Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Collura, University of New Haven; Samuel Daniels, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; W. David Harding, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

of the National Academy of Engineering through The Engineer of 20201 andEducating The Engineer of 20202. To summarize very briefly, engineering educators are beingasked not only to preserve the level of analytical skill that has served society so well over thepast several decades, but also to help students develop a host of professional skills and a broaderperspective than has traditionally been associated with the engineering profession. At the sametime, we are faced with a looming crises as the current engineering workforce ages and thenumber of young people interested in an engineering career declines.In a traditional engineering program, the primary focus is on the content of a set of relativelynarrow disciplinary courses, generally

Conference Session

First Year Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irene B Mena, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

23.559.16List of references1.Chachra, D., Kilgore, D., Loshbaugh, H., McCain, J., & Chen, H. (2008). Being and Becoming: Gender andIdentity Formation of Engineering Students. Paper presented at the American Society for Engineering EducationConference and Exposition. Pittsburgh, PA, June 22-25.2.Korte, R., & Smith, K. (2007). Portraying the Academic Experiences of Students in Engineering: Students’Perceptions of Their Educational Experiences and Career Aspirations in Engineering. Paper presented at theAmerican Society for Engineering Education Conference and Exposition. Honolulu, HI, June 24-27.3.Stevens, R., Amos, D., Jocuns, A. & Garrison, L. (2007). Engineering as Lifestyle and a Meritocracy ofDifficulty: Two Pervasive Beliefs among

Conference Session

Novel Pedagogies 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Razi Nalim P.E., Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Manikanda K Rajagopal, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis; Robert J Helfenbein, Indiana University-IUPUI, School of Education

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #7930Faculty and Student Perceptions of Project-Enhanced Learning in Early En-gineering Education: Barriers, Benefits, and BreakthroughsProf. M. Razi Nalim P.E., Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis Prof. Razi Nalim has over 25 years of practical and analytical experience in combustion, explosions, engines, and non-steady flow related areas in industry, academia, and government. His career began in internal-combustion engine emissions control, cogeneration systems, and engine testing. After his doc- torate, Dr. Nalim went to NASA Glenn Research Center to study unsteady flow devices for propulsion

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremi S London, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

speaks to both the complexity of the highlighted projects,and to a limitation of the taxonomy. One example of an award that represents the interplaybetween boundaries is “UT3” (UToledo. UTeach. Utouch the Future); it is represented by apurple circle on the macro/meso-scale line. UT3 is a professional development program forsecond career science and math teachers who are Noyce Scholars (recipients of the Robert NoyceScholarship for STEM Professionals). Once the Noyce Scholars’ pre-service training ends,workshop participants can continue to receive support through an online learning community.So, although projects containing online communities are typically classified as Macro-scaleproject, the exclusivity of the community qualifies it for Meso

Conference Session

Student Learning, Problem Solving, & Critical Thinking 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peggy C. Boylan-Ashraf, Stanford University; Steven A. Freeman, Iowa State University; Mack Shelley, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

in the course of their career at Iowa State University. In addition to outstanding performance in at least one of the follow- ing areas: teaching, research/creative activities, extension/professional practice, and institutional service, a University Professor must have acted as a change-agent to improve the quality with which the university carries out its mission.”]. From 2003-2007 he served as Director of the Research Institute for Studies in Education (where he also was Coordinator of Research from 1999-2003), and from 1999-2007 was a Professor in the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies. He served as Vice Chair of the Department of Political Science in 1993-1994, Director of the Public

Conference Session

Problem-based and Challenge-based Learning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fatin Aliah Phang, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Khairiyah Mohd-Yusof, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Syed Helmi Syed Hassan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Mimi H. Hassim, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

student perceptions towards a positive attitude was because of: a) the deeper understanding and higher skills in problem solving b) the realization of the benefits CPBL can offer c) the increase of self-confidence to achieve better result Therefore, majority of the students confirmed that CPBL has contributed for: a) self-independent and group work engagement b) improvement of their reading and learning skills c) optimizing their efforts in learning d) offering better understanding of their mistakes through open class discussions e) learning new approached in problem solving for future career f) improvement of interpersonal skills and communication among friends

Conference Session

Research on Engineering Design Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher B. Williams, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Yoon Suk Lee, Virginia Tech; John S Gero, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2012-5094: EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF DESIGN EDUCATIONON THE DESIGN COGNITION OF SOPHOMORE ENGINEERING STU-DENTSDr. Christopher B. Williams, Virginia TechDr. Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech Marie C. Paretti is an Associate Professor of engineering education at Virginia Tech, where she co-directs the Virginia Tech Engineering Communications Center (VTECC). Her research focuses on communica- tion in engineering design, interdisciplinary communication and collaboration, and design education. She was awarded a CAREER grant from NSF to study expert teaching practices in capstone design courses nationwide, and is Co-PI on several NSF grants to explore identity and interdisciplinary collaboration in engineering design.Mr

