Conference Session

Technical Session 11: Topics related to Computer Science

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farzana Rahman, Florida International University; Samy El-Tawab, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

focus primarily on mobile applicationdevelopment itself. These students, the makers of the future mobile technology, who areinvolved in app creation – from defining the concept to requirements gathering, to finalimplementation – takes into consideration how the app will work successfully and effectively.However, their design decisions are not always made thinking about how the application willinfluence the user, the community, and the society at large. To address this critical issue, in thispaper, we report our experience with weaving the notion of social and ethical computing whiledesigning and developing an upper-level computer science course on mobile questionnairedevelopment. Our primary course goals were twofold: 1) Teach students the

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 5: Online Teaching and Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven; Nadiye O. Erdil, University of New Haven; Ronald S. Harichandran, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; Cheryl Q. Li, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

business and engineering failures, when it is acceptable to take risks, how to recognize signs of impending failure and avoid it, how to examine past personal and corporate failures, learn from them and persist. 15. Resolving Ethical Issues – Defines ethics as a process and argues that the principal reason to behave ethically is to engenders trust. Uses case studies to illustrate how ethical dilemmas arise in engineering, how most engineers respond responsibly, and how a small minority of engineers act irresponsibly. Describes three very different and practical methods for resolving ethical issues. 16. Role of Product in Value Creation – Describes the total product concept, one that introduces a

Conference Session

Computers in Education Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James E. Lewis, University of Louisville; Jeffrey Lloyd Hieb, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

more technology without always providing them with the basiccommon knowledge needed. The Department of Engineering Fundamentals has long believed increating a common baseline in the beginning courses for the students’ mathematical instruction.The department is starting to believe that the Introduction to Engineering course would be a goodplace to add a common knowledge scaffold for technology. This common knowledge willinclude some software dependent modules on Excel, Word, and PowerPoint, but also needs toinclude topics on maintaining your own computer; managing your online profiles, accounts, andprivacy; learning about campus computing resources; and ethics in using computing / technologyresources.The maintenance module will include

Conference Session

Computer Education Management Tools I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carole Goodson, University of Houston; Barbara Stewart, University of Houston; Susan Miertschin, University of Houston; Luces Faulkenberry, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, legitimate, and ethical use in anacademic setting. Activities that once might have been considered “cheating” might now beconsidered demonstrations of the ability to collaborate, a skill highly valued in corporateAmerica. To investigate the tension that may exist, the authors report herein a summary ofbackground information from the literature and the results of a preliminary survey of students.According to the Center for Academic Integrity at Duke University, “three quarters of collegestudents confess to cheating at least once.”14 Students who participated in an exploratory surveyat the University of Houston reported the following questionable behaviors involving ICT. • “People not only use computers but cell phones, as well. Text messages are

Conference Session

COED Modulus Topics

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afrin Naz, West Virginia University; Mingyu Lu, West Virginia University; Jordan Bowen, West Virginia University; Cody Ryan Zackoski

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

number and data structure (Big Idea #3: Data and Information)  A simple tour in programming (Big Idea #4: Algorithms, Big Idea #5: Programming)  Construct a simple website (Big Idea #1: Creativity)  Computer hardware organization in a regular desktop computer (Big Idea #2: Abstraction)  Different types of operating systems (Big Idea #2: Abstraction)  Cutting-edge computing technologies such as Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (Big Idea #6: The Internet)  Ethics in Computer Science (Big Idea #7: Global Impact)Our online course is divided into eight units. Each unit includes three theoretical sessions andone hands-on session. The course also includes four online discussion sessions. The four-weekonline course

Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J.W. Bruce, Mississippi State University; Lee Hathcock, Mississippi State Univ.

