Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katja Holtta-Otto, University Of Massachusetts-Dartmouth; Pia Helminen, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK); Kalevi Ekman, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK); Thomas Roemer, University of California-San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

multiple functions in Understanding of PD costs and economy creating a new product (e.g. marketing, finance, industrial design, engineering, production). Ability to work out project plan and schedules, manage resources, manage risks, complete a Ability to coordinate multiple, interdisciplinary project successfully, and communicate and tasks in order to achieve a common objective. document effectively. Reinforcement of specific knowledge from other courses through practice and reflection in an action-oriented setting

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Scott Johnson, University of Illinois

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

thesolutions. Because metacognition involves a cognitive dimension of evaluating one’s knowledgeand abilities4, the context of the problem that students are to solve may influence the manner inwhich they use metacognitive abilities. Students’ capability and confidence to solve a particularproblem, and their subjective perception of the task-value may correlate with the actual planning,monitoring, and regulating during problem solving activity. Paris and Winograd4 refer thosestudents’ personal judgment about their ability to meet a cognitive goal as students’ cognitiveself-appraisal, and their abilities to plan, evaluate, and make necessary adjustment and revisionduring their work as their cognitive self-management. This personal judgment may

Conference Session

DEED Postcard Session 2 and Presentation of Student Essay Competition Winners

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jered H. Dean, Colorado School of Mines; Kristine R. Csavina, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Work in Progress: Self-Guided Professional Development as an Enabler for Multidisciplinary ProgramsAbstractThe capstone design program at Colorado School of Mines serves three departments and fourdegree programs, each having their own demands, distinctive industry-specific languages, anddepartmental expectations. Each discipline is looking to the capstone design program to provideABET required capstone projects and assessment, professional practice training, and instructionin multiple discipline specific design tools and techniques to their students. This paper describesthe use of student-specific professional development plans, in

Conference Session

Student Evaluation in Design Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikita Dawe, University of Toronto; Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto; Susan McCahan, University of Toronto; Gayle Lesmond, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, credible) sources to enhance understanding of the problem ● Outcome D3: Frame a problem in engineering design terms o Indicator D3B: Document appropriate engineering design requirements using a suitable model (e.g. goals-functions-constraints or objectives-metrics-criteria- constraints) o Indicator D3D: Describe the intended engineering design process and provide a plan/timeline that anticipates the tasks and resources requiredIndicators D2B, D2C, and D3B were also tested in another session with four participants whoassessed sample design proposal assignments for a second year electrical and computerengineering (ECE) course. One of the purposes of this repetition of indicators with a

Conference Session

Design for Community and Environment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Serdar Tumkor, Istanbul Technical University; Karl Haapala, Michigan Technological University; Vishesh Kumar, Michigan Technological University; John Sutherland, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

design, process planning and manufacturing, gear and continuously variable transmission manufacturing, design for optimum cost, online design catalogs, and web-based collaboration.Karl Haapala, Michigan Technological University Karl R. Haapala is an NSF IGERT Doctoral Trainee and Graduate Scholar in the Sustainable Futures Institute at Michigan Technological University. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering – Engineering Mechanics focusing on predictive manufacturing process models for improving product environmental performance. He received his B.S. (2001) and M.S. (2003) in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan Technological University.Vishesh Kumar, Michigan Technological

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wael Mokhtar, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

discussed including thetechnical, management, mentoring and window of student creativity.IntroductionCapstone project is a unique educational tool where at that level, senior students have developedboth the technical and the management skills and they are ready to be challenged with an open-ended problem. However, guidance is still an important part of this educational environment. Itcompletes the process by opening the right doors for the students to apply the correct planning,designing, building and testing procedure for a successful project. Dusing et al1 discussed the useof design review meetings to guide the students before major steps of the project. In this meeting,the students defend their technical decision and are challenged by a couple

