Conference Session

Dynamic Pedagogies for Engineering Dynamics

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven C. Zemke, Whitworth University; Diane L Zemke

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

particularlydifficult topics. They did not suggest reverting the class back to a traditional lecture. Rather, theystated that they needed to learn reading and note-taking skills to become independent learners,but that topics could become too difficult to reasonably master without the lecture.In conclusion, it appears that the structure of this class helped the students improve their readingand note-taking abilities, but that the structure would be improved if short lectures were used tocover the more difficult topics.Suggestions for teaching reading and note-takingThe findings in this preliminary case study are limited by the number of participants, as well asthe limitation of being a first study not built on a previous one. However, given these limitations

Conference Session

The BEST InDEED

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Gewirtz, Virginia Tech; Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Sidharth Arunkumar; Julie Dyke Ford, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Susannah Howe, Smith College; Laura Mae Rosenbauer, Smith College; Nicholas Emory Alvarez, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Jessica Deters, Virginia Tech ; Cristian Hernandez

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

theories of situated learning and identity development, her work includes studies on the teaching and learning of communication, effective teaching practices in design education, the effects of differing design pedagogies on retention and motivation, the dynamics of cross-disciplinary collaboration in both academic and industry design environments, and gender and identity in engineering.Mr. Sidharth Arunkumar Sidharth Arunkumar is pursuing his Masters in Mechanical Engineering at New Mexico Tech. His key area of interest is solid mechanics, and his research involves the study of conductive layers on wind turbine blades. He has worked on aircraft internal structures and Turbine casings for MNC clients as a Design

Conference Session

The Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge, 3rd Edition: Preparing the Future Civil Engineer

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman D. Dennis Jr. P.E., University of Arkansas; Decker B Hains P.E., Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Military Academy. His current research interests include laboratory and field determination of geotechnical material properties for transportation systems and the use of remote sensing techniques to categorize geohazards. He has published over 85 peer reviewed articles relating to his research and educational activities. Dennis holds BS and MS degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of Missouri-Rolla (now Missouri University of Science and Technology), an MBA from Boston University and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas-Austin. He is a registered professional engineer in Arkansas and Colorado.Dr. Decker B Hains P.E., Western Michigan University Dr. Decker B. Hains is a Master Faculty Specialist in the

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Q. Li, University of New Haven; Judy Randi, University of New Haven; Jenna Pack Sheffield, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

skills from onecontext to another. Graham cautions that while some general skills are transferable, others are 3not, such as those tied to a specific context. Graham’s model emphasizes communication and thereader, much in the same way engineering students must learn to communicate to particularaudiences. Graham calls for more dialog and research among scholars who study writing withthe hope that such work will begin to blend multiple perspectives on writing.In the field of composition studies, research on writing has identified common errors, and studiesin engineering have suggested some of the challenges engineering students face as they attemptto master the stylistic features of technical writing

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle R. Murray, United States Military Academy; Benjamin Michael Wallen P.E., United States Military Academy; Luke Plante, United States Military Academy; Kimberly Quell, United States Military Academy; Michael A. Butkus, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

and ouroverall ABET accredited Environmental Engineering program by giving detailed feedback onstudent performance and overall comprehension of the course material as a result of thisexperiential learning opportunity.The Beer Brewing CompetitionHaving deep cultural roots in many regions of the world, the engineered process of brewing beerenables students to not only master the fermentation and disinfection processes, but also toappreciate beer in a scientific sense. Students, staff, and faculty voluntarily conduct a beer tastingcompetition following the completion of the fermentation and bottling processes. This annualevent has become a favorite among both faculty and students, greatly helping to encourageteamwork, inspire creativity and

Conference Session

Studies in Engineering Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicky Wolmarans, University of Cape Town; Jennifer M. Case, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Deyfus’Novice stage as the accumulation of discrete design ideas or techniques; an AdvancedBeginner as designers starting to recognize contextual significance; Competent designers asstarting to draw on precedent and experience; Expert designers start to recognize patterns andtypes of problems [34] rather than individual problems; and Master designers start breakingthe rules using intuition guided by embodied principles. Shay and Steyn [30] interpret this asa progression defined by the compounding of meaning, as more concepts, processes andprocedures, past problems and solutions, and a vast reservoir of experience come together ina complex network of knowing.Using Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) [8], Shay and Steyn [30] used this insight in order

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Kulczycki, Virginia Tech; Steven Atkinson, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division

courses, and develops online content for Virginia Tech’s highly-regarded Master of Information Technology program. Dr. Kulczycki has various publications on topics including formal specification and verification, web services, and software reuse. His interests include object-oriented programming, software specification and reasoning, design patterns, and online learning.Dr. Steven Atkinson, Virginia Tech Steven Atkinson started his research career at the Software Verification Center at the University of Queens- land, in Brisbane Australia. He worked as a postdoctoral research assistant professor at West Virginia University, before transitioning to industry for the last 18 years. He has worked at enterprise document

