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Displaying results 391 - 420 of 731 in total
Conference Session
Innovation and Fun in the Civil Engineering Classroom
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Audra N. Morse P.E., Michigan Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
advocate for methods that canincrease the creativity and innovation allowed in civil engineering projects. Performance BasedDesign (PBD) is an example where the creativity of solutions can flourish by removingconventional code-based prescriptions. PDB requires fundamental knowledge but allows thefreedom to connect and apply that knowledge in new forms. The creative idea becomes aninnovation when it is built or implemented and proven through operation. However, an innovationdoes not become disruptive and alter society without diffusion of that knowledge [7]. Other civilengineers need to hear about, form an opinion of, and either implement or reject the innovation inother projects. The creative/ innovative cycle from formulation to diffusion needs
Conference Session
The Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge, 3rd Edition: Preparing the Future Civil Engineer
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth J. Fridley, University of Alabama; Decker B. Hains, Western Michigan University; Audra N. Morse P.E., Michigan Technological University; Leslie Nolen CAE, American Society of Civil Engineers
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
: N/A semester credit hours (or equivalent) of engineering topics appropriate to the program, consisting of engineering and computer sciences and engineering design, and utilizing modern engineering tools.Project Management. Both the CEBOK3 and the CEPC outcome statements (Table 9) requirethe explanation of basic concepts of project management. As such no gap exists and theCEBOK3 outcome is fully addressed. Compliance with the ABET criteria assures attainment ofthe CEBOK3 outcome. No changes to the ABET criteria are
Conference Session
Fulfilling the CE BOK2 - Case Studies
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth McManis, University of Louisiana
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
concepts are initially introduced in CIVE 101, Introduction to Civil Engineering, and covered as a course objective in the CIVE 444, Civil Engineering Seminar. However, courses involving design and especially the CIVE 442, Senior Design Project, will probably offer the best opportunity for assessment of the student’s ability to organize, formulate, and solve engineering within a global context. Outcome 20 – Leadership: Expectations for this outcome is for civil engineering graduates to “apply leadership principles to direct the efforts of a small, homogenous group.” The attributes of a good leader are introduced in CIVE 101, Introduction to Civil Engineering. The surveying laboratory, CIVE 225L, requires small survey crews with
Conference Session
Aspirational Visions of Civil Engineering in 2025 & Policy 465
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
requirements and ethical expectationsSkills: • Apply basic engineering tools such as statistical analysis, computer models, design codes and standards, and project monitoring methods • Learn about, assess, and, as appropriate, master new technology to enhance individual and organizational effectiveness and efficiency • Communicate with technical and non-technical audiences, convincingly and with passion, via listening, speaking, writing, mathematics, and visuals • Collaborate on intra-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary traditional and virtual teams • Manage tasks, projects, and programs so as to provide expected deliverables while satisfying budget, schedule, and other
Conference Session
Use of Technology to Provide Civil Engineering Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jean-Pierre Bardet, University of Southern California; Dennis McLeod, University of Southern California; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Nazila Mokarram, University of Southern California
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
this project is a tool that specifies evolving ontologies, and supports informationdiscovery and queries, i.e., Protégé20, 11. Protégé is open-source software which can be extendedwith plug-ins. Protégé has visualization tools for web-ontology applications (e.g., TGViz andOWLViz), and exports data into various formats, e.g., XML, RDF, and OWL. Protégé alsosupports the design of forms and templates to input data and query subsets of data. Table 1 listsof few examples of ontologies developed using Protégé. Figure 2 displays the objects andrelationships of the Science Ontology10, which models scientific and educational events, e.g.,scientific conferences, research projects, and software development projects. As shown in Figure
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Teaching Part Two
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gerald Himes, United States Military Academy; Jakob Bruhl, United States Military Academy; Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
developing these coursesis the challenge of teaching engineering to those who are not fully committed to an engineeringmajor. As a critical piece of the liberal education at the United States Military Academy, asequence of engineering courses is required for all majors, including non-engineering majors.Many of the means and methods used in these courses are applicable to the introduction-to-engineering courses at other universities. This paper focuses on a semester-long EngineeringDesign Project (EDP) - used in the third sequence course - for the design and constructionplanning of a base-camp to house, support and sustain a given population. The EDP is developedwithin a broad math, science, social, economic, and political context. Base-camp
Conference Session
Flipped, Blended, Online, Oh My
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Ricardo Zaurin PE, University of Central Florida; Sudipta Dey Tirtha, University of Central Florida; Naveen Eluru, University of Central Florida
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Display for Engineering Analysis Statics) which is a project based learning activity designed specifically for promoting creativity, team-work, and presentation skills for undergraduate sophomore and junior students, as well as by exposing the students to the fascinating world of scientific/technological research based engineering. IDEAS is becoming the cor- nerstone event for the sophomore engineering students at UCF: from fall 2013 to fall 2018 approximately 3000 students have created, designed, presented, and defended around 900 projects and papers.Sudipta Dey Tirtha, University of Central Florida Sudipta Dey Tirtha is a doctoral student in the Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering at
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maria Dawn Blevins, University of Utah; Steven J. Burian, University of Utah
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
that problematizes its ownconstruction, highlights researchers’ vulnerabilities and positionality, makes claims aboutsocially constructed meanings, and reveals the indeterminacy of knowledge claims even as itmakes them (p. 4). It is a nontraditional approach to research that allows for the weaving ofdifferent genres of information into themes of life. Because the issue of sustainability and thedevelopment of new ways of thinking about design are issues that require many disciplines,crystallization offers an appropriate methodology for investigation.Participant RecruitmentLindlof and Taylor14 explain that a sponsor facilitates gaining access to individuals byintroducing the researcher to potential participants. In this project, the sponsor is
Conference Session
Achieving the Civil Engineering Body of Knowlegde
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ronald Welch, U.S. Military Academy; Allen Estes, U.S. Military Academy; Fred Meyer, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
. While the USMA CE program preparesstudents for life-long learning, full understanding will not occur until either graduate school orwork experience when they will truly appreciate how much they still do not know.VI. Suggested Changes Based on Committee EffortsThe Curriculum Committee met in early December 2004 to compare results among thecurriculum design partners, discuss issues, and monitor progress towards a final report. Themost difficult aspect of the mapping exercise was a problem encountered by other universitiesparticipating in this same project. The terms recognition, understanding and ability mean Page 11.236.5different things to
Conference Session
The Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge, 3rd Edition: Preparing the Future Civil Engineer
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Norman D. Dennis Jr. P.E., University of Arkansas; Decker B Hains P.E., Western Michigan University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
7 Experiment Methods & Data Analysis 4 Humanities 8 Critical Thinking & Problem Solving Technical Professional 9 Project Management 16 Communication 10 Engineering Economics 17 Teamwork & Leadership 11 Risk & Uncertainty 18 Lifelong Learning 12 Breadth in Civil Engineering Areas 19 Professional Attitudes 13 Design 20 Professional Responsibilities 14 Technical Depth 21 Ethical Responsibilities 15 SustainabilityInitially the committee attempted to classify all 21
Conference Session
Direct Measures of Student Performance
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
, component, or process to meet desired project needs (d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams including participation in a senior- level design project sequence (e) an ability to identify, formulate, analyze, and solve engineering problems (f) an understanding and appreciation of all aspects of professionalism including ethical responsibility, participation in professional organizations, and service (g) an ability to communicate effectively developed through report writing and in-class presentations (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, sustainable, and societal context (i) a recognition of
Conference Session
Key Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE - Part 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Allen C Estes, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
, andwelfare, as well as global, cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors. Thisimplies that they all need to be explicitly considered.This should be approached systematically; otherwise, one of these factors will be missed.The consideration of public health, safety and welfare are covered for most civilengineering design projects through the use of codes that govern a design. Codes andstandards were developed solely for that purpose.The most straight-forward approach is to require students to separately describe theglobal, cultural, social, environmental and economic considerations as a graded part oftheir design submission. It might be helpful for the instructor to preface the assignmentwith some examples of these considerations on a