Conference Session

1st and 2nd Year Instruction in Design

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruturaj Soman, Florida A&M University/Florida State University ; Nikhil Gupta, Florida State University; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Intelligent Systems, Control, and Robotics (CISCOR) at Florida State University. His research interests are primarily in the areas of dynamic system modeling, intelligent control, autonomous mobile wheeled and legged robotics, dynamic motion planning, and mechatronics.Dr. Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University Dr. Chiang Shih is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering Department, FAMU-FSU College of Engineer- ing, Florida State University. He received his Ph.D. degree from the Aerospace Engineering Department at the University of Southern California in 1988. He has served as the department Chair from 2002 until 2011 and is currently the Director of the Aeropropulsion, Mechatronics and Energy Center

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina L. Carmen, University of Alabama - Huntsville; Ben Groenewald, Cape Peninsula University of Technology; Rhyme Kagiso Setshedi, Cape Peninsula University of Technology ; Aysha Abrahams, Cape Peninsula University of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, and blackparticipation rates (i.e. people employed or actively seeking employment) are low, as thefollowing statistics reveal7:  In 1993, the participation rate for blacks was 9%  In 2007, the participation rates for blacks increased to only 12%The reasons for the dichotomy between increased black enrollment in South African colleges andthe continuously low population of blacks in STEM fields, remains a source of continueddiscussion and analysis. However, illumination of these persistent struggles has resulted inacknowledgement by the South African government, although, perhaps, not enough proactiveefforts to improve the situation. The South African National Planning Commission’s DiagnosticReport8 identified nine primary

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denny C. Davis, Washington State University; Ronald R Ulseth P. E., Iron Range Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

plan is presented forintegrating teamwork development into an engineering program to prepare graduates forsubsequent development of high performing teams in the professional workplace. A case isdiscussed to illustrate how team development is achieved in a project-based curriculum setting.IntroductionThe great engineering challenges of the twenty-first century are complex and multidisciplinary innature [1]. Engineers engaged in addressing problems of societal concern that have economicimpact will necessarily be members of multidisciplinary teams that bring diverse expertise andperspectives to the problem solving process. In general, a team is “a small number of people withcomplementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of

Conference Session

Design Teams 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Meagan Flus, University of Waterloo; Ada Hurst, University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

their projects, which they pitched inNovember. At that time, they were in a retrospective phase and working towards theirimplementation plan. In December, all teams had to submit a storyboard of a completedvisualization of their museum design, with a draft of all content, and justification for all designdecisions. Teams built their projects in January and February, and installed the final display inmid-March. Project planning Project implementation September March Project start October November December January February Project end Interview #1

Conference Session

Design Teams 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Swapneel Thite P.E., University of New South Wales; Jayashri Ravishankar, University of New South Wales; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, NASA Headquarters; Eliathamby Ambikairajah, University of New South Wales

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

: Community ofInquiry Framework, Tuckman’s Model of Teamwork, and assessmentmethodologies. The idea is to simulate an industrial experience in a modularapproach by introducing a structured weekly meeting to support the T&Lpedagogy used and to accomplish this without sacrificing the technical content inthe course. Furthermore, these modules include team building exercises alongwith a special leadership role that rotates weekly. A plan for implementation isdiscussed in this paper. Overall, the proposed OLT framework focusses onemulating an industrial teamwork environment in the university setting to add tostudent experience. It can be used by the wider academic community as a guidefor designing engaging online courses comprising of teamwork and

Conference Session

Multinational and International Design

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Mehalik, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

design:design for development vs. design for a well-defined problem.II. Brazil Course BackgroundThe purpose of this course was to promote effective, virtual and in-person international studentcollaboration in the undergraduate engineering and business design curricula using the theme ofsustainable product design. The goal was to create a course for which University of Pittsburghengineering and business students design, construct prototypes, and create business plans for newtechnologies, using sustainability as a framework, directly with students from the University ofCampinas in Brazil, for Brazilian and U.S. markets. That is, this course addressed the productrealization process in the context of sustainability, especially for the developing world, in

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Student Empathy & Human-centered Design

