Conference Session

Effective Use of Technology in Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Myrtede Christie Alfred, Clemson University; Morris Branchell Lee III; David M. Neyens, Clemson University; Anand K. Gramopadhye, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, I guess ... Part of the thought process that came in was when I had that one light bulb that didn't work, um, and I needed to make sure that, uh, it could; but everything other than that was very step by step, and very methodical. Um, I didn't really do a lot of trial and error until I came up with an error, and then I had to try to fix it.”Participants in the physical condition, however, described a more structured approach usingphrases such as “being organized,” “following instructions,” and “planning.” Participants in thecomputer environments appeared more comfortable with a less structured approach makingstatements such as “…and then if I didn't, then, you know if it didn't work then I would just haveto play around

Conference Session

Dissecting the Nuances that Hinder Broad Participation in Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajeev K Agrawal, North Carolina A&T University (Tech); Myron L. Stevenson, North Carolina A&T State University; Clay Gloster Jr, North Carolina A&T University (Tech)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Engineering Education Studies looking into the reasons students complete or leave a major, indicated students wholeft STEM-related majors had negative learning experiences, whereas students with intentions topursue a career in science persisted despite the negative experiences [19].MyCollegeOptions.com, a popular free college-planning program, did a survey of high schoolstudents that showed increased interest in STEM. Since 2007, White, Hispanic and NativeAmerican interest has increased while African American has remained constant and AsianAmerican interest has gone up and down. Figure 4 shows percentage of interested parties bygraduating classes from 2007-2016. As interest in STEM increases, the hope is more URMs willcontinue to pursue their

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arash Esmaili Zaghi P.E., University of Connecticut; Sally M. Reis, University of Connecticut; Joseph S. Renzulli, University of Connecticut; James C Kaufman, University of Connecticut

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

executive function impairments measured by the Brown testare: 31 Activation: Have difficulty organizing tasks and materials; difficulty estimating time andprioritizing tasks; and trouble getting started on work Attention: loses focus when trying to listen or plan; easily distracted–internal/external; andforgets what was read and needs to re-read Effort: difficulty regulating sleep and alertness; quickly loses interest in task, especiallylonger projects; and difficulty to complete task on time, especially in writing Affect: emotions impact thoughts, actions too much; frustration, irritations, hurts, desires,worries; “Can’t put it to the back of my mind” Memory: difficulty holding one or several things while attending to other tasks

Conference Session

Software Engineering Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Deorio, University of Michigan; Andrew Giugliano, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

audience of CS2is underclassmen who are planning to pursue a major in Computer Science and Engineering.Other popular majors of CS2 students include Business Administration, Economics and Statistics,as well as others working towards a Computer Science Minor. The only enforced prerequisite forthe class is an introductory programming course taught in C++.CS2 focuses on core computer science concepts and covers four major topics. First, functionalabstraction, including specification, recursion, iteration, and functional generalization. Second,data abstraction, including types, type hierarchies, abstract data types, abstraction andpolymorphism. Third, dynamic resource management, including creation, deletion, andinteraction with containers. Finally

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Doug Bullock, Boise State University; Kathrine E. Johnson; Janet Callahan, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

. Faculty perceptions seem to begenerally positive from the Calculus I reform1 and we will continue to monitor this. We willcontinue to rigorously analyze student performance by looking at course grade performance andpost-requisite course performance. We plan to also begin to monitor student performance incertain engineering courses for which Calculus I or II are prerequisites (Statics and Dynamics).AcknowledgmentsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under GrantNos. DUE-0856815 (Idaho STEP), DUE-0963659 (I^3), and DUE-1347830 (WIDER). Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science

Conference Session

Case Studies and Programs to Improve Graduate Students' Skills

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanne Lax, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Audeen W. Fentiman, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

