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Developing the Entrepreneurial Self: Integrating Professional Growth in an Engineering Design and Entrepreneurship Course Sequence

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: David G. Novick, University of Texas, El Paso; Meagan R. Kendall, University of Texas, El Paso
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Entrepreneuring oneself: Integrating professional growth in an engineering design and entrepreneurship course sequenceAbstractIn the Department of Engineering Education and Leadership at the University of Texas atEl Paso, we have a required two-course sequence at the junior level covering engineeringdesign and engineering entrepreneurship. In its original embodiment, we knew that ourstudents learned a great deal about product-market fit, design, and business models, butthe course lacked content that provided direct learning about the students’ aspirations,professional growth, and career planning. To address this gap, we integrated designthinking about the students’ own lives

Relevance Score: 0.030516408

‘Is Someone in Your Family an Entrepreneur?’: Examining the Influence of Family Role Models on Students’ Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and its Variation Across Gender

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Prateek Shekhar, University of Michigan; Aileen Huang-Saad, University of Michigan; Julie Libarkin; Anastasia Katharine Ostrowski, University of Michigan
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, planning, marshaling, implementing people and implementingfinance) with our two independent variables (gender and family role model). Our results showthat overall, students with an entrepreneur in their family reported higher ESE for all the fiveconstructs than students who did not have an entrepreneur in their family. However, statisticallysignificant differences and interactions with gender were found for only searching, marshalingand implementing finance constructs. For searching, both the independent variables (family rolemodels and gender) were noted as significant predictors. In contrast, only presence of family rolemodels was found to be a statistically significant predictor for marshalling. Similarly, onlygender was significant predictor

Relevance Score: 0.021357037

Using Business Entrepreneurship Practices to Engage Middle School Students in STEM Learning: Three Years' Perspective

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Jidong Huang, California State University, Fullerton
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

look into theinherent value of STEM learning and provided them the opportunity to engage in businessdevelopment activities such as idea generation, fast pitch, design thinking and business planning.In addition, lean start up approach provided students ways to interview potential customers andquickly make pivots in their plan for delivering a product or solution to potential customers fastand efficiently. According to data collected in the project, such entrepreneurship practices wellenhanced the overall STEM learning experiences of students. As a design and development project, research questions in STEM-Inc frame formative datacollection and analysis to address aspects of the design that worked and others that requirerevision. Summative

Relevance Score: 0.020678863

Maintaining Excellence in Undergraduate Education: The Faculty Development Seminars of the Baylor University School of Engineering & Computer Science (ECS) Over the Last Six Years

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Cynthia C. Fry, Baylor University; Kenneth W. Van Treuren, Baylor University
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

manyuniversities.Excellence in teaching has always been a hallmark of Baylor. A recent growth in the graduateprogram prompted the School of ECS to develop a strategy to help faculty, especially researchactive faculty, see the importance of classroom teaching and to develop classroom skills. Thispaper will document the original plan to provide tools to enable faculty to grow in both theirresearch programs as well as undergraduate education, focusing on the series of FacultyDevelopment Seminars (FDSs) and end-of-semester workshops held every year since 2011.The purpose for this work has not changed - as we aspire to encourage innovation in ourclassrooms and instill a greater appreciation for Baylor, we must, ourselves, continue to grow inour development as faculty

Relevance Score: 0.018687408

Teaching Entrepreneurial Thinking Through a Companion Course for All Types of Capstone Senior Design Projects

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Sandra Furnbach Clavijo P.E., Stevens Institute of Technology; Leslie R. Brunell, Stevens Institute of Technology; Keith G. Sheppard, Stevens Institute of Technology; Kishore V. Pochiraju, Stevens Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

some participation in equity, but rarelydo they appreciate the value of entrepreneurial skills within the competitive corporateenvironment.This paper will focus on how we developed and delivered our year-long companion course,Senior Innovation, and how the following learning outcomes were achieved through delivery ofthis course: define business value propositions of the design project; estimate and identifyprospective revenue streams; analyze market viability for a given product/service; develop basiccomponents of a business plan; create an effective executive summary; and develop and deliveran effective pitch. From our 2016-2017 survey results of Senior Innovation, we can conclude thatcivil engineering students master the same learning

