Conference Session

Undergraduate Students' Professional Skills and Reflection

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Abolfazl Amin, Utah Valley University; Abdennour C. Seibi, Utah Valley University; Israd Hakim Jaafar, Utah Valley University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

(GE) requirement, English 1010 or 2010 at UVU. 2. Enroll in a Writing Fellows course. 3. Work with a member of the Writing Center and establish a schedule for one semester. 4. Complete at least three WRIT, Comparative Literature, or Literary Arts courses.At Duke university [5] students can complete the writing requirements for graduation bysuccessfully completing one University Writing Course. Yale university [6] requires only twocourse credits in writing for graduation. Harvard university [7] provides more general optionsfor students to fulfil their writing requirements. Their general education requirements aredivided into four basic areas. Students must complete one from each category: 1. Aesthetics and Culture 2. Ethics and

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Borrego, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Lynita Newswander, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

it to meet the needs of students at anumber of levels. In a journal club, “[a]t its best, the larger scientific community reinforces and extends the development of scientific values that is the most important product of graduate education. Through its various activities and discussions, members of the [journal club] express a set of standards for the quality of scientific inquiry, for what constitutes an interesting problem, for … rigor, and for ethical … behavior that becomes the foundation for a future…career.”9 Page 13.822.3We suggest that the same benefits may be found in engineering journal clubs

Conference Session

STEM Pipeline: Pre-College to Post-Baccalaureate

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Healy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lynn Rathbun, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

for the E.U.The need for a skilled workforce to meet this challenge has been highlighted in two recentreports: Innovate America4 and Engineering Research and America’s Future: Meeting theChallenges of a Global Economy5 which stress the critical importance of technologicalinnovation in U.S. competitiveness, productivity, and economic growth. Nanotechnology is seenas one of these technologically important fields and as noted in Innovate America,“nanotechnology could impact the production of virtually every human-made object.” The NNIcontinues to recognize the importance of education through increased allocations to the NSFbudget. NSF’s budget for education, ethical, legal, and social issues has increased from $29.1million in 2005 to $33.4

Conference Session

Degree Pathways and Cocurricular Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joanna Mirecki Millunchick, University of Michigan; Yixian Zhou

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

that discipline,[3] and that suchparticipation results in the development of a variety of skills related to communication,[4]leadership and ethical development,[5] and design and teamwork.[6] Such increases also havevarious professional benefits. For example, students who participate in these activities get jobsafter graduation at higher rates than those who do not.[7]But the engineering curriculum is very dense, making participation in out-of-classroom and co-curricular activities challenging. Brint and co-workers [8] found that there are two separateacademic cultures of engagement, where the arts, humanities, and social sciences focus on the“interaction, participation, and interest in ideas,” and science and engineering disciplines focuson

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 10: Understanding Student Experiences

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emma Brennan-Wydra, University of Michigan; Joanna Mirecki Millunchick, University of Michigan; Aaron W. Johnson, University of Michigan; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan; Trevion S. Henderson, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

student learning and success, and the impact of a flexible classroom space on faculty teaching and student learning. She also led a project to develop a taxonomy for the field of engineering education research, and she was part of a team that studied ethical decision-making in engineering students.Trevion S. Henderson, University of Michigan Trevion Henderson is a doctoral student in the Center for Higher and Postsecondary Education (CSHPE) at the University of Michigan. He recently earned his master’s degree in Higher Education and Student Affairs at The Ohio State University while serving as a graduate research associate with the Center for Higher Education Enterprise. Trevion also hold’s a Bachelor’s degree in

Conference Session

Student Perceptions of Self-efficacy, Success, and Identity

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Juebei Chen, Aalborg University; Anette Kolmos, Aalborg University; Xiangyun Du, Qatar University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineers. In their opinions, engineer is the one who solves real-life problems andcreate new things, which needs interdisciplinary knowledge and skills in the fields of engineering,social science, business and management. At the same time, engineers need to have the sense of dutyfor the society, and consider the aspects of cost, clients’ needs, engineering ethics and influence onthe environment when they find a solution or design a product in their project. As Dora said, theproject experience made her realize the responsibilities of engineers are not limited in engineering,but also involve science, social science and humanity fields. It’s necessary for engineers to preparethemselves with interdisciplinary skills and learn to look at things from