Conference Session

Contextual Competencies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua David Schwartz, Trinity University; Ashley Ater Kranov, ABET

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

even otherarenas as they intersect with the lives and careers of engineers (e.g. the federal budget allocationto NASA – too much, too little, or enough?). An engineering department need not farm this taskout to instructors in every course, but rather can benefit from designating one instructor to handlethe delivery and assessment of the module (where feasible according to the size of the studentbody). In this way, students and assessment both benefit from consistency, and the presentationdelivery is refined. Each year, a new presentation should be created to keep things fresh andsuitably “contemporary”, while those online quiz questions from the second set described here(the J1 set on general awareness of issues) may be re-used and refined

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pao-Chi Chen, Lunghwa University Science and Technology; Kwannin Kuo, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology; Meei-Ruey Hsu, Ming-Chuan University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Would you please reveal what kinds of basic Chemistry Competence are required for graduates who major in Chemical and Material Engineering? And why do you think so? 2 What kinds of occupation domain are appropriate for the graduates majoring in Chemical and Material Engineering? 3 {Continue with question 4} Please indicate the basic Chemistry Competence which Chemical and Material Engineering graduates should acquire if they want to pursue their career in the aforementioned occupation domains, respectively (e.g. photoelectricity, plastics, commodity industry, semiconductor, environmental engineering, energy, etc.). 4 What kinds of basic Chemistry Competence will be beneficial to

Conference Session

Identity and Culture

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida; Mirka Koro-Ljungberg, University of Florida; David J. Therriault, University of Florida; Christine S. Lee, University of Florida; Nathan McNeill, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

epistemological stances are enacted in engineering education research. He has been involved in faculty development activities since 1998, through the ExCEEd Teaching Workshops of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Essential Teaching Seminars of the American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers, and the U.S. National Science Foundation-sponsored SUCCEED Coalition. He has also been active in promoting qualitative research methods in engineering education through workshops presented as part of an NSF project. He has received several awards for his work, including the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, the Ralph Teetor Education Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers, being named a

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alex Albert, University of Colorado

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

an Assistant Professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He earned a PhD with a dual focus in Construction Engineering and Management and Occupational Safety and Health from Oregon State University. He also earned a BS and MS in Civil Engineering from Bucknell University. For his efforts in teaching innovations, Dr. Hallowell has received the National Science Foun- dation CAREER award, Beavers Endowed Faculty Fellowship, John and Mercedes Peebles Innovation in Education Award, the ASCE New Faculty Excellence in Teaching Award, the Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering’s Teaching Award, University of Colorado College of En- gineering and Applied Science Dean’s Performance Award

Conference Session

Learning From Experts

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Natalie Barrett, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics, openness and non-equilibrium all into once package, and then you say, "Well, that's what you need to know for nano."Summers: …the primary tools … for nanoscience [are] a good strong math background; you need to have a good fundamental physics background; and in particular the field of solid-state is a key one, and quantum mechanics is a key one. Because for electrical, optical, magnetic and thermal properties, those are all quantum mechanical and solid-state ideas, that are being manipulated.Woodson: … any student who wants to think about a career in nanoscience and technology …ought to start with quantum mechanics first … because quantum mechanics is

Conference Session

Open-Ended Problems and Student Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida; Mirka Koro-Ljungberg, University of Florida ; Zaria T. Malcolm, University of Florida; Nathan McNeill, University of Florida, Gainesville; David J. Therriault, University of Florida; Christine S. Lee, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

stances are enacted in engineering education research. He has been involved in faculty development activities since 1998, through the ExCEEd Teaching Workshops of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Essential Teaching Seminars of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the US National Science Foundation-sponsored SUCCEED Coalition. He has received several awards for his work, including the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, the Ralph Teetor Education Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers, being named a University of Florida Distinguished Teaching Scholar, and being named the University of Florida Teacher of the Year for 2003-04. He is a member of the

Conference Session

Assessing Student Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David J. Therriault, University of Florida; Christine S. Lee, University of Florida; Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida; Mirka Koro-Ljungberg, University of Florida; Nathan McNeill, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, through the ExCEEd Teaching Workshops of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Essential Teaching Seminars of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the US National Science Foundation-sponsored SUCCEED Coalition. He has received several awards for his work, including the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, the Ralph Teetor Education Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers, being named a University of Florida Distinguished Teaching Scholar, and being named the University of Florida Teacher of the Year for 2003-04. He is a member of the American Society for Engineering Education, the Amer- ican Educational Research Association, and the American Chemical Society