Relevance Score: 0.01790842

Investigating the Entrepreneurial Mindset of Engineering and Computer Science Students

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Cheryl Q. Li, University of New Haven; Ronald S. Harichandran, University of New Haven; Nadiye O. Erdil, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Number Factor Names Abbreviation 1 Problem Solving/Logical Thinking PS 2 Engaging Stakeholders ES 3 Value Creation VC 4 Risk Management RM 5 Career Plan CP 6 Ability to Learn AL 7 Analyze Market Conditions MC 8 Systems Thinking ST 9

Relevance Score: 0.016017778

Assessment and Evaluation of Villanova University’s Engineering Entrepreneurship Minor Program

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 3
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Pritpal Singh, Villanova University; Teresa Genevieve Wojcik, Villanova University
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, proceeds through feasibility andprototyping courses and culminates in a business plan preparation course. There are also threepracticum courses included in the minor that provide focused experiences for students in relatedthemed areas.The program has graduated over 100 students and continues to see a robust enrollment of about12% of the engineering students and is the largest subscribed minor in the College ofEngineering. After a decade of offering the engineering entrepreneurship minor, the program wasevaluated to identify its strengths and determine if any modifications needed to be made.The program evaluation was based on the collection and analysis of several forms of dataincluding course syllabi, focus groups with current students, and

Relevance Score: 0.015258204

A Methodology to Involve Students in the Evaluation of an Engineering Curriculum in Design, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Isabel Hilliger P.E., Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile; Constanza Miranda, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Mar Pérez-Sanagustín, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the curriculum in which themethodology was applied. Then, it shows the results of its applications to discuss the implicationsto adopt this approach to inform curriculum design and evaluation.2. Involving students in curriculum evaluation A curriculum is a broad concept. According to Stark and Lattuca (1997), it is not only a subsetof courses in a study plan, but also its content, the course sequence, the students, the teaching-learning processes, the evaluations, the resources, and the necessary adjustments to improve itsresults. Thus, curriculum design and evaluation should consider multiple factors, such as thelearning environments and the interactions between teachers and students [18], [19]. Surprisingly, teachers and students are

Relevance Score: 0.013213993

Implementing the Tech Startup Model: A Retrospective on Year One

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Kevin Buffardi, California State University, Chico; William Zamora, Califonia State University, Chico; Colleen Robb, California State University, Chico; David Rahn, California State University, Chico
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. Agile software development emerged as the most prominent approach to softwaredevelopment around the turn of the millenium. Still widely-adopted, Agile contrasts withprevious approaches that had rigid planning by emphasizing adapting quickly to evolvingcustomer needs. Agile enables responding to change by operating on short intervals of deliveringsoftware to the customer, eliciting feedback, and adjusting accordingly. The Agile principles [5]include: “Business people and developers must work together daily throughout the project, [...]the most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a developmentteam is face-to-face conversation, [...and] our highest priority is to satisfy the customer throughearly and continuous

Relevance Score: 0.012330491

Assessing the Development of Empathy and Innovation Attitudes in a Project-based Engineering Design Course

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 5
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Antti Oskari Surma-Aho, Aalto University; Tua A. Björklund, Aalto University; Katja Holtta-Otto, Aalto University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

.59 .27 .033a INI-1: Experimenting (All) 168 4.23 .72 61 4.41 .56 .18 .132b INI-2: Pitching (Paired) 41 3.15 1.20 41 3.23 1.13 .09 .569a INI-2: Pitching (All) 168 3.26 1.08 61 3.39 1.08 .13 .385b INI-3: Resourcing (Paired) 41 4.17 .70 41 3.89 .79 -.28 .061a INI-4: Planning (Paired) 41 3.68 .91 41 3.62 1.09 -.06 .842a INI-4: Planning (All) 167 3.55 .98 61 3.75