, to their classes. How do they learn to do thesepresentations, and how do they know if they are communicating effectively? This is where peerreview can help.This paper provides a summary of the limited literature on peer review of oral presentations,including information on rubrics and other tools available to conduct peer reviews. Thesummary is followed by detailed descriptions of three contexts in which peer review has beenemployed to improve engineering graduate students’ oral presentations. The paper concludeswith a discussion of what was learned in those three contexts and plans for future studies of peerreview of oral presentations.Literature ReviewAlso known as peer evaluation or assessment (although sometimes these words may

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mei-Mei Song, Tamkang University; Shang-Hsien (Patrick) Hsieh, National Taiwan University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

(.00) 0/12 (.00)Question 3 01 2/11 (.18) 4/11 (.36) 8/11 (.73) 0/11 (.00) 2/11 (.18) 02 9/14 (.64) 7/14 (.50) 10/14 (.71) 0/14 (.00) 1/14 (.07) 03 5/12 (.42) 4/12 (.33) 10/12 (.83) 0/12 (.00) 5/12 (.42)Next Steps With the preliminary findings of the study, the following steps are proposed for the nextstage of the project: o Given the positive feedback on futures thinking in the cornerstone course, further development of more teaching modules should be planned while teaching manuals should be written for the current modules. o The differences in design tasks between the two parts (i.e., the Case Study and Design Studio) weakened the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xumin Liu, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rajendra K Raj, Rochester Institute of Technology; Chunmei Liu, Howard University; Alex Pantaleev, SUNY Oswego

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

lack of SOP background and the potential considerable timeinvestment on learning the topics made them hesitate to teach them right away. Studentlearning experience and performance can also be suffered by an instructor's insufficientSOP expertise, which was indicated by the collected assessment data.Second, for a low-level programming class, such as CS2 and PLC, the teaching scheduleis usually already designed to cover its topics. This means a limited buffer, especially interms of lecture times, for adding new topics. This adds uncertainty to the deployment ofcourse modules even after an instructor plans to teach SOP in his or her class.Third, for a large CS program, it is common that multiple sections of a programmingcourse, are offered in the

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sohum A Sohoni, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Scotty D. Craig, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

to choose5. How would you rate your interest in Computer Engineering on a scale of 1-5? (5 being the highest)6. Do you plan to pursue gradate studies in Electrical or Computer Engineering?Knowledge assessments: Familiarity7. Of the following words, please mark all those that you are familiar with - Logic Gate - Boolean Logic - Arithmetic Logic Unit - I/O Port - D Flip-Flop - CPU Registers - Hexadecimal - CMOS - Register File

Conference Session

Promoting Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Grunert, Virginia Tech; Stephanie G. Adams, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

additional affirmation that responses will not impact grade) probe: How could the course have improved to meet those expectations?Describe your experiences with engineering before this course. probe: Remind interviewee that talking with engineering majors about their major is anexperience with engineering.How has your engineering literacy changed through this semester, especially regardingengineering knowledge, attitude, and abilities? probe: Negative change is okayHow do you see engineering as a component of your life outside of academic circles? prompt: How to you plan to use what you’ve learned in this class later? What area(s) of life does/might it appear?  

Conference Session

Classroom Practice I: Active and Collaborative Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin A. Nguyen, University of Texas, Austin; Maura J. Borrego, University of Texas, Austin; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan; Prateek Shekhar, University of Texas, Austin; Robert Matthew DeMonbrun, University of Michigan; Charles Henderson, Western Michigan University ; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Survey in active learningclassrooms to better gauge the different types of responses in other active learning classrooms. Inthe next phase of our study, we plan to collect data from introductory engineering courses across20 institutions in US. These 20 courses will provide a diverse set of classrooms differing inseveral aspects including but not limited to institution type, implemented active learningtechniques, and class size. Further data analysis will use factor analysis, correlations, andregression modeling to tease out what factors influence a student’s response to an in-classactivity, and this type of data analysis will combine courses together to try to accurately modelstudent responses.AcknowledgementsThis project is funded by the U.S

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul C. Lynch, Penn State University - Erie; Cynthia Bober, Penn State University; Joseph Wilck, United States Air Force Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

