Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susannah Howe, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

/Computer 16 Industrial 4 Mechanical/Aerospace 38 Other Engineering 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 % of Responses Figure 1 - Percent of Responses by DepartmentFigure 2 shows the age of the capstone courses for respondents from both 2005 and 2007; notethat the

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Ieta, Murray State University; Thomas Doyle, McMaster University; Arthur Pallone

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Professional Engineer of Ontario. He taught at the University of Western Ontario and is currently Assistant Professor at McMaster University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.Art Pallone, Murray State University Art Pallone holds a Ph.D in Applied Physics from the Colorado School of Mines (2000) in Golden, CO USA. He also holds an M.S. in Applied Physics from Indiana University of Pennsylvania (1995) and a B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Michigan (1991). From 2000 to 2003, he held a Davies Fellows Postdoctoral Teaching and Research appointment cosponsored by the United States Military Academy and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. He is now an Assistant

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Minority Engineering Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Christie, Loyola Marymount University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

school classes to their participants. During SECOP, students take courses in pre-engineering, computer graphics, physics, chemistry, mathematics, and SAT Preparation. Historically, America’s racial and ethnic minorities have been underrepresented inhigher education in the science and engineering fields. Technology-based industries suchas biomedical engineering, aerospace and computers are the nation’s fastest growing andmake up one-sixth of the total United States economy (Barret, 1997). Today, the United Page 13.1045.3States is the world leader in the global Science, Technology, Engineering andMathematics (STEM) enterprise. While national

Conference Session

Professional Development in Materials Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Kessler, Iowa State University; Emily Merrick, Iowa State University; Lawrence Genalo, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

with faculty candidates during on-campusinterviews. Finally, the Material Advantage Chapter has provided an effective feedbackmechanism to obtain information about the needs and concerns of the students in the department.For example, members of the Material Advantage club are frequently asked to participate in theindustrial advisory council meetings through student interviews and discussion. Page 13.867.9 Page 13.867.10AppendixBibliography1 Corbin, John C., Role of the professional society in the career development of engineers. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, v 3, n 3, Mar, 1988, p 12-16.2 Apul, Defne; Tufenkji

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

HuiRu Shih, Jackson State University; Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; Wilbur L Walters, Jackson State University; Stevenson Paradeshi, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

under the grant EEC-0634279 (programmanager Dr. Mary Poats). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of theNational Science Foundation.References1. Gabbert, U. and Tzou, H. S. (2001). Smart Structures and Structronic System, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.2. Song, G., Qiao, P. Z., Binienda, W. K. and Zou, G. P. (2002). “Active Vibration Damping of Composite Beam using Smart Sensors and Actuators.” Journal of Aerospace Engineering, July 2002, 97-103. Page 13.1086.123. Inman, D. J. (1994

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

(see Knight etal)6 and practice identifying how Social Styles impact their team performance.Multidisciplinary Project TeamsPartnerships with other disciplines within the college of engineering have led to a “trading” ofstudents between various departments capstone course. Although complete articulationagreements between departments do not formally exist, many students have “switched” capstonecourses with great success. Participating departments include Computer Engineering, MaterialsEngineering, Electrical Engineering and Aerospace Engineering. In the fall of 2008, a newcollege-wide, industrially sponsored, multidisciplinary capstone course will be available tostudents on a limited basis. The course will be taught by a team of capstone

Conference Session

Alternative Energy Source Projects

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Schubert, Packer Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

members included undergraduate college students majoring in Mechanical,Electrical and Aerospace engineering. Two of the students were responsible for performingsearches in the published literature and the US patent records, as well as to contacting establishedexperts in academia. While there are quite a myriad of related publications and patents, theywere unable to find specific designs for torch heads. University researchers either had no interestin such a mundane application, or demanded consulting fees for their services. Simultaneously,the other two team members performed product and manufacturer searches using industrialcatalogs and web-based search engines. Several US manufacturers were identified and contactedfor input or advice on a

Conference Session

Metrology Laboratories

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Lapinskes, Sypris Test & Measurement Inc