Relevance Score: 0.012233779

Changing Minds, Transforming Learning Environments: A Collaborative Approach to Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Brian Bielenberg, Khalifa University of Science and Technology; Ali Bouabid, Khalifa University of Science and Technology; Sami Ainane, Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

entrepreneurialmindset through undergraduate learning experiences.The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) serves as a starting point for answering this question.TPB suggests that becoming an entrepreneur is a planned behavior, and entrepreneurialintentions often precede entrepreneurial behavior. Maresch et al [6] have documented that EEcan contribute significantly to the development of entrepreneurial intentions in students. EEhelps to nurture an entrepreneurial mindset among students, a fact that has been documented forengineering students [7]. Kriewall and Mekemson [7] expand on this change in mindset byillustrating the dimensions of an entrepreneurial engineer through their KEEN pyramid (seeFigure 1). The pyramid indicates four core attributes of an

Relevance Score: 0.01206267

Using the Design Thinking Approach to Develop an Entrepreneurial Development Center

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, Western Michigan University; Vinit Kishor Agham; Vediya Sitaram Raghuvanshi, R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur; Jayantrao Bhaurao Patil, R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur; Pramod Jagan Deore
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

also be used for the purpose. We plan organizing narration of life stories ofsuccessful and not successful entrepreneurs, which could be through in-person interactions, overvideo calls, or through audio visual recordings. This could also take care of the motivation ofprospective student entrepreneurs.Facilitating idea selection Once students develop proper understanding of entrepreneurship and commit to followthat path, we need to help them select proper ideas. We need to make them aware of thenecessity of first choosing a challenge domain and then developing a technological solution for aproblem in that domain, and not the other way around. Towards that, we need to organizebrainstorming sessions on challenges in different domains to

Relevance Score: 0.01206267

Integrating Entrepreneurial-minded Learning in Electronic Design Course

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Jing Guo, Colorado Technical University; John M. Santiago Jr., Colorado Technical University
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

)”Workshop on 9-12 August 2017 in Denver, CO. The workshop was held in collaboration withthe Kern Family Foundation and Lawrence Technological University. The main goal of theworkshop is to promote student engagement in “the three Cs: Curiosity, Connections, andCreating Value” [3]. Kern Engineering Entrepreneurship Network (KEEN) published theframework at their website as shown in figure 1. The entrepreneurial mindset plus engineeringskillset has been used to develop educational outcomes for several engineering courses.Following the experience from the ICE workshop, the authors began to embed their proposedEML modules in several courses for strategic planning purposes starting in September 2017 forthe fall 2017 quarter. EE375 Electronic Design I is

Relevance Score: 0.01078918

Lessons Learned in the Labyrinth: Navigating Campus Resources to Bring a Student and Faculty Smart Gardening Startup to Life

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 7
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Dustyn Roberts P.E., University of Delaware; Trevor Scott Stephens, University of Delaware
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

time are required in an evolving ratio during the startup phase and beyond. Luckily,many universities have programs that enable access to both at least in small amounts. Even alean startup will likely need some funds to travel for customer discovery work, attendconferences, host a website, and pay fees associated with registering a company. Here are somethings to look for in and around your campus.Funding your ventureThe first type of funding is non-dilutive grant funding, a.k.a. free money. Pitch competitions andbusiness plan competitions are common and can serve as an early source of funding. On-campusprograms like NSF I-Corps Sites offer a small amount of money ($3,000 as of now) to get startedwith customer discovery work that can lead to a

Relevance Score: 0.01078918

'It was a Failure, But a Good Failure': A Qualitative Study Exploring Engineering Students' Critical Entrepreneurship Experiences and Their Impacts