Conference Session

Problem Solving, Adaptive Expertise, and Social Engagement

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Secil Akinci-Ceylan, Iowa State University; Kristen Sara Cetin P.E., Iowa State University; Renee Fleming; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University; Andrea E. Surovek, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Bora Cetin, Iowa State University; Paige Taylor

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) [1] defines attributes of the engineer of 2020as follows: “He or she will aspire to have the ingenuity of Lilian Gibbreth, the problem-solvingcapabilities of Gordon Moore, the scientific insight of Albert Einstein, the creativity of PabloPicasso, the determination of the Wright brothers, the leadership abilities of Bill Gates, theconscience of Eleanor Roosevelt, the vision of Martin Luther King, and the curiosity and wonderof our grandchildren.” This means that being an engineer is multifaceted, where expectationsinclude possessing a variety of abilities such as professionalism, leadership, ethical standards,communication, creativity, management, listening and problem-solving skills. In order to

Conference Session

Social Dialogue on Diversity and Inclusion

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Urmi Ghosh-Dastidar, New York City College of Technology and the City University of New York; Diana Samaroo, New York City College of Technology and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York; Armando Dominguez Solis; Sandie Han, New York City College of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

with an assigned professor was also beneficial. Astedious as some people may have thought it was, it definitely made me feel like I had someonelooking over me and like I had guidance for future college semesters. The financial assistancewas also valuable because it provided me with extra money in case of a school emergency or tospend towards a summer/winter course…. Overall, the NSF S-STEM scholarship gave me theopportunity to be part of all these beneficial workshops, trips, and gatherings. It also gave memore confidence in myself and my work ethic. I would like to thank all the professors that cametogether to create this amazing scholarship program and I would also like to thank the NationalScience Foundation for funding this program with a

Conference Session

Practice III: Multimedia Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petr Johanes, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

). Planet Hulk [19] exploreshow to find a sense of peace and stability when one can neither die, nor be trusted enough by thosearound him to exist in a safe society (thanks to which readers can learn about ethics). Secret Wars[20] explicitly asks the question: if you could re-make a multi-verse, who would you entrust thetask to…and what kind of a world would we end up with (thanks to which readers can learn aboutphysics, philosophy, and psychology)? Many examples of graphic novels with these and otherthemes exist. Too many to name. The overall point is that graphic novels generally explore multiplestrands of material within a single story and show the potential for readers to learn from them.In this vein, graphic novels have already found a place

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauge Peter Westergaard Clausen, Technical University of Denmark; Jason Bazylak, University of Toronto; Steffen Foss Hansen, Technical University of Denmark; Redante Delizo Mendoza

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

tools under uncertainty. He has organized and taught continued courses on Risk assessment of nanomaterials for staff of the European Chemical Agency and since 2004 he has taught and coordinated courses at Mas- ter level in 1) Nanotechnology and the Environment and 2) Environmental Management and Ethics and has guest-lectured at Roskilde University, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Northeastern University, and Harvard University.Dr. Redante Delizo Mendoza c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Comparative Analysis of Two Teaching Methods for Large Classes (Research paper)Lauge Peter Westergaard Clausen1, Redante Mendoza2, Jason Bazylak3

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Classroom Practice

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill D. Bailey, Kennesaw State University; Gregory L. Wiles P.E., Kennesaw State University; Thomas Reid Ball, Kennesaw State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

% HSOL 20% 10% 0% Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 Figure 2: Comparison of IET course enrollments by delivery type.18There are two courses that were not converted from traditional to hybrid. The first is a one credithour safety and ethics course. This course only meets 50 minutes per week, so there was littlebenefit in creating a hybrid. The other is the senior project. In this course, teams of studentsmeet with a faculty mentor at times arranged for each team. Although they were not