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Postcard Session 1: Retention and Student Success Strategies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Knaphus-Soran, University of Washington; Ann Delaney, Boise State University; Katherine Christine Tetrick, Washington State University; Sonya Cunningham, University of Washington; Pamela Cosman, University of California, San Diego; Tanya D. Ennis, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beth A. Myers, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jana Milford, University of Colorado, Boulder; Donna C. Llewellyn, Boise State University; Eve A. Riskin, University of Washington; Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Kevin Pitts, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Michelle Ferrez, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

PhD and MA in Sociology from the University of Washington, and a BA in Sociology from Smith College.Ms. Ann Delaney, Boise State University Ann Delaney graduated in 2016 with her Masters in Materials Science & Engineering with an interdisci- plinary emphasis in Public Policy and Administration from Boise State University. Her thesis was entitled, ”Nanomanufacturing Outside of the Lab: An Academic-Industry Partnership Case Study.” She also re- ceived her B.S. in Materials Science & Engineering from Boise State in 2014. In the Spring of 2016, Ann was recognized as part of the first cohort of University Innovation Fellows at Boise State, and has worked as a Fellow to collect and incorporate student feedback

Conference Session

Perceptions, Projects, and Practical Approaches

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ryan Solnosky P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Paper ID #28711Mini-Project Explorations to Develop Steel and Concrete Gravity SystemDesign SkillsDr. Ryan Solnosky P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park Ryan Solnosky is an Associate Teaching Professor in the Department of Architectural Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University at University Park. Dr. Solnosky started at Penn State in July of 2013 and has taught courses for Architectural Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Pre-Major Freshman in Engineering. He received his integrated Professional Bachelor of Architectural Engineering/Master of Architectural Engineering (BAE/MAE) degrees in

Conference Session

Innovating Ethics Curriculum and Instruction

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; Melissa McDaniels, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

leadership team of the Center for the Improvement of Mentored Experiences in Research at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. In her role as CIMER Investigator, she is leading a project as a part of the APS’s NSF INCLUDES Inclusive Graduate Education Network (IGEN). From 2014-2019 she also served as Co-Director of the NIH-supported National Research Men- toring Network’s Master Facilitator Initiative. From 2008-2012, McDaniels served as Director of Michi- gan State University’s NSF ADVANCE Grant where she spearheaded the institution’s efforts to diversify the faculty in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. In this role she was responsible for the development and implementation of MSU’s new

Conference Session

Reimagining Engineering Ethics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Grant A. Fore, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Justin L. Hess, Purdue University; Andrew Katz, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

his PhD from Purdue University’s School of Engineering Education, as well as a Master of Science and Bachelor of Science from Purdue University’s School of Civil Engineering. Justin is the 2020 program chair for the ASEE LEES division.Dr. Andrew Katz, Virginia Tech Andrew Katz is an assistant professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Ethics in Engineering or Engineering in Ethics?AbstractThis paper explores how the relationship between ethics and engineering has been and could beframed. Specifically, two distinct framings will be conceptualized and explored: ethics inengineering and engineering in ethics

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Courtney Green P.E.

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Paper ID #29505Exploring the Educational Experiences of Women Who Persisted inEngineering: A Qualitative Case StudyCourtney Green P.E., Courtney S. Green, P.E. is a lecturer and academic advisor for the Office of Student Success and Develop- ment within Williams States Lee College of Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. She holds a Master of Science in Engineering with a structural engineering concentration from University of North Carolina at Charlotte in 2008. She graduated Magna Cum Laude with a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics at Marshall University in 2004. Prior to her role at University

Conference Session

Assessing, Expanding, and Innovating Information Literacy

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Erin Rowley, University at Buffalo; Lauren Kuryloski, University at Buffalo; Kristen Moore, University at Buffalo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

reports, and patents. Erin’s research interests include the role of librarians in engineering education, entrepreneurship, and the role of technical industry standards in academic libraries. She holds the Master of Library Science from the University at Buffalo and a B.A. degree in Communication from SUNY Geneseo.Dr. Lauren Kuryloski, University at Buffalo Lauren Kuryloski is an Assistant Professor of Teaching in the Engineering Education Department, where she teaches technical communication at the undergraduate and graduate level.Dr. Kristen Moore, University at Buffalo Kristen R. Moore is an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at University at Buffalo. Her research focuses primarily on

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: Learning Tools (Virtual)

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Clara Novoa, Texas State University; Bobbi J. Spencer, Texas State University; Leona Hazlewood, Texas State University; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Department of Construction Science and Manage- ment at Texas State University where she focuses on the architectural courses, VDC, and is the internship coordinator. In 2017, she obtained her Ph.D. in Education from Texas State University with the em- phasis on professional education. A registered Architect in the State of Texas, she received a Master of Architecture from Texas A&M University in 2007 where she participated in a study abroad semester at the Universita della Svizzera italiana, Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio, Switzerland following 23 years of industrial experience in architecture and construction. Dr. Spencer’s research interests include: Professional & International Education: architecture

Collection

2016 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Rebecca K. LaForest; Iulian Gherasoiu; Daniel White; Harry Efstathaidis

% National 11% 4% 3% 2% 1% 1% 3% 0.00% Completed High Completed some Compelted Completed Completed Completed Completed School college associate degree bachelors masters professional doctorate degreeFigure 6: The chart shows that Troy has a higher number of people with lower education and lower number ofpeople with higher

Conference Session

Capstone Design III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karim Muci-Küchler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Jonathan Weaver, University of Detroit Mercy; Daniel Dolan, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

-semester capstone seniordesign project and a one-semester graduate-level course in product planning and development atanother university. The first three are mandatory courses for undergraduate students majoring inMechanical Engineering. The fourth one is part of a Master in Product Development programand the students taking it typically come from different engineering disciplines. In these coursesthe authors use a project-based learning strategy to teach the process, methodologies and toolstypically used to develop new products. The students work in teams on a design project thatstarts at the beginning of the course or course sequence and are required to apply theconcepts/processes/tools that they learn in the course to their project. Typically

Conference Session

Case Studies & Engineering Education Around the Globe

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

Conference Session

Tools of the Trade

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Niewoehner, U.S. Naval Academy; Craig Steidle, US Naval Academy; Eric Johnson, US Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

mistakes may have contributed to the mishap. We cannot improve on whatwe regard as a masterful contribution to the literature describing high technology organizations.No, it is instead the Paul model which is under examination. Our question was solely whether thePaul model was adequate to the purpose of opening the CAIB report and its complexities to ourundergraduate students in ways that they could retain and apply.A Critical Thinking Model For Engineering Engineers and scientists are quite comfortable working within the context of conceptual Page 13.1244.2models. We employ thermodynamic models, electrical models, mathematical models

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Golanbari, University of the Pacific; Rick Garlikov, Garlikov.Com

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

communications,and senior capstone design project courses, teaching laboratories and projects helpedimprove student participation, got the students actively involved and excited about theprojects and the material being taught, motivated the students to better master coursecontent and taught the students to learn to think and reason more clearly, accurately,relevantly, logically, rationally, ethically and responsibly.This paper discusses how the judicious, sensible and affable use of the Socratic Methodin the aforementioned educational settings facilitated the development of students whoare learning to possess the basic skills of thought and reasoning such as the ability to:identify, formulate and clarify questions; gather relevant data; identify key

Conference Session

Learning from Entrepreneurship Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Blessing, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Kristen Mekemson, Kern Family Foundation; David Pistrui, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

AC 2008-771: BUILDING AN ENTREPRENEURIAL ENGINEERING ECOSYSTEMFOR FUTURE GENERATIONS: THE KERN ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATIONNETWORKJeffrey Blessing, Milwaukee School of Engineering Dr. Blessing is an associate professor and director of the Management Information Systems program at the Milwaukee School of Engineering, where he has taught for 21 years (16 years in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department and 5 years in the Rader School of Business). He earned a Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, a Master of Science in Computer Science and Engineering from the University of California, San Diego, and a Bachelor of Science

Conference Session

MentorNet

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Jo Wellenstein, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Susannah Sandrin, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh; Karen Showers, Wisconsin Technical College System; Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board; Jennifer Chou-Green, MentorNet; Carol Muller, MentorNet; Laurie Mayberry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Ann Bloor, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Isla Yap, Maui Economic Development Board

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

25 Two-Year College (%) 10 20 13 Undergraduate (4-year) (%) 73 65 71 Masters Degree (%) 6 7 6 Ph.D. (%) 9 7 8 Postdoctoral Scholar (%) 1 0 1 Early Career Faculty (%) 1 0 1Case StudiesIn the University of Wisconsin System MentorNet consortium, a majority of the MentorNetprotégés (73%) came from four-year undergraduate programs. A solid majority (83%) werefemale. Student survey results from one of the

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators: Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Benitez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Juan Jimenez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Yesenia Cruz, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Marta Rosa, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Alexandra Medina-Borja, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Mayaguez and Director of the International Service Systems Engineering Lab. Alexandra holds a Masters and Ph.D. degrees in Industrial and Systems Engineering, both from Virginia Tech, and a BS in Production of Materials Engineering from the Federal University of Sao Carlos, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Her research interests are systems thinking, systems dynamics, service operations, economic design issues, performance measurement using DEA, evaluating success factors in engineering and the cognitive processes that occur during their acquisition. Page 12.1159.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007