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Mark V. Huerta, Arizona State University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

nature and includeactivities such as prototyping a physical product or application, developing a business plan,interviewing potential customers, delivering pitches, applying to grants, and getting feedbackfrom mentors or other entrepreneurs (Duval-Couetil, Shartrand, & Reed, 2016b).Entrepreneurship classes and programs are therefore generally structured in a project-basedlearning format in which students form team and work on developing solutions for real problems(Duval-Couetil et al., 2016b). In order for students who are participating in entrepreneurshipactivities to be successful, they must communicate effectively and think critically to designsolutions that solve open-ended problems (Byers, Seelig, Sheppard, & Weilerstein, 2013

Relevance Score: 0.010678519

Incorporating Design Thinking into the First-year Engineering Curriculum

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 7
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Mary Raber, Michigan Technological University; Mary Fraley, Michigan Technological University; Amber Kemppainen, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

life forms a stable routine, I look for ways to change it. I’d rather be bored than surprised. If I were to be informed that there’s going to be a significant change regarding the way things are done at work, I would probably feel stressed. When I am informed of a change of plans, I tense up a bit. When things don’t go according to plans, it stresses me out. If one of my bosses changed the performance evaluation criteria, it would probably make me feel uncomfortable even if I thought I’d do just as well without having to do any extra work. 4Appendix: ENG1102 Entrepreneurial Intentions Survey - Fall 2017 6. For each

Relevance Score: 0.010678519

Integrated e-Learning Modules for Developing an Entrepreneurial Mindset: Direct Assessment of Student Learning

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven; Ronald S. Harichandran, University of New Haven; Nadiye O. Erdil, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; Cheryl Q. Li, University of New Haven
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

used by multiple faculty in different courses. A morerobust comparison would require an interrater reliability study to fully ensure that the assessmentrubrics designed are being consistently used. In addition, variations due to class size were notinvestigated. Segmenting the data collected based on class size may reveal whether learningeffectiveness is compromised in large classes.At the University of New Haven where students are taking multiple modules, we plan to aggregateacross modules to assess an overall EM Learning Index, 𝑖𝑒 , based on all modules students take thatwould be a measure of average student learning of EM Learning Outcomes by completing multiplemodules. This overall index can be computed by Equation 4

Relevance Score: 0.010339431

Developing an Entrepreneurial Mindset Using the KEEN Framework for a Digital Communication System Course

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: John M. Santiago Jr., Colorado Technical University; Jing Guo, Colorado Technical University
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

with an outcome-oriented mindset.Kern Engineering Entrepreneurship Network (KEEN) lists the following title at their website:“Engineers with an Entrepreneurial Mindset Transform the World”. [5] Engineers equipped withan entrepreneurial mindset will understand the bigger picture, recognize opportunities, evaluatemarkets, and learn from mistakes to create value for themselves, for their employers and forsociety. KEEN is a 33-plus network of universities and colleges and has continued to grow [5].Recently, more universities and faculty are engaged to include an entrepreneurial mindedlearning (EML) into the engineering curriculum. Several universities involved with KEENdeveloped detailed four-year plan to implement EML in their curriculum

Relevance Score: 0.009438567

Entrepreneurial Mindset (EML) Modules for Chemical Engineering Courses

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Noelle K. Comolli, Villanova University; Jacob James Elmer, Villanova University
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

current engineering education [6]. The connections skillsetfocuses on drawing connections between technical skills learned in the classroom and real worldengineering problems. The connections can also occur between different disciplines in engineeringto create a novel solution to a problem. The final category is creating value to the customer withyour design. While students are taught to calculate the cost of their product, they are often nottaught to look at the product in a more holistic view to incorporate customer feedback, societalimpacts, or even the value of their design compared to others on the market [7]. While engineeringstudents can benefit from some of these concepts, the development of an entire business plan forevery design is not