, instructors will beable to have a concise and easy implementation plan to improve student satisfaction andmotivation in the classroom, creating a better educational experience for both the students andthe instructor. Once the factors that most significantly influence student motivation andsatisfaction were identified, an implementation model was created and tested. The “Interact,Cultivate, and Deliver” method, also known as the “I-C-D” method, implements the elevensignificant factors found across the three ordinal logistic regression models in a succinct mannerfor instructors. A pilot study of this method was implemented into an IE classroom and it wasfound that when the significant factors were implemented into the classroom, the satisfaction

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 4B: Assessing Student Motivation and Student Success

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Quamrul H. Mazumder, University of Michigan - Flint; Vasudha Kilaru, University of Michigan - Flint

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Agree Agree Agreeh. I rarely find time to review my notes or readings before an exam 13. Effort Regulationa. I often feel so lazy or bored when I study that I quit before I finish what I planned to do.b. I work hard to do well even if I don’t like what we are doing.c. When course work is difficult, I give up or only study the easy parts.d. Even when course materials are full and uninteresting, I manage to keep working until I finish 14. Peer learninga. When studying for a class, I often try to explain the

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 5A: Work-In-Progress: 5 Minute Postcard Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clara Novoa, Texas State University - San Marcos; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University - San Marcos; Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

with LEGO Mindstorms software and Excel. Thesoftware allowed the teams to program the robots, collect the data, plot a graph and come upwith a hypothesis about the time the robot would require to traverse an arbitrary distancespecified by the faculty and/or an undergraduate student leader. The teams who did the mostaccurate predictions won prizes. After the competition ended time was allotted to reflect on theexercise and the lessons learned.In the last part of the orientation, students watched some highlights from videos related to robotapplications previously collected by the faculty and the undergraduate students planning theorientation. A magazine article15 related to humans and robots interaction was provided as areading. Freshman engaged

Conference Session

ECE-related Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehran Mozaffari Kermani, Rochester Institute of Technology; Reza Azarderakhsh, Rochester Institute of Technology; Mehdi Mirakhorli, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

other departments (especially computer science and mathematics) to meet the teaching objectives.Main Step 2. Research and Development: Fault analysis is an active sub-variant for side-channel attacks. In such implementation attacks, faults are injected maliciously (attackers want toinject transient faults not to break the system, so their plan is intentionally injecting faults intothe architectures of crypto-systems to retrieve as much leaked sensitive information as possible).With respect to IWMDs, for instance, a pacemaker containing an embedded hard processor, hightemperature, unsupported supply voltage or current, excessively high overclocking, strongelectric or magnetic fields, or ionizing radiation, are all the ways to

Conference Session

That's a Great Idea! Learning-focused Methods to Revitalize Your Courses

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rob Sleezer, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Twin Cities; Jacob John Swanson, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, and seminar courses. First, faculty actively strove to help the students embracefailure. Second, students on each design team were required to weekly record both completedtasks from the previous week and planned tasks for the next week. Finally, students wereallowed to evolve the requirements of their project as a function of time. These interventionsdiffer from traditional approaches where failure is often discussed as something to avoid, teamscreate detailed Gantt charts early in a project but fail to adhere to or update the schedule, andproject specifications are established in stone soon after the commencement of the project.Faculty encouraged an open discussion of failure in several ways including dedicating seminartime to discussing the

Conference Session

Use of Technology in Civil Engineering Courses

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Riley P.E., Oregon Institute of Technology; Jason D. Millar, Oregon Institute of Technology; Samuel Lozano, Oregon Institute of Technology; Sean St.Clair, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

engineering.Samuel Lozano, Oregon Institute of Technology Civil Engineering student at the Oregon Institute of Technology (OIT) with a primary interest in trans- portation and transportation structures. Is planning on attending graduate school at OIT, studying struc- tural health monitoring of bridges. Has previously worked on projects involving strain testing of a light rail bridge at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and a streetscapes redesign project for the city of Klamath Falls, OR at OIT.Dr. Sean St.Clair, Oregon Institute of Technology Sean St.Clair is a Professor and Chair of the Civil Engineering Department at Oregon Tech, where he teaches structural engineering courses and conducts research in engineering education