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Metrologists in industry has not declined over the years in sync with the availabilityof trained technicians. Contrarily, it has grown at an alarming rate, with needs for Metrologistsin calibration laboratories, pharmaceuticals, government labs, research and development,aerospace, state weights and measures, and a host of other positions. The gap between education/ training and demand has become a major focus throughout the metrology community. The shiftfrom military schooling to the private sector has been a rough road with few successes and manyfailures. The reasons vary but common ground seems to be shared between the expense of start-up and operating a metrology course and obtaining suitable attendance numbers.The general lack of knowing the term

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design Constituents

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dugan Um, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi; Bahram Asiabanpour, Texas State University; Jesus Jimenez, Texas State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

excellent, multi-disciplinary research program at the forefront of micro-manufacturing research to fabricate components at the micro level (i.e. less than 500 οm) forvarious applications. The student participants in this program not only contributed to thedevelopment of micro-manufacturing technology, but their reactions indicate that they are morelikely to remain in a technical field. Successful development of the micro-manufacturing systemfrom the project opens endless application opportunities in homeland security, transportation,aerospace, biomedical, advanced manufacturing, and many other commercial applications. I. Introduction The National Science Foundation (NSF) Research Experience for Undergrads (REU)programs have been conducted

Conference Session

Instrumentation in Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jimmy DiTraglia, Middle Tennessee State University; Xiaojing Yuan, University of Houston; Mequanint Moges, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

European thematic networks, Proc. of the IEEE IMTC 2002, AK, USA, 1475 – 1479. 4. G.J. Pottie andW.J. Kaiser.Wireless Integrated network sensors Communications of the ACM,2000. 5. M. A. Moges and Thomas G. Robertazzi, “Wireless Sensor Networks: Scheduling for Measurement and Data Reporting”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 327-340, January 2006. 6. RF Monolithics. http://www.rfm.com/products/data/tr1000.pdf. 7. Crossbow Technology, Inc. http://www.crossbow.com. 8. ATMEL 8-bit RISC Processor. http://www.atmel.com/products/prod23.htm. Page 14.425.8

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati; Kenneth Simonson, University of Cincinnati; Kathleen Johnson, University of Cincinnati; Latiera Evans, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Total 73 36 36The UC’s engineering undergraduate program is a mandatory five-year program, which includessix quarters of required paid co-operative (co-op) experience. The college is formally organizedinto six academic departments which offer eight undergraduate degree engineering programs(Aerospace, Biomedical, Civil, Chemical, Computer, Electrical, Materials, and Mechanical) andan undergraduate Computer Science degree program. The College has two established programsto increase the number of targeted students. The first program, Freshman Engineering Program(FEP), admits incoming freshmen with lower ACT or SAT scores with the stipulation that theycan select the engineering discipline of their choice at

Conference Session

Applying What We Teach to IE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence Whitman, Wichita State University; Janet Twomey, Wichita State University; Barbara Chaparro, Wichita State University; Veronica Hinkle, Wichita State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

AC 2009-842: GREEN ISSUES IN A FACTORY: STUDENT PERCEPTIONSLawrence Whitman, Wichita State University Lawrence E. Whitman is the Director of Engineering Education for the College of Engineering and an Associate Professor of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering at Wichita State University. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees from Oklahoma State University. His Ph.D. from The University of Texas at Arlington is in Industrial Engineering. He also has 10 years experience in the aerospace industry. His research interests are in enterprise engineering, engineering education and lean manufacturing.Janet Twomey, Wichita State University Janet Twomey is a Professor in the Industrial and

Conference Session

Using Information Technology to Create New Information Resources

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Kirkwood, University of Arkansas; Michael Culbertson, Colorado State University; Esther Crawford, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