Conference Session
The Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge, 3rd Edition: Preparing the Future Civil Engineer
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Norb Delatte P.E., Oklahoma State University; Brock E. Barry P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Audra N. Morse P.E., Michigan Technological University; Camilla M. Saviz P.E., University of the Pacific
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
. Military Academy Dr. Brock E. Barry, P.E. is Professor of Engineering Education in the Department of Civil & Mechanical Engineering at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. Dr. Barry holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Rochester Institute of Technology, a Master of Science degree from University of Colorado at Boulder, and a PhD from Purdue University. Prior to pursuing a career in academics, Dr. Barry spent 10-years as a senior geotechnical engineer and project manager on projects through- out the United States. He is a licensed professional engineer in multiple states. Dr. Barry’s areas of research include assessment of professional ethics, teaching and learning in engineering
Conference Session
Creating a Positive Environment for Learning
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Kevin C. Bower P.E., The Citadel; Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel; Ally Kindel Martin, The Citadel
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
of communication with each applicant and their family as they havequestions.During the overnight visits, the prospective students meet with department representatives.Engineering departments also take the students on a tour of engineering facilities while engagingthem in dialogue about activities available to them if they choose to become a part of thelearning community (i.e., seeing student projects, recent student chapter awards, etc.).Additionally, they have a number of current freshmen through senior females, minorities, andstudent athletes present during the tour to engage the students further. After a night in thedormitories, the students traditionally shadowed a freshman student through their morningacademic schedule, but the new
Conference Session
Beyond BS: Issues Affecting Graduate Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zsuzsa Balogh, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Marvin E. Criswell P.E., Colorado State University; Michael A De Miranda, Colorado State University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
three times in the student‟spreparation: after their undergraduate work, immediately after a graduate level program, or afterMasters-Level graduation and the first few years of experience. This study addresses in somedetail how well the Masters-Level structural engineering education, supplemented with theknowledge increase expected from the initial professional experience, meets the expectations ofthe structural engineering profession in the United States. The outcomes of this research project include an assessment of the competency level(using Bloom‟s taxonomy [1]) expected to be achieved by the conclusion of the Masters-Levelprogram and after the initial five years of professional practice following the graduate program ineach of the
Conference Session
Accreditation and Continuous Quality Improvement -- What the Experts Are Saying!
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Ressler, United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
conjunction with the implementation of Policy Statement 465, ASCE initiated acomprehensive project to formally define the profession’s body of knowledge (BOK). InJanuary 2004 this effort came to fruition with ASCE’s publication of the first edition of the CivilEngineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century—a report describing the knowledge, skills,and attitudes necessary for entry into the practice of civil engineering at the professional level.7This report describes the civil engineering BOK in terms of fifteen outcomes, the first eleven ofwhich correspond nominally to the ABET Criterion 3 outcomes. BOK Outcome 12 describes arequirement for knowledge in a specialized area related to civil engineering; and Outcomes 13,14, and 15 require
Conference Session
ABET: Reflections on Accreditation
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kevin G. Sutterer, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael Robinson P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; James H. Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael C. Reeves P.E., Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc.; Andrew B Twarek P.E., Ruby+Associates, Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
engineering community and as stewards of society, are primary program constituents.Many engineering programs make use of industry professionals to affirm program educationalobjectives and to provide input about general preparation of engineering graduates. For example,program industry advisory boards need to cyclically affirm overall program educational Page 25.230.3objectives and participate in program strategic planning, and sometimes teams of industryprofessionals participate in evaluation of student learning through capstone projects (Scales etal., 1998; Napper and Hales, 1999). These efforts are more “top level” reviews or evaluations ofthe
Conference Session
Holy Cow! We’re Going Online When? 
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
George Okere, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Paper ID #32577Covid-19 and Virtual Learning: Challenges, Implementation, and StudentPerception of Online Course Delivery FormatsDr. George Okere, University of Cincinnati George is currently an associate professor educator, and heavy highway chair (endowed position) in the Civil and Architectural Engineering and Construction Management Department in the College of Engi- neering and Applied Science at the University of Cincinnati (UC). George has over 23 years of construc- tion industry work experience, and 11.5 years of which was with Kiewit, where he worked on various heavy civil projects. He received his PhD in
Conference Session
Proven Strategies in Classroom Engagement Part II: Activities for Creative Pedagogy
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhaoshuo Jiang P.E., San Francisco State University; Alec William Maxwell, San Francisco State University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Paper ID #15600Interactive Remote Shake Table Laboratory for Instruction in EarthquakeEngineeringDr. Zhaoshuo Jiang P.E., San Francisco State University Dr. Jiang graduated from the University of Connecticut with a Ph.D. degree in Civil Engineering. Before joining San Francisco State University as an assistant professor, he worked for Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) LLP. As a licensed professional engineer in the states of Connecticut and California, Dr. Jiang has been involved in the design of a variety of low-rise and high-rise projects. His current research interests mainly focus on Smart Structures Technology
Conference Session
Challenges of CE Education in a Global World
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fred Meyer, United States Military Academy; C. Conley; Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy; James Ledlie Klosky
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
shaded) are part of the USMA corecurriculum that is taken by all students. An elective in geotechnical engineering is availablewithin the CE program, and several electives in environmental engineering are also availablefrom outside the program. There is currently not an additional course in constructionmanagement or hydrology & hydraulics available within the USMA CE program.The Need for ChangeReports from the field have indicated that CE graduates are adequately proficient in thetraditional areas of engineering, but lack additional expertise in areas like project management,power generation, transmission and distribution, geomatics, and infrastructure assessment. Theterm “SWEAT” which is an acronym standing for Sewage, Water, Electricity
Conference Session
Where are We Going? The Future of Civil Engineering Education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ronald Harichandran, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
, each CEE department in the country is characterized by its particular focus andstrength. The Big 10+ CEE department chairs named in this document provided several ideas re-garding current research trends, and thereby to project a vision for the future. Some chairs pro-vided their own detailed vision documents, whereas others loosely sketched out their views. Theprincipal elements of these visions and views are captured and categorized in Figure 1. Figure 1 suggests the need for flexible alignment and focusing of CEE research programs,as well as of CEE education. Civil and environmental engineering faculty perform research re-lated to the built and the natural environments, and until recently have focused their work in thenow
Conference Session
Your Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrations of Hands-On and Virtual In-Class Teaching Aids
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David M. Flaherty, United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Total Cost = Based on prices in this table Demo $71.25 Total estimated build time: 60 minutes Figure 4. Critical Pick Building DimensionsClassroom ImplementationDisplay the 2x6 beam at the front of the class, but do not have anything connected to it. Let thestudents build their answer as they work to solve the problem. Bruhl et al3 and Bruhl, Hanus, andKlosky4 discuss the importance of developing engineering judgement and using self-discovery inthe classroom. This demo can function as an IBLA to help develop engineering judgement ifpresented beyond the traditional instructor guided demo method. The scenario is as follows; thestudents are new project engineers on a job site. The project
Conference Session
Innovative Instructional Strategies for Integrating Sustainability
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William E. Kelly P.E., Retired ; J. P. Mohsen, University of Louisville; Liv Haselbach P.E., Washington State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
 current ABET general criteria and the new program criterion; the new program criterion partially addresses BOK2 outcome ten ­ Sustainable Development. Sustainable development could be embedded in discussions of leadership, project management, business, policy, and ethics and other professional practice topics.           Table 2 Opportunities in Upper Division Civil Engineering Courses    UN Sustainable Development Goal   Courses   Goal 6​  Ensure availability and sustainable  Introductory Courses in Water Resources and  management of water and sanitation for all  Wastewater Treatment     Goal 11​ Make cities and human settlements  Introductory Courses in any
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alan Chong, University of Toronto
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
the New York Times and theNational Film Board of Canada by Katerina Cizek — is an experimental, award winninginteractive documentary outlining the history of vertical living around the world [2]. Thedocumentary allows viewers to sit back and watch a narrated history, told in rhyming coupletsand narrated by Leslie Feist, or to interact with material on high-rise living from the archives ofthe New York Times. Viewers could choose to read or listen to material that was not part of thedocumentary proper, but that was built into the website for the project, and even, in the lastcomponent, contribute their images to the fourth part of the film. Students were introduced to thefirst few minutes of the documentary prior to class, shown the interactive
Conference Session
Proven Strategies in Classroom Engagement Part II: Activities for Creative Pedagogy
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary Roth, Lafayette College; Kristen L. Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
development ofrecommendations for course improvements in that area. The work presented in this paper isanticipated to serve as the foundation for a future project assessing sections of the course acrossmultiple engineering areas.INTRODUCTIONIntroduction to Engineering courses are offered at many colleges and universities. The coursescan take a wide variety of different forms, both in terms of number of credits and number ofsemesters, and in terms of course objectives and content. Some courses attempt to introducestudents to a variety of engineering disciplines, while others focus on a single discipline. Manyof these courses have been documented in ASEE conference proceedings over the years.Recently, Reid and Reeping1 developed and implemented2 a
Conference Session
Fostering Business and Professional Skills in the Engineering Classroom
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrea Goncher, Charles Sturt University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
students commenced their placements in July 2017, after 18months of project-based and self-directed online learning.Figure 1. Engineering students on industry placementsSeventeen students enrolled in workplace learning placements and the planning and review-focused class. Students on placement worked with 15 host organizations, where theorganizations exist at the local, national, and international levels. Students were involved invarious projects across the civil engineering discipline. Example projects that studentsworked on included a pedestrian and cyclist river bridge, dam safety upgrade, commercialbuilding upgrade, local effluent disposal investigations, and road and roundabout design.Local government organizations hosted the majority of
Conference Session
Direct Measures of Student Performance
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fred Meyer, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Bert, U. S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
in the K’nexercise, a construction management exercise requiringthem to serve as contractors, construction managers, architect-engineer firms, and suppliers.CE489 – Judging of student project posters prepared for display on USMA Projects Day.CE489 – Judging of student project presentations on USMA Projects Day.CE492 – Overall result of embedded indicator matrix. NOTE: CE492 is the CE CapstoneDesign Course. An extensive embedded indicator system encompasses the entire course.5Section III.C of the document presents the results of the overall program outcome assessment.The implementation of this process began during AY 05-06 with the first results based onembedded indicators being collected during AY 06-07. Throughout the semester, each
Conference Session
Aspirational Visions of Civil Engineering in 2025 & Policy 465
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Fridley, University of Alabama; Richard Anderson, Somat Engineering, Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
policy and6. Use techniques and modern engineering administration fundamentals. tools necessary for engineering practice. 15. Understand the role of a leader and7. Understand the elements of project leadership principles and attitudes. management, construction, and asset management.The first edition of the BOK utilized three levels of competency: recognition, understanding, andability. These ill-defined and somewhat coarse levels of competencies (i.e., three levels) werefound to be limiting as stakeholders, including the Curriculum Design Committee of CAP3,began to review and implement the recommendations in the BOK report. Accordingly, CAP3formed the Levels
Conference Session
Innovations in Civil Engineering Education II
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tanya Kunberger, Florida Gulf Coast University; Robert O'Neill, Florida Gulf Coast University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
. Page 15.502.2 1Educational EnvironmentCivil Engineering students at Florida Gulf Coast University take a two course sequence inGeotechnical Engineering. The first course is a junior level course offered in the spring semesterand focused on an introduction to basic principles of soil mechanics. Emphasis in the firstcourse is on the development of a firm foundation of key concepts. Learning is reinforcedthrough homework, projects, and exams, heavily augmented with in class and laboratoryactivities. The second is a senior level course offered in the fall semester and focused onretaining walls, slope stability, and shallow and deep foundations. Emphasis is on theapplication of key concepts to the
Conference Session
Influencing the Next (Third!) Edition of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allen C Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Thomas A. Lenox , Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, American Society of Civil Engineers; Kenneth J. Fridley, University of Alabama; Richard O. Anderson P.E., Somat Engineering, Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
., Europe, and East Asia. He retired at the rank of Colonel. During his military career, Dr. Lenox spent 15 years on the engineering faculty of USMA – including five years as the Director of the Civil Engineering Di- vision. Upon his retirement from the U.S. Army in 1998, he joined the staff of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). In his position as educational staff leader of ASCE, he managed several new educational initiatives – collectively labeled as Project ExCEEd (Excellence in Civil Engineering Education). As ASCE’s Executive Vice President, Dr. Lenox led several educational and professional career-development projects for the civil engineering profession – with the overall objective of properly