Conference Session

Active and Inquiry-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David B. Knight, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Understanding Our Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joachim Walther, University of Georgia; Nicki Wendy Sochacka, University of Georgia; Nadia N. Kellam, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

approached have also been introduced (e.g. 1 to implementreflection as a part of engineering curricula.In the professional context, reflective elements such as portfolio approaches are used to facilitateprofessional development and serve as an element of professional accreditation processes todemonstrate outcomes from experiential learning 3 in the workplace. In the Australian context,for example, engineers submit “practice reports” with “written career episodes” 16 to reflect uponand demonstrate progression in specific aspects of the competency requirements defined for thenational chartered engineering status.There are, however, persisting difficulties in fostering reflective thought in students 17. Duley 18,for example, describes this as: “The

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Educational Methods and Tools to Encourage Conceptual Learning I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne R. Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Jason M. Keith, Michigan Technological University; Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Technological University; Maria Fernanda Tafur; Aytug Gencoglu, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering, Educational Research and Methods

AC 2011-1792: CONNECTING MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES TO THECONTINUUM SCALE WITH COMSOL DEMOSAdrienne R. Minerick, Michigan Technological University Adrienne Minerick is an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at Michigan Tech having moved from Mississippi State University in Jan 2010, where she was a tenured Associate Professor. She received her M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Notre Dame in 2003 and B.S. from Michigan Technological University in 1998. Adrienne’s research interests include electrokinetics and the development of biomedi- cal microdevices. She earned a 2007 NSF CAREER award; her group has published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Lab on a Chip, and had an AIChE Journal

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Potpourri II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen R. Hoffmann, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University; Ranjani L. Rao, Purdue University; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

for thinking about gender and race in the context of engineering education. She was recently awarded a CAREER grant for the project, ”Learning from Small Numbers: Using personal narratives by underrepresented undergraduate students to promote institutional change in engineering education.”Ranjani L. Rao, Purdue University Ranjani Rao (MA, 2008, Purdue University) is a doctoral student in Organizational Communication in the Department of Communication at Purdue.Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette Monica E. Cardella is an Assistant Professor of Engineering Education and is the Co-Director of As- sessment Research for the Institute for P-12 Engineering Research and Learning (INSPIRE) at Purdue

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Parikh, Stanford University; Helen Chen, Stanford University; Kenneth Goodson, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

those occurring with very small length and time scales. Goodson is a co-founder and former CTO of Cooligy, Inc., which builds microfluidic cooling systems for computers and was acquired by Emerson, Inc., in 2005. Goodson received the ASME Journal of Heat Transfer Outstanding Reviewer Award, and now serves as an Associate Editor for this Journal. Goodson serves as Editor-in-Chief of Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering. He has received the ONR Young Investigator Award and the NSF CAREER Award. Ken received his PhD in mechanical engineering from MIT.Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University Sheri D. Sheppard is the Burton J. and Deedee McMurtry University Fellow in Undergraduate

Conference Session

Student Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Otto, Stanford University; Helen Chen, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-graduate plans and shaping the college experience. But confidence relates to the experiences oneseeks out (which may in turn build confidence), and these experiences in turn are likely to affectfuture plans and opportunities. Employers are increasingly calling for well-developedprofessional skills in engineering hires and ABET Inc. has established a set of six professionalskill outcomes that engineering baccalaureate graduates should possessii,iii. Motivation, whatdrives one to pursue something, also influences how one chooses to spend time both in schooland in career planning.In this study, we test the explanatory power of framing undergraduate engineering populationsaccording to measures of their intrinsic psychological motivation and

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Learning 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Page 24.949.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 On Implementation of Classroom-Based Pedagogies of Engagement: Relevant Measures and General OutcomesAbstract: Educators, at all levels, as well as policy planners have advocated student involvementas an essential aspect of meaningful learning. Learning “about” things through conventionalmethods (low interaction lecture–based) does not necessarily enable students to acquire theabilities and understanding they will need for their future studies and or careers. Research hasshown that interaction among students and interaction between faculty and students- carried byfar the largest weights and affected more general education

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura J. Borrego, Virginia Tech; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Christopher Evan Nellis, Virginia Tech; Prateek Shekhar, Virginia Tech; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #8618Student Perceptions of Instructional Change in Engineering Courses: A PilotStudyDr. Maura J. Borrego, Virginia Tech Maura Borrego is Associate Dean and Director of Interdisciplinary Programs in the Graduate School and Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. She recently served as a Program Director in the Division of Undergraduate Education at the National Science Foundation. Dr. Borrego’s engineering education research awards include PECASE, CAREER, and two outstanding publication awards from the American Educational Research Association for her journal articles