5 NTIS: National Technical Information Service 3 DOD: Department of Defense 3 NRC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission 2 ‘Aerospace’ 2 DOI: Department of Interior 2 National Labs; e.g. Argonne, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Sandia 2 NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1 BAE: Bureau of American Ethnology 1 BIA: Bureau of Indian Affairs 1 BLM: Bureau of Land Management 1 Defense Research Laboratory 1 DOT: Department of Transportation 1 ‘Electrical Engineering’ 1 ‘Environmental Impact Statements (on Idaho) 1 Environmental issues and studies 1 ‘Fire, Safety, automobiles’ 1

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei PAN, Idaho State University; S. Hossein Mousavinezhad, Idaho State University; Kenyon Hart, Idaho State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, right place. The enrollment in the DSPcourse has increased since the introduction of hardware in the laboratory.Bibliography1. “Discrete-Time Signal Processing,” second edition, A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, J. R. Buck,Prentice Hall, 1999.2. “Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and Applications,” fourth edition, J. G. Proakis, D. G.Manolakis, Prentice-Hall, 2007.3. “Signal Processing First,” J. H. McClellan, R. W. Schafer, M. A. Yoder, Prentice-Hall, 2003.4. “The Scientist and Engineer’s Guide to Digital Signal Processing,” S. W. Smith, California TechnicalPublishing, www.dspguide.com, 1997.5. “Trigonometric Approximations for Bessel Functions,” N. M. Blachman, S. H. Mousavinezhad, IEEETransactions on Aerospace and Electronic

Conference Session

Recruitment and Retention in Engineering Technology Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Richter, Eastern Washington University; William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University; Terence Geyer, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

University. He holds a Professional Engineer certification. Prior to teaching at Eastern Washington University he was a military pilot, an engineering instructor at West Point and an airline pilot. His interests include aerospace, aviation, professional ethics and piano technologyTerence Geyer, Eastern Washington University Terence L. D. Geyer is currently a Lecturer in the Department of Engineering & Design at Eastern Washington University. He obtained his B.S. in Manufacturing Technology and M.Ed. in Adult Education in a specially combined program of Technology and Education at Eastern Washington University. His interests include collecting and re-manufacturing older technologies

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations and Interactions

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

) LTU provides research in functional product development, product innovation and design for well-being. LTU also provides experiences from integration of entrepreneurship in engineering education, and their exceptionally strong partnership with both Swedish manufacturing industry (Sandvik Coromant, Volvo Aero, etc.) and European aerospace industry (Airbus, Rolls-Royce, etc.) offers a test-bed for new methods and processes for knowledge and technology transfer. - Center for Technology, Medicine and Health (CTMH) CTMH performs multidisciplinary research and education in innovation and entrepreneurship in medical engineering.See also Figure 2 below for the relative geographical location of the six

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

solutions to the automation and manufacturingindustries. The company's service offerings range from design and simulation to programming,installation and support of industrial automation solutions for the automotive, aerospace,building materials, consumer products, food, heavy equipment, machinery, medical, and truckindustries.AMT plans to use the workcell described above for demonstrating current robotics technology intradeshows, industrial open houses or robotics conferences. In addition, the workcell is going tobe used as a platform to provide training to engineers working in robotics industry on robotprogramming, machine vision and systems integration. The small size, flexible design and lowcost of the the workcell makes it appealing to many

Conference Session

Faculty Development and Research in ET

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Bertoline, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

foundations and government agencies. Technology programswill find funding through the same government foundations and agencies but a larger part oftheir research portfolio will come directly from business and industry. The nature of ourresearch strengths and interest in pure applied research provides many opportunities to engage inresearch projects with business and industry.A good example of a pure applied research project with industry conducted at Purdue Universityin the College of Technology can be found in Hudecki7. This paper described in detail a pureapplied research project funded by a major aerospace company. The research project succeededin automating a tedious engineering design problem for the design of jet engine turbine blades.The

