academiccounseling program; (4) expand existing seminars to orient and integrate BRCC and othertransfer students into LSU and (5) invite BRCC math, science and engineering faculty toparticipate in ongoing Faculty Development.Activities of the program to date have included outreach, professional development, advising,and developing an overall assessment tool. All scholars participated in outreach activities thatconsisted of Peer-to-Peer talks at BRCC each semester and Shadow Days at LSU
Conference Session
First-year Programs Division Technical Session 11: Curricular and Program Innovations
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Reeping, Ohio Northern University; Kenneth J Reid, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Outcome FrequencyIntroductionFirst-year programs nationwide typically feature an introductory curriculum featuring a semesteror yearlong “Introduction to Engineering” course or sequence. Examining a number of thesecourses shows that the content can vary significantly. For example, one course could focus onMATLAB programming while another course could emphasize technical communication. Mostcourses are a combination of these topics to varying degrees; therefore, an NSF-sponsoredproject to classify these courses was conducted which resulted in the First-Year Introduction toEngineering Course Classification Scheme.1 This taxonomy allows programs or instructors toquantify the content of their course(s) using the scheme. As a result, the scheme has
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ning Fang, Utah State University; Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Kurt Henry Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
theoretical foundationand the overall framework of this program, this paper describes its three primary elementsincluding: 1) recruitment and selection of REU participants, 2) REU research projects, and 3)seminar and workshop series and a final symposium. Selected student comments, as well aslessons learned, are also presented in this paper. Many REU students expressed their desire topursue further graduate studies, or teaching, to advance their professional careers.IntroductionExtensive research evidence has suggested that undergraduate research experience (REU)significantly improves students’ academic performance and confidence, and has a lasting impacton their career paths 1-3. The National Science Foundation has been supporting
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nicolas A. Brown, Florida Atlantic University; Khaled Sobhan, Florida Atlantic University; Edgar An, Florida Atlantic University; Ryne A Sherman, Florida Atlantic University; Nancy Romance, Florida Atlantic University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
those goals. For example, thetraditional “development and dissemination” approach to teaching has been identified as a majorbarrier to the STEM reform efforts [1]. Concurrently, research from the field of Social-CognitivePsychology has investigated the role of student motivation and its impact on academicachievement [2,3,4,5,6,7,8].One theory from Psychology, Self-Determination Theory [9], states that there are three innatepsychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—which when satisfied can Page 26.1041.2promote intrinsic motivation and increase student learning outcomes. In this model, autonomycan be conceptualized as having
Conference Session
Two-year College Division: Authors Address Transfer Matters-Part II
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Monica M. Cortez, Texas A&M University; Teri Kristine Reed, Texas A&M University; P.K. Imbrie, Texas A&M University; Sylvia E. McMullen, Blinn College; Jackie Perez, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
identified as an essential component in the U.S. STEM Educationsystem with a total of 1,738 2-year institutions: 967 public, 100 non-profit and 671 private.1 In2012, there were over 20 million students enrolled in an academic institution across the UnitedStates with over 6 million being educated at a two-year public institution.2 These public two-year institutions also have a large population of underrepresented minorities with approximately34% of the total number of African Americans enrolled in an academic institution and 46% ofthe total number of Hispanics students enrolled in academic institutions.3 In addition toexpanding underrepresented minority participation through institutional partnerships with two-year public institutions, 33% of the
Conference Session
Teaching & Learning in Graduate Programs
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Branimir Pejcinovic, Portland State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
, signal integrity and THz sensors. He is a member of IEEE and ASEE. Page 26.1685.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Using Systematic Literature Reviews to Enhance Student LearningI. Introduction and motivationLiterature review is a skill assumed to be in the arsenal of all graduate students pursuing thesisoptions at the MS or PhD level. There are many resources on writing literature reviews, fromcampus writing centers to books such as Machi and McEvoy.1 One would also assume that this isamong the very first tasks that research-oriented students would undertake. However, our
Conference Session
Mathematics Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emre Tokgoz, Quinnipiac University
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
iscategorized as inter-level. Students’ trans-level triad classification is based on their abilityto answer the question correctly in the entire domain. Page 26.213.6 The Question The following question is designed to observe participants’ ability to transform analgebraic function from to its geometric/graphical representation by calculating the relatedlimit and derivative questions. A2G Problem: Please draw the graph of f ( x) = xx+1 at (e) below by finding and applyingeach of the following information if they are applicable.a) Vertical and horizontal asymptotes of f(x) and limiting values of f(x) at the vertical asymptotes if there exists any
Conference Session
Introductory Experiences in Chemical Engineering
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph J. Biernacki, Tennessee Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