Conference Session

Communication Across the Divisions I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lori Breslow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Christina Kay White, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Daniel E. Hastings, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

communicating cross-culturally or identifying problems within their team. The same holds true for visual literacy:Students rated their mechanistic skills like image editing or labeling higher than theirstrategic/critical ones. We assume that most of the students have edited or labeled photos beforeentering college because of their use of social media, so they are familiar with those activities. Incomparison, at each university students reported they were not confident in legal restrictions onuses of visual media. A discussion of these restrictions and proper citations for images can easilybe included either in professional communication courses or in the wide range of ethics coursesthat are already embedded in engineering programs.DiscussionThese

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard J. Aleong, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; David S Strong P.Eng., Queen's University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

statement, futureworkshop offerings may consider other research methods that allow for the expression of ones’self in other forms, such as photo collections or elicitation, and multimedia presentations. Future Page 26.742.10work may also consider the applications of a student’s sense of self to other interdisciplinaryareas and engineering domains such as ethical behaviour, teamwork and collaboration,leadership, creativity, and problem solving.One opportunity for this research may be to partner with academic support units, faculties, anddepartments across campus, such as career services, student affairs, learning commons, exchangeand experiential

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Strategies II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, Ohio Northern University; Kenneth J Reid, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

(MATH) Professional Skills (PROF) ENGR Tech/Tools (ESTT) I. Critical Thinking I. Engineering Skills I. Trig Review A. Electromagnetic Systems II. Calculus A. Problem Solving (DESN III.0.0) B. Circuits III. Significant Figures II. Ethics C. Statics IV. Units and Dimensions B

Conference Session

Student Motivation and Faculty Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Huettel, Duke University; Michael R. Gustafson II, Duke University; Joseph C. Nadeau P.E., Duke University; David Schaad, Duke University; Michael M Barger, Duke University; Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

content is drawn from material that wouldnormally be presented in that course anyway – and the mode of presentation will thus depend onthe instructor’s preference. Importantly, this material can be presented with minimal directreference to the GC (in this stage).Stage 5: Application of Course Content to the Challenge. The key connection between the GCmaterial (Stages 1-3) and the technical material (Stage 4) comes as the students complete aproblem-solving exercise. Most such exercises will involve hands-on analysis or simulation ofdata relevant to the GC, followed by reflection on ethical or practical issues raised by the data.For example, the students might be given data related to water quality measures from onelocation, analyze that data to

Conference Session

Faculty Development I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim L Borgford-Parnell, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

sustain a PLC Building and sustaining a PLC Definition/Explanation 1. Teaching is a personal choice Teaching poorly was understood as being incompatible to and commitment. achieving a long academic career. However, the autonomy built into the job provides the flexibility to decide just how good a teacher to become. 2. Work ethic as core to teaching No academic in a research university expects to advance professionally as researchers by working normal 40-hour work weeks. A commitment to both research and teaching

Conference Session

Concept Inventories and Assessment of Knowledge

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natalie Jorion, University of Illinois, Chicago; Brian Douglas Gane, University of Illinois at Chicago; Louis V DiBello; James W Pellegrino, University of Illinois, Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. 12. Samuel Messick, "Meaning and values in test validation: The science and ethics of assessment," Educational researcher 18, no. 2 (1989): 5-11. 13. James W. Pellegrino, Louis DiBello, Ronald Miller, Ruth Streveler, Natalie Jorion, Katie James, Lianne Schroeder, and William Stout, “An analytical framework for investigating concept inventories,” In J. Pellegrino (Chair), The Conceptual Underpinnings of Concept Inventories. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA. (2013). 14. Susan Singer, Natalie R. Nielsen, and Heidi A. Schweingruber, eds., Discipline-based education research: Understanding and improving learning in undergraduate science

Conference Session

Qualitative Methodologies

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Matthew DeMonbrun, University of Michigan; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan; Prateek Shekhar, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

methods to improve teaching, studying faculty motivation to change classroom practices, and exploring ethical decision-making in engineering students. She also has established a national presence in engineer- ing education; she is a fellow in the American Society of Engineering Education, is an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Education, and past chair of the Educational Research and Methods Division of ASEE.Mr. Prateek Shekhar, University of Texas, Austin Prateek Shekhar is a PhD student in the Department of Mechanical Education at the University of Texas at Austin. His research is focused in understanding students’ and faculty’s reaction to adoption of active learning based teaching methods in engineering