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

0.23Q4 My ``hands-on'' skills improved because of the dissection activity. 1.1 0.54Q5 I learned more about manufacturing from the dissection activity. 1.3 0.68Q6 I learned more about economics from the dissection activity. 1.2 0.62Q7 I learned more about ethics in engineering from the dissection activity. 0.0 0.89Q8 My future designs will be different because of what I learned in the dissection 0.5 0.72 activity.Q9 Preparing the dissection journal helped me to become a better technical writer. 0.3 1.12Q10 Preparing the dissection journal helped me to better understand my product's 1.3 0.46 operation and design.Q11 I learned more about

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Rafiq Muqri, DeVry University - Pomona; Javad Shakib, DeVry University - Pomona; Hasan Muqri; Moe Saouli, DeVry University - Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

ENGINEERING (FE) EXAMAbstractMany engineering technology students find the electrical and computer engineering sections ofthe general Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam to be the most challenging. This paperattempts to present the development and application of a practical teaching module to assiststudents with the first step of the process that leads to the P.E. license. This module is aimed tofurnish the extra review and practice which technology students need to meet this challengethrough a concise review of the electrical and computer topics covered on the FE exams.The knowledge base comprises of eighteen subject areas: namely Mathematics, Probability andStatistics, Ethics and Professional Practice, Engineering Economics, Properties of

Conference Session

Computers in Education 10 - Technology 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Irini Spyridakis, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #34927User Interface Design: Applying Heuristics for Improved UsabilityMs. Irini Spyridakis, University of Washington Irini Spyridakis is an Assistant Teaching Professor in the Department of Human Centered Design & En- gineering at the University of Washington. Her research and teaching concern ethics and sustainable design in engineering, human computer interaction, smart cities, resource constrained communities, tech- nology for social good, and STEM outreach. She has close to 20 years of teaching experience and is an experienced UX researcher and designer. American

Conference Session

Computing in the First Year

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizzie Santiago, West Virginia University; Oyemayowa Luqman Abioye, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-defined functions. In module 10, students were asked to reflect on several ethical casespresented, and were required to post their reflections in a blog.Table 1. Content of each module Module Content of Each Module 1 Introduction to the course 2 Introduction to Matlab; description of windows (platform) available in Matlab. 3 Introduced students to basic built-in functions and to arithmetic operations in Matlab. 4 Introduced students to vectors and matrices. 5 Introduced students to calculations with vectors and matrices 6 Introduced students to script files, input and output commands 7 Introduced students to

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 1: Topics Related to Engineering - Part 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Conrad Tucker, Carnegie Mellon University; Kathy Schmidt Jackson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; John Jongho Park, Penn State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

was held on the Carnegie Mellon University campus on December 2ndand 3rd, 2019. The objective of the two-day AI+STEM workshop was to bring together expertsand non-experts in the fields of AI and STEM education to discuss ways that industry, academia,and government could work better together to i) explore how the field of STEM education couldpotentially benefit from AI advancements, ii) propose education and knowledge acquisitionstrategies for the 21st century job landscape that will require lifelong learning and possibly causeentire shifts in expertise (potentially as a result of the very same AI technologies that couldenhance STEM education) and iii) engage with policy and decision makers in order to ensurethat ethical guidelines are in

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Nelson, Iowa State University; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

decline in cost for virtual reality and the increase inavailability are now making virtual reality a more attractive option for engineeringeducation.MethodsThrough this study we wish to introduce students to four professional development skills. Theseskills are leadership, teamwork, communication and ethics. Students will be taught thefundamentals of these skills and how they can be applied. Because these students are involved inexisting teams in a project environment, they will be able to utilize these skills immediately in thisprogram.The Make to Innovate program engages students in hands on learning through projects wherestudents solve a variety of problems to achieve the projects goals. The program has between 270to 290 students that are

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division - General Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven F Barrett, University of Wyoming; Ivo Wambeke

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

the electrical and/or mechanicalengineering disciplines.Elect team leader. The students elected a team leader based on popular vote. The team leaderselected was known for his maturity, work ethic and demonstrated leadership skills. The primaryfunction of the team leader was to coordinate all aspects of the project, maintain the projectschedule, and maintain team cohesiveness and unity.Establish requirements. Given a brief description of the project, the design team elected tomeet with the user to discuss specific project requirements. For the following list ofrequirements were set: - Maintain temperature at 150 oF +/- 5oF - Maintain temperature for up to 120 hours (5 days) - Provide capacity for multiple (12) 6” x 12” cylinder samples