Conference Session

Faculty Perspectives of Active Learning, Inequity, and Curricular Change

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeremy Grifski, Ohio State University; Emily Dringenberg, Ohio State University; Dira Melissa Delpech, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Undergraduate Students' Professional Skills and Reflection

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robert P. Loweth, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Leah Paborsky, University of Michigan; Sara L. Hoffman, University of Michigan; Steve J. Skerlos, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. [45]–[48]Engineering is Advances in knowledge are so rapid that even the [2], [3], [24],constantly evolving. fundamentals of engineering are no longer fixed. [41], [45]–[48] Engineers need to continue learning throughout their careers to keep up with changes in technologies and the contexts in which they are used.Engineering is about Engineers solve complex problems by synthesizing [2], [3], [9],synthesizing and information and approaches from STEM and non- [24], [41]–[49]integrating knowledge. STEM disciplines.Engineering makes the The goal of making the world better for all people [2], [3], [41],world a better

Conference Session

Curricula of the Past, Present, and Future

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yvonne Ng, College of St. Catherine; Lori Maxfield, College of St. Catherine

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

students seethemselves as engineers by graduation. Recent programs include opportunities for students toexplore the different engineering areas. These start to address the Curriculum of Identity. Theynot only challenge students to determine how engineering complements their own personalinterests, they try to excite and support students so they enter their careers as confident,contributing engineers.Service learning and social action activities can also develop the Curriculum of Identity if theparticulars of the action arise from the students’ choices. It is imperative that the activity’sdesign, action plan development, implementation, and execution is entirely motivated by thestudents. Some schools are able to support students who are free to

Conference Session

Active Learning Methods in Action

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ray Morelock, Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

design and implementation. She is/was PI/Co-PI on 10 funded research projects including a CAREER grant. She has won several Virginia Tech awards including a Dean’s Award for Outstanding New Faculty. Her research expertise includes using motivation and related frameworks to study student engagement in learning, recruitment and retention in engineering programs and careers, faculty teaching practices and intersections of motivation and learning strategies. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 All Games Are Not Created Equally: Differences in How Games Contribute to Learning in EngineeringAbstractReviews of game-based learning literature treat games as a unified

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Assessment and Research Tools

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Ball, University of California - Santa Cruz; Linnea Kristina Beckett, University of California - Santa Cruz; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California - Santa Cruz

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

continuing effort to assess the degree to which a particulareducational intervention (see description of the ASCEND program below) can be successful inenabling participants to practice and demonstrate STEM-linked abilities applicable to careers insustainable design and development for the emerging green-tech economy. An initial review ofdata collected during a two-year pilot quickly led to the realization that attempts to evaluate theeffectiveness of the intervention and assess learning outcomes would be limited by the kinds ofinstruments readily available. Instruments including exit-interviews and surveys that rely onretrospective participant “self-report” data can be helpful for evaluating changes in participants’assumptions, attitudes

Conference Session

Research Methods I: Developing Research Tools and Methods

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Freddy Solis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alexandra Coso Strong, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington; David P. Crismond, City College of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

education (especially in regards to the design of complex systems), student preparation for post-graduation careers, and innovations in research-to-practice.Dr. Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette Robin S. Adams is an Associate Professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University and holds a PhD in Education, an MS in Materials Science and Engineering, and a BS in Mechanical Engineering. She researches cross-disciplinarity ways of thinking, acting and being; design learning; and engineering education transformation.Dr. Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington Jennifer Turns is a Professor in the Department of Human Centered Design & Engineering at the Univer- sity of Washington. She is

Conference Session

Preparing for Practice

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Corey T Schimpf, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Teaching In and Through Design, Maker Spaces, and Open-ended Problems

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrew Olewnik, University at Buffalo; Randy Yerrick, Fresno State University; Manoj Madabhushi; Rachith Ramanathapura Ramaswamy, University at Buffalo

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

artifacts.Due to the smaller sample size of participants afforded in this research – participation of studentsin co-curriculars is a limiting factor – we employed a quasi-experimental design. A control groupwould serve as a measure of no treatment nor exposure to new practices – just business as usual.Our assumption is that a pre-PT problem solving discussion assessment serves the same purposeas a post-assessment of a control group. That is, the students in the program are sophomore, junior,and senior undergraduates, who already bring to the study an established approach to ill-structuredproblems that has been developed over their academic careers thus far. We therefore treat the pre-PT problem solving discussion data as the control group baseline for