Conference Session

Preparing the Future Workforce in Aerospace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

inflation at eliteAmerican colleges and argues that grade inflation occurs because professors try to be both judgeand advocate – they want their students to get good jobs, which requires good grades, even asthey want them to master the subject matter. Suen reasoned that employers, like stock-buyers,would be turned off by anything less than stellar credentials. Warning and Weltzel13 surveyed theliterature on grade inflation and studied the correlation between grades and the fundingmechanisms of universities. They conclude that strong upward pressure on grades exist under allforms of university funding, including public universities, as long as “funding depends onnumbers of students and employers use grades as signals of productivity”. Landrum

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students, Part 2

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russell Korte, University Of Minnesota; Karl Smith, University of Minnesota

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

of Engineering Education, Department of Engineering Education, and Fellow, Discovery Learning Center at Purdue University West Lafayette. He has been at the University of Minnesota since 1972 and is in phased retirement as Morse-Alumni Distinguished Teaching Professor of Civil Engineering. Karl has been active in the Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) for over 25 years and has served in many capacities, including Chair of the Division. His Bachelors and Masters degrees are in Metallurgical Engineering from Michigan Technological University and his Ph.D. is in Educational Psychology from the University of

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gypsy Denzine, Northern Arizona University

itsown sake and often this interest continue beyond a particular course91. There are several reasonswhy intrinsic motivation is especially important for college students. First, intrinsic motivationaffects the quality of a student’s educational experience. Students who are genuinely interested inthe course material are actively involved in the course and are concerned with mastering thecourse content rather than simply doing well on an exam. Second, student’s interests play amajor role in determining their choice of major and direction of their continuing studies. Thus, astudent’s interest in a particular course can develop into a broader discipline-based interest92.Finally, researchers have found that students’ intrinsic motivation is

Conference Session

Promoting Scientific and Technological Literacy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suzanne Soled, University of Cincinnati; Patricia McNerney, University of Cincinnati; Laura Koehl, University of Cincinnati; Kelly Obarski, University of Cincinnati; Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

knowledgeInadequate resources, 4 • Be prepared to make modifications, fill in withequipment equipment and supplies where possible • Check ahead of time to make sure supplies, equipment are availableAbsent teacher 4 • Communicate with PI and coordinator; get support working with schoolDuring the second year we observed a change in the professional goal with anundergraduate Fellow, who graduated from Civil Engineering and decided to pursuea Masters in Education. As this individual continued as a Fellow in Years 3 and 4,she has been able to overlap many

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Hamilton, U.S. Military Academy; Leslie Brunell, Stevens Institute of Technology; Gunnar Tamm, U.S. Military Academy; Ozer Arnas, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

implement peer review will introduce their students to a concept not foundwithin a text book yet essential to their future development.As expressed in the Master Teacher Program at the U.S. Military Academy, one way to developa students’ metacognition, thus their ability for life-long learning, is to view them and treat themas novices in the profession.[3] There is also a large body of research that indicates that studentscan achieve more when they are working and learning cooperatively.[4-13] The concept of peer Page 11.988.3review shows that cooperative learning is not limited to completing work but extends to checkingthat work as well. Utilizing

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Joan Kwako, University of Wisconsin-Madison; John Wright, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Deanna Byrnes, Lawrence University; Thatcher Root, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clif Conrad, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Conference Session

Gender and Accessibility Issues in K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Veronica Burrows, Arizona State University; Judy Sutor, Arizona State University; Marilyn Carlson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

been developed by teams of 4 to 6 university and community college faculty. Ineach classroom there are two instructors and two teaching assistants. The instructors may beuniversity or community college faculty or high school master teachers. The professionallearning communities have four to six teachers and are held once a week for one hour and areoverseen by a facilitator who is a usually a teacher at the school where it is held.Project Pathways Engineering Design Capstone Course. In the engineering design process, thegoal is to solve a technological problem or create a technological process, artifact or system. Inthe design cycle there is a series of steps employed, which are usually iterated as cycles, toachieve the end result16. Briefly

Conference Session

Novel Pedagogies 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arthur C Heinricher, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Paula Quinn, Quinn Evaluation Consulting; Richard F. Vaz, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kent J Rissmiller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

experiences in each of the projects. While there havelong been both formal and informal systems in place to help faculty develop and improve projectadvising skills, each advisor takes his or her own approach to the work schedule, feedback to thestudents, and expectations.When the faculty developed the project system, a clear set of educational goals was stated.These goals were translated into assessable undergraduate learning outcomes (ULOs) in 2004, asfollows:All graduates of WPI will: 1. have a base of knowledge in mathematics, science, and humanistic studies. 2. have mastered fundamental concepts and methods in their principal areas of study. 3. understand and employ current technological tools. 4. be effective in oral, written and