Conference Session

Data Analysis and Assessment

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David B. Knight, Virginia Tech, Department of Engineering Education; Cory Brozina, Virginia Tech; Eric M. Stauffer, Virginia Tech; Chris Frisina, Virginia Tech; Troy D. Abel, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

account explaining that, “Students' needs and their learning preferences arecomplex and vary over time; something similar can be stated about their engagements withprinted text, to say nothing of their interactions with online and/or multimedia content” (p. 10).Similarly, George Siemens9 suggests that, “The most significant challenges facing analytics ineducation are not technical. Concerns about data quality, sufficient scope of the data captured toreflect accurately the learning experience, privacy, and ethics of analytics are among the mostsignificant concerns” (p. 394) leading many in the field to look at ways of including students inthe research and design process. Our overall approach, summarized by Figure 1, meets this call

Conference Session

Software and Programming

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University; Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Peter Y. Wu, Robert Morris University; Ali A. Ansari, Virginia State University; Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

]. Traditionally, case studies have been used as educational tools in areas ofbusiness, law, ethics, economics, systems engineering and medicine but not so much common insoftware engineering. Case studies have many unique and distinct advantages in softwareengineering education including:  Application of knowledge or skills in a real-world setting  Identification and clearer definition of the problem  Participative, collaborative, inclusive and team based approach  Opportunities for creative brain storming, and  Developing solution of a problem.Therefore, the hypothesis presented in this paper is that the case studies would be effectiveeducational tools to introduce real-world professional practices into the classroom which

Conference Session

Computers in Education 1 - Programming 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ben Tribelhorn, University of Portland; Heather Dillon, University of Washington Tacoma; Andrew M. Nuxoll, University of Portland; Nicole C. Ralston, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #32784Connecting Entrepreneurial Mindset to Software DevelopmentProf. Ben Tribelhorn, University of Portland Ben Tribelhorn teaches Computer Science at the University of Portland. His research includes machine learning for chaos in Lorenz systems, dynamic obstacle avoidance algorithms for unmanned aerial vehi- cles, improving software engineering pedagogy, and ethical concerns in artificial intelligence.Dr. Heather Dillon, University of Washington Tacoma Dr. Heather Dillon is Professor and Chair of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Washington Tacoma. Her research team is working on energy efficiency

Conference Session

Technical Session 1: Issues Impacting Students Learning How to Program

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Cyrus Rezvanifar, University of Akron

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

isolationusing the currently available data. An independent control group with the exact same conditionsexcept for the “programming without computer” experience could enable more reliable statisticalinferences. However, since this technique has indicated significant improvements on students’performance and learning experience, it would not be ethically justifiable to eliminate thisexperience in a future course for the purpose of having a control group. Nonetheless, an improvedstudy design will be incorporated in our future study to more accurately and specifically investigatethe effect of this technique on students’ performance and learning experience in computerprogramming.As a side note, since using cell phones is typically forbidden during class time

Conference Session

Mobile Devices and Apps

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kefei Wang, Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

collaboration within a team setting.The Java programming session would be brought into the class right after the App Inventor session.Java was used as a general programming language to reinforce the proficiency of programming andproblem solving skills among students. It also played as a transitional programming language forstudent to continue their study in Computer Science.In addition to programming and problem solving skills, the designed modules also include consid-erable contents on teamwork, social responsibility and ethics. Followings are brief descriptions ofdesigned App Inventor modules:Module 1 is based on the ”Hello Purr” project from Wolber’s book 11 with a few extensions. Itworks as a quick start for students to explore the life cycle of

Conference Session

Technology-Related Educational Research

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Sai Yuen, University of California - Riverside; Alex Daniel Edgcomb, University of California - Riverside; Frank Vahid, University of California - Riverside

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

 policy." Ethics & Behavior 11.3, 233­247, 2001. [3]  Hutton, Patricia A. "Understanding student cheating and what educators can do about it." College Teaching 54.1, 171­176, 2006. [4]  zyBooks. https://zybooks.zyante.com/. March 2016. [5]  Carnegie Research I Universities. http://www.washington.edu/tools/universities94.html, March 2016. [6]  David Weerts, State Governments and Research Universities: A Framework for a Renewed Partnership. New York: Routledge, p. 26, 2002. [7] Gregory A. Krohn and Catherine M. O'Connor, "Student Effort and Performance over the Semester" The Journal of Economic Education Vol. 36, No. 1 (Winter), pp. 3­28, 2005. [8] Judy Shearda, Selby Markhama & Martin Dicka, "Investigating