Conference Session

Engineering and Other Disciplines

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carlotta Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Matthew Boutell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Steve Chenoweth, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; David Fisher, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

areas based upon discipline. Although this list does notspecifically identify robotics, some of the robotics-related industries with growth potential until2016 are: plastics, pharmaceutical, aerospace, medical equipment, transportation, navigational,measuring, electromedical, control instruments, manufacturing, and computer systems design12.In summary, robotics provides an excellent opportunity to attract a diverse body of students,while fostering multidisciplinary teamwork and thus preparing students for a variety ofindustries. Despite the obvious value of robotics to undergraduate education, many institutionshave little more than a few robotics courses in one specific department. Few undergraduateinstitutions have a formal multidisciplinary

Conference Session

Instructional Innovations in AEC Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Dong, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

numeric control machinery that can replicate it.2. The coming together of dynamic form with a broader application of sustainable technologies. The adaptation of technologies from other industries, such as aerospace or shipbuilding to create a new framework for collaborative practice as well as efficient design, manufacturing and assembly processes.3. Using Building Information Modeling (BIM) to create a virtual model of the building that allows for the specification and performance testing of all the components of the building before it is built. BIM also increases the dynamic communication between the members project team allowing for fast and effective feedback from each discipline in the design development process.[1]The idea of

Conference Session

Gender and Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tiffany Iskander, University of Utah; Paul Gore, University of Utah; Cynthia Furse, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

(ACT from 20-26) areoften admitted but placed in pre-calculus or similar remedial programs. Interestingly,differences were observed in this incongruence by engineering subspecialties. Forexample, the largest number of “interested but marginally prepared” students expressedinterest in computer-related majors and mechanical engineering. Large numbers of thesestudents were also observed in the General Engineering category. In contrast, morestudents with adequate to excellent mathematics preparation can be seen in aerospace,biological and chemical engineering areas. This discrepancy illuminates the potentialdifferences in retention in different engineering fields. This also is indicative of students’lack of understanding of what engineering majors

Conference Session

The Ever-Changing Course

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Harper, Denison University; Richard Freuler, Ohio State University; Stuart Brand, Ohio State University; Craig Morin, Ohio State University; Patrick Wensing, Ohio State University; John Demel, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

., she worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the Physics Education Research Group at Ohio State with Alan Van Heuvelen.Richard Freuler, Ohio State University Richard J. Freuler is the Faculty Coordinator for the Fundamentals of Engineering for Honors (FEH) Program in the OSU Engineering Education Innovation Center, and he teaches the three-quarter FEH engineering course sequence. He is also a Professor of Practice in the Aerospace Engineering Department and Associate Director of the Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory at Ohio State. Dr. Freuler earned his Bachelor of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering (1974), his BS in Computer and Information Science (1974), his MS in

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Redekopp, University of Southern California; Cauligi Raghavendra, University of Southern California; Allan Weber, University of Southern California; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Therese Wilbur, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Engineering at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. He was Chairman of EE-Systems Department from 2003-2005 and Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs during 2005-2006. Previously, he was a faculty in the Department of Electrical Engineering-Systems at USC from 1982-1992, as Boeing Chair Professor of Computer Engineering in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Washington State University in Pullman, from 1992-1997, and with The Aerospace Corporation from August 1997-2001. He received the Ph.D degree in Computer Science from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1982. Dr. Raghavendra is a recipient of the Presidential Young Investigator

Conference Session

Tree-huggers, Diggers, and Queers--Oh my!

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Cech, University of California, San Diego; Tom Waidzunas, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

foster morehostile climates than others. When asked to rank engineering degree programs from most toleast tolerant of LGB individuals, respondents consistently ranked biological and chemicalengineering departments as the most tolerant and electrical and computer engineering andcomputer science with average tolerance. Mechanical, aerospace, civil and structuraldepartments were considered to be the least tolerant fields. These rankings are based onrespondents’ perceptions that the more “masculine,” “technical”, or “hard” a subfield isstereotyped, the less tolerant it is: In all these different facets of engineering, mechanical is held up as THE engineering field, because it’s practical, hands-on, it’s where it all kind of stems from