Relevance Score: 0.008718974

Incorporating the Entrepreneurial Mindset into a System Dynamics Course

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Louis A. DiBerardino III, Ohio Northern University; Lawrence Funke, Ohio Northern University; David R. Mikesell, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

resultsindicate that the benefits of PBL and the students’ technical competency was not sacrificed. Thisindicates that implementing projects using the framework discussed herein has a large potentialto further expose students to EML effectively. There can be some difficulties in implementingthis framework, namely student resistance to such a different type of project, and increasedworkload on the instructor, particularly the first time it is implemented. These difficulties dodiminish as the framework is used more both at an institution and in a particular course.There are some suggestions that the authors plan to implement in the future and areas requiringadditional research. The specific implementation at Ohio Northern University is in a class withtwo

Relevance Score: 0.007629102

Exploring the Dynamic Interactions and Cognitive Characteristics of NSF Innovation Corps (I-Corps) Teams

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Kathryn Weed Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Neeraj Sonalkar, Stanford University; Ilya Avdeev, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Brian D. Thompson, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Mohamed M. Megahed, Pennsylvania State University; Pratik Subhash Pachpute, Pennsylvania State University,Great Valley
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

and student entrepreneurship. Thompson is also Director of the Lubar Entrepreneurship Center at UWM. He is Co-PI on the Milwaukee I-Corps Site sponsored by the National Science Foundation, and helps lead the program which helps university based innovators explore markets for their technology through lean launch and the customer discovery process. He teaches new ventures as an adjunct instructor in UWM’s College of Engineering and Applied Science and the Lubar School of Business. Thompson was previously Managing Director at TechStar where he helped to launch several companies including MatriLab which won the 2006 Wisconsin Governor’s Business Plan Competition. He previously served on the boards of startup

Relevance Score: 0.006892954

Early-career Engineers at the Workplace: Meaningful Highs, Lows, and Innovative Work Efforts

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Mathias J. Klenk, Technical University of Munich; Tua A. Björklund, Aalto University Design Factory; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, SKG Analysis; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

toprompting for critical incidents in these three types of experiences, the participants wereasked whether they considered their position as innovative, whether their views on innovationhad changed, their future plans and reflections on their education. The questions from theinterview protocol were tested in three pilot interviews with graduate students from a privateuniversity prior to data collection.The interviews were analyzed in three ways. First, the top, and bottom experiences as well asinnovative work efforts reported in the interviews were segmented and coded into fivedifferent dimensions: cognitive, emotional, social, contextual, and action-related dimensionsbased on the types of significant events in transformative learning [1]. The

Relevance Score: 0.006674074

Integrating an Innovation Concentration into the Engineering Curriculum

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 5
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Karl D. Schubert, University of Arkansas; Leslie Bartsch Massey, University of Arkansas; Clint E Johnson, University of Arkansas
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

following sections.Implementations to Realize the Overall StrategyThe development of the Freshman Engineering Program Honors Innovation classes is the basisfor two prongs of the three-pronged approach we have taken to provide an authentic STEMexperience to the Engineering Curriculum.CoE Freshman Engineering Program Honors Innovation ClassesThe Freshman Engineering Program (FEP) was established by the College of Engineering at theUniversity of Arkansas during the fall of 2007 for the purpose of increasing student retentionfrom the first year to the second year. FEP provides proactive support to FEP students throughorientation, academic advising, peer mentoring, and professional development workshops. Allincoming freshman students that plan to major

Relevance Score: 0.0065392302

Making Sense of Gender Differences in the Ways Engineering Students Experience Innovation: An Abductive Analysis

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 5
Collection: 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Nicholas D. Fila, Iowa State University; Rachel E. Friedensen, Iowa State University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

is unexpected. 2. Generate hypotheses - Once the unexpected finding is recognized and documented, a team with diverse perspectives and expertise meets to discuss the finding and ideate potential explanations for why the unexpected finding might have been observed. This involves discussing potential theories (often from other fields or disciplines) that could resolve on the unexpected finding. This stage should be treated like ideation in design processes; variety and volume are desired. 3. Test a promising hypothesis with extant data or plan a follow-up study - Once one or more promising hypotheses (i.e., adaptation of current theory) have been identified, the team develops a plan to test these