Conference Session

Mobile Robots in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Chad Hager, University of Wyoming; Mike Yurkoski, University of Wyoming; Robert Lewis, University of Wyoming; Matthew Jespersen, University of Wyoming; Zachary Ruble, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

prepared for engineering practice through the curriculum culminating in a majordesign experience based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work andincorporating engineering standards and multiple realistic constraints.” These constraintsare further defined in Criterion 3. Program Outcomes and Assessment which states,“Engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain: (c) an ability todesign a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraintssuch as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,manufacturability, and sustainability [1, 2].In this paper we will describe how we solved these two challenges by updating ourmicroprocessor laboratory facilities on a

Conference Session

Computers in Education Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Solarek, University of Toledo; Hong Wang, The University of Toledo; Allen Rioux, The University of Toledo; William Evans, The University of Toledo; weiqing sun, The University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

 students  an ability to function on multi programming project and a short  discussing their experiences d  disciplinary teams  presentation.  working in groups.  an ability to identify,  formulate, and solve e  engineering problems        an understanding of  professional and ethical f  responsibility        Students will improve their  Graded project reports. Evaluate  communication skills by

Conference Session

Mobile Robotics in Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Parten, Texas Tech University; Michael Giesselmann, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

resulting data. 6. Function and communicate effectively, both individually and within multidisciplinary teams. 7. Interact with other students, faculty and practicing professionals on professional and ethical responsibility issues. 8. Recognize the need for, and ability to engage in, perpetual learning by working on projects, both individually and within multidisciplinary teams, for which they have no prior experience and developing ways to learn. 9. Use basic statistical techniques to analyze data. Each individual lab stresses different areas. The first lab includes basic electricalmeasurements procedures, equipment and the design of basic electrical circuits anddigital systems. The first lab has two projects, one

Conference Session

Online Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle E Jarvie Eggart PE, University of Maryland, University College

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

delivery method affected thestudents’ opinion of the instructor. Means and standard deviations for both lecture deliverymethods are presented in Table 1. T-tests were performed to determine if the differences in themeans was statistically significant.The quizzes assessed student learning of class materials. Quiz one covered the policies, risks,and motivations behind environmental compliance audits. Quiz one displayed a 2.99 percentagepoint difference between the mean grades of the two sections. The higher grades were achievedby students with the Power Point/audio lectures. The difference was statistically significant,dictating that for the first quiz, lecture delivery method mattered. Quiz two assessed students’knowledge of procedures and ethics

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M T Taher; Usman Ghani, Robert Morris University; Ahmed S. Khan, DeVry University, Addison

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Michigan Technological University, an MBA from Keller Graduate School of Management, and his Ph.D. from Colorado State University. His research interests are in the areas of Nanotechnology, Fiber Optic Communications, Faculty Development, and Social and Ethical Implications of Technology. He is the author of many educational papers and presentations. He has authored/coauthored the following books: • Nanotechnology: Ethical and Social Implications (2012) • Technology and Society: Issues for the 21st Century and Beyond 3E, (2008) • The Telecommunications Fact Book and Illustrated Dictionary 2E (2006) • Fiber Optic Communication: An Applied Approach, Prentice Hall, N.J. (2002) • Technology and Society: A Bridge to the

Conference Session

Faculty Tools

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua A. Enszer, University of Notre Dame; Jessica A Kuczenski, Century College; Kerry Meyers, University of Notre Dame; Jay B. Brockman, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

have complete confidence in my ability to solve engineering problems.I have complete confidence in my knowledge and application of ethical standards in engineering.I have complete confidence in my ability to communicate effectively.I have complete confidence in my ability to put engineering problems in a broader societal Page 22.549.16context.I have complete confidence in my ability to continue learning technical concepts outside theclassroom.I have complete confidence in my awareness and understanding of contemporary issues and howthey affect my career.I have complete confidence in my ability to use techniques, skills, and tools related