analysis of thedegrees of freedom for stage-wise separations, however, do not offer a generalized formalism fora broader range of problems. Rodriguez and Gayosos12 extended an earlier formalism proposedby Ponton13, also for stead-state processes.Current texts, however, offer a number of starting points that are quite useful. Felder andRousseau1 present and illustrate a degrees of freedom approach wherein they state that: ndf = nunknowns – nindependent equations (1)  where ndf is the number of degrees of freedom, nunknowns is the number of “unknown variables”and nindependent equations is the number of “independent equations” relating the
Conference Session
Graduate Recruitment & Professional Development
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bolun Huang, Microsoft Corp.; Samantha Wang; Narasimha Reddy
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
our rankings.IntroductionAcademic programs are ranked using different objective and subjective metrics, providingdifferent perspectives on the quality, productivity and affordability of the programs. Programrankings are closely followed by aspiring students, universities and employed in hiring andfunding decisions. Among the many rankings of programs, U.S. News rankings have a widefollowing. U.S. News updates the ranking of graduate programs in multiple fields annually.According to the statement from U.S. News’ website 1 , they rank the graduate programs based onboth statistical data and expert assessment data. The statistical data includes both input and outputmeasures, reflecting the quality of resources into the programs and educational
Conference Session
Student Recruitment and Retention in ET Programs
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alka R Harriger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Bradley C. Harriger, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
their STEM outreach. Although the event waslabeled as being national, the vast majority of teams were located near the company’sheadquarters. The recruitment begins in October and the final contest is in mid-February. Thereare several checkpoints along the way which determine whether a team has accomplishedenough to stay in the contest. This paper describes one high school competition that began as a“national competition” at a single location in 2009 and has evolved over the past three years to acompetition that now includes three regional contests where national qualifiers are selected tocompete nationally.IntroductionIn 2010 the authors approached Phoenix Contact 1, an international controls company, to becomea technology supplier for a grant
Conference Session
Research on Diversification & Inclusion
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Erin A. Cech, Rice University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, New Engineering Educators, Student, Women in Engineering
and transgender (LGBT) individuals in U.S.workplaces often face disadvantages in pay, promotion, and workplace experiences.1-7 It is stilllegal in many states to fire LGBT persons due to sexual identity or gender expression.8 Recentscholarship on the experiences of LGBT students and professionals suggests that thesedisadvantages may be particularly pernicious within science and engineering-related fields, giventhe patterns of heteronormativity and heterosexism documented therein.9-12 LGBT faculty inscience, technology, engineering and math (STEM)-related departments face harassment anddiscrimination, marginalization, and chilly departmental and classroom climates.10 In a study oftwo NASA centers, furthermore, LGBT professionals encountered
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Somnath Chattopadhyay, University at Buffalo, SUNY
Tagged Divisions
Materials
been employed. Thiscourse is entitled “Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Practice,” and is a required course formechanical engineering majors. The course comprised of three hour-long lectures every weekalong with a group project in reverse engineering. The lecture classes were devoted to the basicelements of mechanical engineering practice which came from a text entitled “An Introduction toMechanical Engineering.”[1] This text introduced the students to the vocabulary, skills, andapplications associated with the mechanical engineering profession. Chapter 1 of the textintroduces the profession of mechanical engineering, and the next seven chapters talk about thevarious disciplines within mechanical engineering with intent to develop useful
Conference Session
Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs I
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gholam Ali Shaykhian, -; Mohd Abdelgadir Khairi, Najran University; Jinan Ziade, University of Phoenix
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 1 Data Management Model Selection: IT Professionals’ preferences Gholam Ali Shaykhian, Ph.D. Mohamed Abdelgadir Khairi, Ph.D. Jinan Ziade, ABDAbstractData Management Models selection (Centralized Data Model or Federated Data Model)for managing organization data is influenced by many factors. The goal is to determinethe best architectural model for managing enterprise data; and help organizations to selectan architectural model. The study compared and contrasted the federated and centralizeddata models within
Conference Session
K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Ernzen, Arizona State University; Eugene Judson, Arizona State University; Ying-Chih Chen, Arizona State University; Stephen J Krause, Arizona State University; James A Middleton, Arizona State University; Kendra Rae Beeley
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
werecollected from 1) middle school science teachers, 2) science education college faculty(responsible for preparing middle school teachers), and 3) college of engineering faculty. Bothgroups of faculty teach at Arizona State University, where the study was housed. Each group wascomprised of four to six individuals, and they received no incentive or compensation for theirparticipation. The groups represent a convenience sample comprised of faculty and classroomteachers who were already associated in some way with the university.Data Collection. Participants volunteered to complete the Interpreting Engineering DesignSurvey (IEDS) online with the only identifying information gathered being their professionalrole. The respondents were prompted to consider