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Programs and Curricula

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Nemes, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

engineering is a well recognizeddiscipline, i.e., the locations of major aerospace and defense contractors, which accounted forapproximately half of the applicants. Page 14.1199.8Figure 2 Geographic1 distribution of applicants for the first two cohorts of the systemsengineering online program.In launching this online systems engineering program there were a number of valuablelessons learned. While strong institutional commitment was obviously essential to developand deliver an online program, commitment on the part of the faculty was perhaps the mostimportant issue leading to its success thus far. Involvement of the faculty in all key decisionsalong the

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tayte Nelson, Oregon Institute of Technology; Jialu Xie, Oregon Institute of Technology; John Anderson, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

industry and government funded research projects. He is currently Co PI of a National Science Foundation Grant to facilitate the pipeline of new engineers into the aerospace manufacturing industry segment. Page 14.106.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Flexible Robotic ManufacturingAbstractThe following paper describes a hardware and software system used in modeling anautomatic flexible manufacturing system. This system was designed, constructed andtested by students at the Oregon Institute of Technology to model an agile manufacturingsystem. The focus of this system is exploring

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators III

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Vernier, Ohio State University; Craig Morin, Ohio State University; Patrick Wensing, Ohio State University; Ryan Hartlage, Ohio State University; Barbara Carruthers, Ohio State University; Richard Freuler, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Education Innovation Center, and he teaches the three-quarter FEH engineering course sequence. He is also a Professor of Practice in the Aerospace Engineering Department and Associate Director of the Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory at Ohio State. Dr. Freuler earned his Bachelor of Aeronautical and Page 14.1301.1 Astronautical Engineering (1974), his BS in Computer and Information Science (1974), his MS in Aeronautical Engineering (1974), and his Ph.D. in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering (1991) all from The Ohio State University.© American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Automation and Robotics Subjects in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Devine, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the quality and complexityof student projects using both virtual and physical robots, clearly demonstrated that the use ofoff-line programming and simulation software had a positive impact on student learning.Bibliography1. Schneider, R. (2005). Robotic Automation Can Cut Costs. Manufacturing Engineering. Vol. 135 No. 6. Page 14.768.92. Jones, T. (2006). Trends and Motivations for Robot Purchases. www.robotics.org, posted 11/06/2006.3. Morey, B. (2007). Robotics Seeks Its Role in Aerospace. Manufacturing Engineering. Vol. 139 No. 4.4. Nieves, E. (2005). Robots: More Capable, Still Flexible. Manufacturing Engineering. Vol. 134 No

Conference Session

Liberal Education and Leadership

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Val Hawks, Brigham Young University; John Harb, Brigham Young University; Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

of Engineering Practice, Research, andEducation, The Millennium Project, 2008, p. 27.15 M. Ali Porbahaie, Civil Engineering—ASCE, Vol. 64, No. 6, June 1994, pp. 73-7416 Howard, A., "From Engineer to Engineering Manager: A Qualitative Study of Experiences, Challenges, andIndividual Transitions for Engineering Managers in Aerospace Companies." Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania StateUniversity, 200317 Wulf, B., “An Urgent Need to Change,” National Academy of Engineering, 2004.18 J.N. Harb and R.E. Terry, "Use of the Kolb Learning Cycle and the 4MAT System in Engineering Education," J.Eng. Education, 82, 70 (1993).19 Maxwell, John C., Developing the Leader Within You, Thomas Nelson Inc., 1993

Conference Session

E-Learning in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Baukal, John Zink Institute; Wes Bussman, John Zink Institute

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

simulator that was developed for instructing engineers and operatorson heater and burner operation.IntroductionSimulators have been used for many years, for example, in the nuclear and aerospace industriesto simulate both normal operating conditions as well as potentially dangerous situations. Thelatter may rarely if ever be seen in actual practice, but it is imperative that operators be preparedfor them in the event they ever do occur. In either case, it is generally not practical or preferableto let new operators learn initially on the actual equipment because of the potentially dangerousconsequences of making a mistake. Even if an operating error did not result in an unsafecondition, it could result in lost production, reduced efficiency, or