Conference Session

Computer-Based Learning Models

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

arguesthat technology-based education must extend to all areas and settings of life, both formal andinformal 6. At the same time, nationally recognized experts agree that the integration oftechnology in education is not without dangers: “as innovations multiply, so do dangers” 7.Technological competencies include not only the skills needed to operate informationtechnology, but also critical consideration of “privacy, social, cultural, ethical, and ownershipissues associated with increasing use of cyberinfrastructure for learning, research, andscholarship” 3. Achieving successful results such as scientific and engineering innovation withtechnology requires more than operating tools: it demands “an ability to understand tools andmedia critically” 8

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division - General Technical Session 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn W Ellis, Smith College; Yanning Yu, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

groups was addressing ethical andsocio-economic issues. For example, students investigating the design of a tornado-proofbuilding (or safe rooms within a building) were concerned about the expense of such houses andwould they be unaffordable to the poor. Many of the groups also grappled with the ethics andcost-benefit of designing buildings to withstand the unlikely event of a tornado. Finally, allgroups engaged in metadiscourse both off-line and on-line. Figure 6 shows two examples ofstudent metadiscourse notes. In the upper note the student is raising the point of revising theirknowledge building question and in the lower note the student is summarizing and reflectingupon the group’s recent progress.Knowledge building theory discourages

Conference Session

Computers in Education 1 - Programming 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Astrid K. Northrup P.E., Northwest College; Raymond Edward Floyd, Northwest College; S. Renee Dechert, Northwest College; Andrea Carneal Burrows Borowczak, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

7 • ES 2200, Robotics • ENGL 2002, Social Media for K-12 Teachers • COSC 2002, Application Development Robotics is a one credit, hands on course using Lego robots and drones to assist teachers inmentoring students by forming robotics teams and preparing for competition. This directlyaddresses collaboration (Practice 2) and computational problem recognition (Practice 3). NWC also created Social Media for K-12 Teachers and Application Development. Whileother courses in this program were used in a modified or unmodified version, these courses weredeveloped specifically for the K-12 Computer Science Endorsement program. Social Media forK-12 Teachers focuses on cyber citizenship, ethics, and the responsible use of social media in

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 8: Modulus Topics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ida B. Ngambeki, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

interest include: STEM Education, Cybersecurity Education, Cybersecurity Policy, Social Engineering, Information Technology Ethics, and Cybersecurity Workforce Development.Dr. Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette Alejandra Magana is a Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Technology and an affil- iated faculty at the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She holds a B.E. in Information Systems, a M.S. in Technology, both from Tec de Monterrey; and a M.S. in Educational Technology and a Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Purdue University. Her research is focused on identifying how model-based cognition in STEM can be better supported by means of expert technological

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 3: Digital Learning Part I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Bryan Weber, University of Connecticut

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

analysis, as well as improving engineering education by integration of software to the classroom. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2020Work-In-Progress: Using Jupyter Notebooks to Climb Bloom’s Taxonomy in ThermodynamicsIntroductionTo be effective engineers in the 21st century, students need a holistic understanding of thechallenges that they face in a given project. This includes ethical, economic, social, andenvironmental aspects of a design, in addition to the technical aspects. Traditional engineeringeducation focuses primarily on the latter of these, usually leaving the other aspects to the laterstages of a student’s educational program

Conference Session

Computers in Education 9 - Technology 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

David Beevers, Pennsylvania State University; Qi Dunsworth, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

entirely based on random number generation, simple mathematicaloperations, conditional statements, and various types of loops, so the implementation should berelatively straightforward for someone familiar with web development and engineeringcomputation.Bibliography[1] T. Doyle, Helping students learn in a learner-centered environment: A guide to facilitating learning in higher education., Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, 2008.[2] A. L. Glass and M. Kang, "Fewer students are benefiting from doing their homework: an eleven-year study," Educational Psychology, 2020.[3] K. Randy and D. Brandon, "The Technology of Cheating," 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Ethics in Science, Technology and Engineering, pp. 1-4, 2014.[4] F. Martin, J. D