Conference Session

Communication and Literacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina Kay White, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Lori Breslow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Daniel E. Hastings, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Page 26.1621.11 engineering students. Asian Social Science, 7(10), p. 183. [17] Perry, W.G. (1999). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.     10  

Conference Session

Studying Engineering Education Research & Institutions

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren A. Sepp, University of Washington; Mania Orand, Human Centered Design and Engineering ; Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington; Lauren D. Thomas, University of Washington; Brook Sattler, University of Washington; Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Reflection in Software Engineering." ASEE Annual Conference. Amerian Society of Engineering Education , 2012. 13. Koch, Daphene C. "Construct Costa Rica: International Service Learning." ASEE Annual Conference . American Society of Engineering Education , 2012. 14. Hatipkarasulu, Yilmaz and Suat Gunhan. "A Classoom Discussion of Applied Ethics." ASEE Annual Conference. American Society of Engineering Education , 2012. Page 26.1196.12 15. Sochnacka, Nicola, et al. "Paper ID #6555 Faculty Reflections on a STEAM-Inspired Interdisciplinary Studio Course." ASEE Annual Conference. American Society

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Strategies I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Hagge, Iowa State University; Mostafa Amin-Naseri, Iowa State University; Stephen B Gilbert, Iowa State University; John Jackman, Iowa State University; Enruo Guo; Gloria Starns, Iowa State University; LeAnn E Faidley, Wartburg College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

and Function”, Chemical Page 26.440.16 Engineering Education 31, 152-157.15- Haile, J.M. (1997), “Toward Technical Understanding. 2. Elementary Levels”, Chemical Engineering Education 31, 214-219.16- Haile, J.M. (1998), “Toward Technical Understanding. 3. Advanced Levels”, Chemical Engineering Education 32, 30-39.17- Freeman, W.J. (1994), “Role of Chaotic Dynamics in Neural Plasticity”, Progress in Brain Research 102, 319.18- Searle, J. (1992), “The Rediscovery of the Mind”, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.19- W.G. Perry, Jr., Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Classroom Practice

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Austin Creasy, Purdue University (Statewide Technology)

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

data has been used in bothclinical and classroom settings 11 where the video data is used to assess numerous topics relatedto education. Obtaining video data outside of a clinical or classroom setting introduces manydifficulties in the data collection design because of camera and microphone placement 14 andbecause of potential ethical issues related to capturing video data 11, 13. These difficulties need tobe considered in the design of an experiment when capturing video data for analysis and will bediscussed.Most assessment of student learning obtained from a learning cycle in courses similar to themechanics course used in this study uses closed ended questions 8, 17, 18. Closed ended questionshave a unique solution and usually only have a

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul M. Yanik, Western Carolina University; Chip W. Ferguson, Western Carolina University; Sudhir Kaul, Western Carolina University; Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

beingtaught.1,2,3 Previous thrusts in engineering education development have stressed the graduate’stechnical competence in engineering science, and engineering design as outcomes.3 However,studies by industry employers have revealed that these competencies do not sufficiently equipstudents with skills needed for the more socially intensive aspects of modern engineeringpractice.2,4 In order to be fully work ready, additional skills in less observable areas4 need to bedeveloped. These include social skills such as leadership,5,6 interpersonal communication,emotional intelligence, and an ability to work in diverse groups, as well as skills in problemsolving, awareness of sustainability, and engineering ethics.5Project Based Learning (PBL) is a vehicle

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 5: Assessment

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bahar Memarian, University of Toronto; Susan McCahan, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

papers. The objective of this study is to deepenunderstanding of current practices for the purpose of supporting changes in the way theseassessments are used as learning activities.MethodsA method was developed to address the following questions: How does the quantity of feedbackof different forms (i.e. cross-marks, text phrase, etc.) vary: 1. in relation to solution quality which is measured using the summative mark? 2. in relation to the problems being graded?A research protocol was submitted and accepted by the Research Ethics Board (ID: 37507). Weexamined graded student papers from three electrical engineering courses at a large publicuniversity. The study used 7 problems from each course, resulting in 21 unique