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology Division Technical Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Candido Cabo, New York City College of Technology; Reneta Davina Lansiquot, New York City College of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

. Wankel & R. Hinrichs (Eds.), Transforming virtual learning: Cutting-edge technologies in higher education (Vol. 4, pp. 311- 331). Bingley, UK: Emerald.[12] Lansiquot, R., & Cabo, C. (2010). The narrative of computing. In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Media and Technology 2010 (pp. 3655-3660). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.[13] Lansiquot, R. D., Satyanarayana, A., & Cabo, C. (2014). Using interdisciplinary game-based learning to develop problem solving and writing skills. In Proceedings of the 121st ASEE Annual Conference. Washington, DC: ASEE.[14] Rist, R. S. (1995). Program structure and design. Cognitive Science, 19, 507-562.[15] Spohrer, J. C., Soloway, E., & Pope, E. (1989). A goal/plan analysis of

Conference Session

Case and Scenario in Engineering Ethics Instruction

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; John R Luchini

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

large and small groups of high school and college students, and aspart of professional development activities for engineers and scientists. The EnSURE studentswho completed this exercise at MSU in 2015 found the experience to be an engaging and helpfulway to explore some of the ethical considerations of data collection, and the instructor plans tocontinue offering the lesson in future EnSURE programs. This paper includes the handouts andcase studies used in this summer program, and interested educators are encouraged to adapt themfor their own use.One challenge of conducting this seminar with nearly a hundred students is that scale does notlend itself to in-depth conversations about the case studies included in the appendix. Students diddiscuss

Conference Session

Construction Session 3: Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Torres, Texas State University, San Marcos; Vedaraman Sriraman, Texas State University, San Marcos; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University, San Marcos

Tagged Divisions

Construction

deeplearning, instruction being driven by a central problem or case and the instructor primarilyfacilitating the process of learning, the many methods listed for use with PBL should provebeneficial in the case of PrBL as well. For project based activities to be truly effective, educators need to ensure thatreflective learning is facilitated so that students can truly learn from the process5. Thus,assessment is an integral part of the learning cycle and occurs both during and at thecompletion of the project6. Instructors should plan for both formative and summativeassessment as part of the course. That is, they need to collect and act on information thatwill help students improve as they proceed, and they need to have measures that showwhat

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Engineering Leadership

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Niño, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

key questions raised in the Drucker reading about the kinds of organizations that bring out your best capabilities. Specific issues to address here include:  What kind of career do I want and why? How does this career align with my values, strengths, and other skills outlined above?  What kind of organization do I want to work for to begin this career? How does this kind of organization align with my strengths? XI. My development plan. The previous sections of the paper provide an honest appraisal of “who I am” and “who I can become”. This section addresses the question, “what I am going to do get

Conference Session

Emerging Computing and Information Technologies II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yujian Fu P.E., Alabama A&M University; Peter J. Clarke, Florida International University; Nelson Barnes Jr, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

Yes Testing def and uses and how to perform all uses testing. LO#7. All Def- Give an introduction to the definition of 7 5 No Uses path testing def and uses and how to perform all uses testing. LO#8. Statement Give an introduction to the definition of 5 5 No Coverage coverage. Others Mobile app testing techniques and tools 10 10 No (Android and iOS). Proceedings of the 2016 ASEE Annual Conference Other than the developed learning objects (LOs) and those being developed, shown inTable 1, we plan to develop more learning

Conference Session

Assessment I: Developing Assessment Tools

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leroy L. Long III, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

undergraduates of all class ranks that are enrolled in an introductoryengineering course within a first-year engineering program.Literature ReviewValue of educational technology. As previously mentioned, in prior studies, students havereported positive perceptions of educational technology as it relates to their learning,involvement and connectedness. For example, in an EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research(ECAR) study of 10,000 U.S. students at 184 colleges/universities, over two-thirds of individualsbelieve technology “helps them achieve their academic outcomes,” “prepares them for futureeducational plans” and “prepares them for the workforce.” 2 Over half of all participants believethey are “more actively involved in courses that use technology” and

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Robotics in Pre-K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Alexander Bascou, University of Pittsburgh; Muhsin Menekse, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

Paper ID #15803Robotics in K-12 Formal and Informal Learning Environments: A Review ofLiteratureMr. Nicholas Alexander Bascou, University of Pittsburgh Graduated from the University of Pittsburgh in 2016 with a B.A. in Anthropology and a B.S. in Biology and Chemistry. Research experience includes the use of robotics in K-12 education at the University of Pittsburgh’s Learning Research and Development Center and research into neural pathways involved in the onset and treatment of Schizophrenia at the Anthony Grace Lab at the University of Pittsburgh. Future plans include the pursuit of an M.D. and PhD in biological

Conference Session

Assessing Literacies in Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan McGrade, Indiana Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in BME

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leann Dourte Segan, University of Pennsylvania; Emily R Elliott, Center for Teaching and Learning, University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

context.Previous studies have demonstrated that well-planned, student-centered, active, learning modulescan enhance problem-solving abilities, improve academic achievement and create more positiveattitudes toward learning.1-3 Many of these studies have focused on activities such as groupproblem solving, interpreting data or evidence, or engaging in practices of the field. Traditionallytopics in a mechanics/biomechanics course are introduced using derivations with subsequentassignments using the results of these often non-intuitive mathematical procedures. However,few studies have looked at the use of hands-on activities to replace or supplement mathematicalderivations in an effort to connect physical concepts with mathematical equations. Therefore

Conference Session

Viewpoints, Perspectives, and Creativity in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jakob C Bruhl P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Richard J.H. Gash, United States Military Academy; William Clarence Pyant III, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Acadamy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

and key to developing this type of student is to build a strongbasis in the core engineering disciplines while providing student opportunities to exercisecreative thinking.The balance between including creative opportunities and technical content within anengineering education is difficult to establish and perhaps even more difficult to achieve. Addingto this dilemma is the “safety based” culture that leaves little room for defects in new designs.Society expects engineers to plan for all contingencies and calculate the performance of anydesign with an associated factor of safety. This expectation leads many engineering curricula toconcentrate on depth over breadth.12 While problem based learning and other similar techniquesare excellent at

Conference Session

Mentoring, Advising, and Facilitating Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech; Angela Harris, Stanford University; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Timothy W Mays P.E., The Citadel; Monika Bubacz, The Citadel; Kevin Skenes, The Citadel; Kaitlin Marley, University of California - San Diego; James Michael Grayson, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

objectives V Planning a Class: Offers a structured methodology for organizing a class with emphasis on constructing an outline, board notes, and out-of-class activities VI Writing: Covers the fundamentals of making written presentations using the chalk board, vu-graphs, and PowerPoint slides VII Teaching Assessment: Covers student, peer and self-assessments and separates myth from fact regarding their usefulness. Classroom assessment techniques (Angelo and Cross, 1993) are illustrated throughout the seminars. VIII Communications - Speaking: Covers fundamentals of communication skills with emphasis on speaking to a group and generating positive emotion from students IX Communications – Questioning: Examines different

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Guariento, University of Glasgow; Nazmi Abdel-Salam Almasri, The Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine; Anna Rolinska, University of Glasgow

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

open comments supported this hypothesis. Looking at the data, it appears likelythat many had understood the question to refer specifically to the Gaza-related problem thatthey had been working on, rather than a generic improvement (or otherwise) to their problem-solving skills. ‘We found the references which use good methods and solutions in othercountries. And evaluate whether these responses can used in Gaza’ (UofG student); ‘In thisproject, I learn to choose the best solution for a problem, catching the context and filteringthe nonsense plans at the same time’ (UofG student). However, it is hoped that the studentswill nevertheless use their experience to reflect on the cognitive processes that take placewhen solving complex problems in