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Jackson, Yale University; Nathan Mentzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Scott R. Bartholomew, Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Greg J. Strimel, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #25365includes serving as a high school engineering/technology teacher and a teaching assistant professor withinthe College of Engineering & Mineral Resources at West Virginia University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Examining Beginning Designers’ Design Self-Regulation Through LinkographyAbstractDesign process representations often attempt to show the iterative pattern of design through acircular or spiral representation. Expert designers iterate, constantly refining their understandingof both the design problem and solution. In other words, a designer’s ability to manage thedesign process—plan, reflect, and incorporate new insights—may be

Conference Session

Making in Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Wilczynski, Yale University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #13724Academic Maker Spaces and Engineering DesignDr. Vincent Wilczynski, Yale University Vincent Wilczynski is the Deputy Dean of the Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science and the James S. Tyler Director of the Yale Center for Engineering Innovation & Design. As the Deputy Dean, he helps plan and implement all academic initiatives at the School. In addition, he manages the School’s teaching and research resources and facilities. As the James S. Tyler Director of the Center for Engineer- ing Innovation & Design he leads the School’s efforts to promote collaboration, creativity, design and

Conference Session

Design Pedagogy and Curriculum 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Adam Camburn, University of Texas, Austin; Brock U Dunlap, University of Texas, Austin; Vimal Kumar Viswanathan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Julie S Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Kevin Otto, Singapore University of Technology and Design; Kristin L. Wood, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

]. However, there are relatively few structured approaches to organizing,sequencing, and bounding such experimental prototyping. Given that prototyping is pervasive tothe design process through ideation, concept selection and design verification, it stands to reasonthat prototyping is a process worthy of scholarly attention. This research explores methodologiesto enhance prototyping during concept development, particularly engineering prototypes, i.e.those used to verify or improve the functionality, performance and operation of a novel device orsystem. Based on design context variables such as the total allotted time for the prototypingeffort, the methodologies introduced in this paper will provide practical planning for studentprototyping efforts

Conference Session

Design Teamwork

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Kristine Sheridan, University of Toronto; Lobna El Gammal, Institute For Leadership Education in Engineering at the University of Toronto; Jennie Phillips MA, University of Toronto; Greg Evans, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

engineering studies at the University of Toronto. She is pursuing a certificate of global engineering and working towards an optional fourth-year thesis with the Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering (ILead) at the University of Toronto. Previously, she worked as a pilot analyst summer research student, with both ILead and Patricia Sheridan, to develop a team effectiveness inventory for guided reflection and feedback. Lobna was responsible for performing quantitative and qualitative analysis of the pilot project findings and for modifying the proposed inventory based on analysis. Lobna is passionate about engineering education and plans to pursue a career path in the field.Jennie Phillips MA, University of

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Paul Pearson, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Electronic Systems

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

accomplish an on-time graduation plan as schedules aresomewhat inflexible and fewer class sections are being offered every semester. Many studentsare forced into a fifth year of undergraduate studies in order to complete their programrequirements. Looking for an alternative solution to this problem, a ―credit for experience‖internship pilot program was developed. The thought behind to program is to create a partnershipbetween universities and corporate partners whereby working together a program will allowstudents to complete a required senior design project in conjunction with internships or co-ops atthe company’s location; allowing students to use company resources towards their project andgain valuable industry experience during the process.An

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education (DEED) Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

by brieflyreviewing the design as a “thought” process, focusing on several dimensions of “designthinking” and how “design thinking” skills are acquired. Second, the paper reports on thedevelopment, implementation, and subsequent evaluation of a senior design course at aninternational university, where practitioners have played a major role in planning and teachingthe capstone course. The new, restructured design course, co-taught by practitioners from theRegion, has met its declared objectives and exposed students to professional practice. Thisindustry-driven experience has also provided information with regard to curricular content andcapabilities of departmental graduates. In a way, the capstone experience reported on in thispaper, serves

Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Willis, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; James Conrad, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Image Processing FPGA Board(s) and environment sensors (light, acceleration, compass, bump, and sonar). 4. Develop algorithms that translate image knowledge and sensor measurements to path planning, complete with in-course path modification. 5. Test the system on flat and angled terrain with existing obstacles.Specific educational outcomes of the robotic design aspects of the project included (1)understanding pulse width modulated (PWM) motor controllers, (2) power considerations inmobile computing designs, (3) Linux device driver programming, (4) RS232 hardwarecommunications design.3. Results AchievedAs is typical of ambitious senior design projects such as this, the teams fell short ofaccomplishing all their stated goals. This

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

QFD – House of Quality Requirements DocumentTeaming: Theory, Skills, and Practice Teaming Exercises Interim ReportCreativity and Idea Generation Concurrent Engineering Design ReportIdea Selection/Decision Schemes Drawings/Layouts/Analysis/Economics Critical Design ReviewDesign for Sustainability Design Verification/Test Plans Manufacturing and Test ReviewDesign for Safety Technical Reports Senior Design ExpoDesign for Manufacturability Presentation Skills Final Project ReportTQMContinuous ImprovementThe new capstone model created at Cal Poly is considered a working template that is

Conference Session

Design Communications

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ekwaro-Osire, Texas Tech University; Innocent Afuh, Texas Tech University; Peter Orono, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

adopted from Atman et al.15 The coding consisted of nine elements,namely, problem definition, gather information, idea generating, modeling, feasibility analysis,evaluation, decision, communication, and other. Since the thrust of this research was oninformation gathering activities, the “gather information” element was further broken up intonine distinct information gathering activities, namely, 1. ask client-expert 2. library research 3. internet use 4. ask other-expert 5. plan to gather 6. gather info (general) 7. parts: plan to gather info 8. parts: gathered info 9. procedure: gather infoFurthermore, the “communication” element was also broken up into 1. Citation 2. Presentation or written report 3. Report

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Mellodge, University of Hartford; Diane Folz, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Virginia Tech.The project was designed in stages, with processing initiated in August 2008 and the vibrationaltesting initiated in January 2009. The basic project flow chart is provided in Figure 2. Figure 2: Project flow chart for microwave processing of instrument wood. Page 14.68.5Progress to DateStudent and Faculty CollaborationEach of the lead faculty members associated with this project has made multiple visits to thepartner university for the purposes of planning and experimental activities. Also, in the fall of2008, two student members of the processing team accompanied their faculty advisor to theUniversity of Hartford to present

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Potpourri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vukica Jovanovic, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mileta Tomovic, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

to successfully perform critical work functions ortasks in a defined work setting. The competencies often serve as the basis for skill standards thatspecify the level of knowledge, skills, and abilities required for success in the workplace as wellas potential measurement criteria for assessing competency attainment2. Product design, as anintegrated profession, covers a wide range, including: engineering (technology, techniques,material and processing), ergonomics (operation, safety, usability), business (marketing,management, planning, corporate identity), aesthetics (form, visualization, style), and evensocial, environmental, and cultural issues. Design educators and professionals are alwaysconcerned with the issue of industrial designers

Conference Session

Capstone Design III

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan C. Ordonez, Florida State University; Jose Vargas, Universidade Federal do Parana; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Necesio Gomes Costa, Universidade Federal de Itajubá

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

engineering and renewable energy. We plan to formalize theinternational design collaboration as an integral part of the exchange experience by engagingvisiting students in specifically arranged design projects, which require close interaction betweenstudents from both countries. This paper reports the experience learned in the initial design andimplementation of these projects and our recommendation to fully integrate the design projectinto the curriculum of the exchange program.1. IntroductionIn this increasingly globalized market, it is critical for educational institutions to prepareengineering students with international experience beyond traditional technical knowledge andengineering skills. It has been suggested in a recent article1 that global

Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gail Hohner, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Jennifer Wegner, University of Michigan; Moses K. Lee, University of Michigan; Amy Frances Goldstein, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, expectancy and anxiety.We plan to follow this group of students through their first year of engineering and re-evaluatenear the end of the academic year.educational outcomesAt Michigan Engineering, students are encouraged to work across engineering disciplines andbuild competencies beyond engineering. In addition to providing students with a superiortechnical education, Michigan Engineering is committed to teaching students the value ofcreativity, teamwork, and engineering design. The design immersion program is intended tointroduce incoming students to these key aspects of the Michigan Engineering curriculum andculture, and to offer them direct experience with the creative process of engineering. Aninnovative experience , the program provides

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anouk Desjardins, Écoel Polytechnique de Montréal; Louise Millette, Écoel Polytechnique de Montréal; Marc-André Plasse, _naturehumaine; Erik Belanger, Écoel Polytechnique de Montréal

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

committee and the Urban Landscape Committee. She is a founding member and close collaborator to Montral’s First Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development.MARC ANDRE PLASSE, naturehumaine Marc-Andr Plasse obtained his undergraduate degree in Architecture with honours at McGill University in 1997. After working for several architecture firms in Montral, he established his own architectural and design firm naturehumaine in 2003. Closely involved in the academic milieu, he has been lecturing at the Universit de Montral since 2007. In the fall of 2009, he began supervising Architecture students involved in the ING4901 - Sustainable Development Capstone Project course.Erik Belanger, coel Polytechnique de Montral Erik

Conference Session

Studies in Engineering Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jackson Lyall Autrey, University of Oklahoma; Shalaka Subhash Ghaisas, University of Oklahoma; Xun Ge, University of Oklahoma; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Farrokh Mistree, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #23041An Experiential Learning Framework for Improving Engineering Design,Build, and Test CoursesMr. Jackson Lyall Autrey, University of Oklahoma Jackson Autrey is a Master of Science student in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Oklahoma from Tulsa, Oklahoma. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Oklahoma and is currently involved with research into assessment methods and pedagogy in engineer- ing design education. Following completion of his Master’s degree, Jackson plans to pursue a PhD. in Engineering with a focus on engineering education.Ms. Shalaka Subhash

Conference Session

Professional Skills development in Design

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia Smith, University of Calgary ; Genevieve Hoffart, University of Calgary; Tom O'Neill, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

students on the path toskill development, it is critical to assess whether or not they intend to change their behaviorsbased on the feedback with which they have been provided. The theory of planned behavior16postulates that behavioral intentions are the most proximal construct to behavioral change, asthey represent one’s attitude towards that behavior. This then captures the effort they are willingto expend in order to engage in that behavior and their motivation to engage in that behavior andimprove upon it. However, the role of intentions in future behavior is qualified by individuals’volitional control over the behavior in question, which is the control the individual has over theirability to engage in that behavior16. Volitional control can

Conference Session

Idea Generation and Creativity in Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Ann Marasco, University of Calgary; Laleh Behjat P.Eng.; William Daniel Rosehart P.Eng., University of Calgary

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

mechanics totechnical learning, often found in computer and software engineering6. This paper will explorean on-going design development process at the University of Calgary for integratinggamification and creative thinking with technical design techniques. The objectives of this workwere to use gamification as a method of expanding opportunities for creativity and to engagestudent innovation. This paper will describe the four stages of the current research, results andobservations of the various project iterations, and plans for future work.Methodology and Analysis of Research StagesThis multi-year study began in 2012, with the latest results expected in April 2015. The entireresearch methodology has been separated across four main stages of work

Conference Session

Design with External Clients

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Fleishman, Western Washington University; Eric Leonhardt, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

offer on-demand, or access transit service, which provides transportation to residents withlimited mobility options. By using a modular design approach, the team has chosen to allow for arange of potential vehicle applications, including school bus, shuttle bus, and commuter servicevariants. An all-electric version is also planned for shorter distance route coverage. Consideringthe design goals of increased fuel economy, as well as improved maintainability andserviceability over existing products, the resultant reduction in overall operating costs willprovide added incentive for fleet operators when considering new vehicle purchases.Improvements in vehicle aerodynamics, use of lightweight construction materials, and a hybridpowertrain will help