Conference Session

Motivation, Attitudes, and Beliefs

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison Adams, Kansas State University; Amy Rachel Betz, Kansas State University; Emily Dringenberg, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

decision-making. With a focus on qualitative research methods, she is working to better understand the ways in which undergraduate engineering students experience design and ill-structured problem solving. Her interests also include neuroscience, growth mindset, engineering ethics, and race and gender in engineering. In general, Dr. Dringenberg is always excited to learn new things and work with motivated individuals from diverse backgrounds to improve engineering education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Validation of an Interview Protocol to Explore Students’ Beliefs about IntelligenceAbstractThe overarching research goal driving this

Conference Session

Using Technology to Enhance Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pilar Pazos, Northwestern University; Robert Linsenmeier, Biomedical Engineering Department and Department of Neurobiology and; Suzanne Olds, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Biomedical Engineering Department at Northwestern University and is engaged in the VaNTH Center for Bioengineering Educational Technologies. She is interested in the use of PRS and methods of teaching ethics to engineering students. Page 12.1567.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Using technology to enhance active learning in Biomedical Engineering.AbstractThis paper evaluates previous uses of Personal Response Systems (PRS) and the pedagogicalrationale associated to the different uses. We illustrate the use of PRS systems in two differentcourses: Systems Physiology and Thermodynamics. We describe the

Conference Session

Design: Content and Context

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mieke Schuurman, Pennsylvania State University; Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University; Peggy Van Meter, Pennsylvania State University; Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

education is evident in a key learning outcome criterion set by the AccreditationBoard for Engineering and Technology (ABET), which states that students are expected todemonstrate “the ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs withinrealistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,manufacturability, and sustainability” 1. Most four year engineering programs include acornerstone design course in the first year which introduces students to the breadth ofengineering design topics. Students obtain more in-depth knowledge in their second and thirdyear, in particular related to engineering analysis. Although analysis is a relevant part of thedesign process, when asked to

Conference Session

Fostering and Assessing Effective Teaming

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane Zemke, Gonzaga University; Steven Zemke, Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

group when its focus wandered, nor could he generate a fully collaborativeprocess if the task did not generate one by itself.JohnJohn is another non-traditional student in his early 30s. Like Cory, he has extensive workexperience in an engineering environment. Also like Cory, he is not a top student, but has anoutstanding work ethic and produces excellent work. He is assertive in class, often askingquestions to improve his understanding. He does well with his younger classmates.John’s team was only recorded one time. During this session, John spent much time studying theproblem and learning the task requirements. Like Cory, he kept the group on task; he became the“task expert” even though he found the task challenging. He also did error

Conference Session

Student Teams and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University; Christine Co, Oklahoma State University; Bear Turner, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

inwhich students design, build, and test a complex project. These programs are increasinglyindustry sponsored 1, and expose students to many of the real constraints engineers face.Capstone courses are the primary mechanism used by many universities for integratingcommunication, and teamwork skills and social, economic, and ethical issues into theengineering curriculum 2. The capstone concept has been extended by other schools such as theDesign4Practice program at Northern Arizona University and the projects program at WorcesterPolytechnic Institute 3-5 in which dedicated design courses are integrated into all four years of theundergraduate curriculum. Improvements in student performance following capstone programshave been observed in several

Conference Session

Measurement Tools

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Carberry, Tufts University; Matthew Ohland, Purdue University; Chris Swan, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineering education. in ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference. 2008. Saratoga Springs, NY.11. Royal Academy of Engineering. Abstracts, Workshop on Philosophy and Engineering. 2008. Last viewed November 2009; http://www.raeng.org.uk/societygov/phislophyofeng/pdf/abstract_papers.pdf.12. Hofer, B.K. and P.R. Pintrich, The development of epistemological theories: Beliefs about knowledge and knowing and their relation to learning. Review of Educational Research, 1997. 67(1): p. 88-140.13. Piaget, J., Introduction a l'epistemologie genetique. 1950, Paris, France: University of France Press.14. Perry, W.G., Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme. 1970, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart