Conference Session

Embedded Systems and Cybersecurity in ECE

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

James Peyton Jones, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, focusing on digital, analog, andPWM signals, and using these to control LED’s, buzzers, and small dc motors. This workculminates in a project where the students connect their boards to a small mobile robot andencode a simple line-following application. Students then explore interrupt handling andcommunications, first with cloud-based systems using their boards to send notifications viaIFTTT to their gmail or mobile phone accounts, and then more locally using serial protocols tocommunicate between devices and smart sensors. Finally, the labs conclude with an open-endedburglar alarm system project, based heavily on finite state machines. The base project uses areflective light sensor to detect intruders and sounds an alarm when armed, but

Conference Session

Embedded Systems and Cybersecurity in ECE

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Dominic Zucchini, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Justin Chau, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Matthew Neal Mutarelli, Missouri University of Science and Technology and Missouri State University; Rohit Dua, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #28319Microprocessor Design LearningMr. Dominic Zucchini, Missouri University of Science and Technology Dominic Zucchini is senior in at the S&T Cooperative Engineering program in Springfield. He is studying for his degree major in Electrical Engineering and minor in Computer Engineering. He has taken all courses in computer engineering available in the cooperative program and is now exploring curriculum outside of the classroom through research projects such as the WIMPAVR. His research interests include embedded system programming and ASIC design.Mr. Justin Chau, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Conference Session

Curricular Advancements in ECE

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Chad Eric Davis P.E., University of Oklahoma; Paul Moses, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Computer Engineering from Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Aus- tralia, in 2004, 2006 and 2012, respectively. From 2007 to 2014, he worked for the Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Australia supporting several naval R\&D projects in marine power and energy systems. Dr. Moses is currently a faculty member at The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. His interests are dynamic modeling of power systems and components, nonlinear electromagnetic transient phenomena, power quality and system protection. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Partner Selection and Group-Based Curriculum Design for Engineering Laboratory

Conference Session

Recruitment, Retention and First-year Programs in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad Eric Davis P.E., University of Oklahoma; James J. Sluss Jr., University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

centralfocus of our outreach and recruiting activities is to create fun, exciting, and interestingdemonstrations and hands-on activities that are related to the specific items listed by the students Page 23.862.5in the surveys. Most of these are created by ECE students. In this way the students can see thetypes of things they will be capable of doing if they choose ECE as a major. Another surveyquestion asked the students to state “what impressed them about the experience” (if they wereexposed to our outreach or recruiting activities). The most popular response to this question wasrelated to seeing the student projects. Looking back at some of the

Conference Session

Student Engagement in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Freudenthal, University of Texas, El Paso; Rebeca Gonzalez, Chapin High School; Sarah Hug, University of Colorado; Alexandria Ogrey, University of Texas, El Paso; Mary Kay Roy, University of Texas, El Paso; Alan Siegel, NYU

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

curriculumrepresenting a discipline‟s activities. Activities and projects of introductory computing curriculum designedto attract students generally focus on the dramatic outcomes of tasks whose programming challenges arefrequently more clerical than analytical. Consider the voluminous specification required to generate thedetailed choreography of a robotic dance (without regards for physics). While the graphical outcomes ofthese projects are impressive, and the specification of these moves may provide may provide useful practiceof coding skills, we have concern that the technical tasks have little similarity with analytically intenseacademic coursework typical of computer science and other STEM disciplines. We have encounteredstudents who enjoy analytical work

Conference Session

STEM and ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kundan Nepal, University of St. Thomas; Andrew Tubesing, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

includes the following topics: electronics, machine design,manufacturing engineering, computer programming, thermodynamics, statics, fluids andmechanics of materials. The class includes hands-on activities, links to academic standards(including Next Generation Science Standards) and discussion of the current/historicalimportance of the topics.Core 2: Engineering Design: The focus of this class is on the engineering design process for P-12 educators. Design projects, hands-on computer labs, lectures and field trips will introducestudents to how the engineering design process is applied in a variety of fields. Students willlearn how to create engineering drawings, apply an engineering design process, use computer-aided-design (CAD) technology, and

Conference Session

ECE Curriculum Improvement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dennis A. Silage, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

studentoutcomes. The College of Engineering at Temple University has four academic departments,including the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) and a newly establishDepartment of Bioengineering (BE).The Director of the General Engineering degree program has the responsibility to insure allaspects of the Program including continuous improvement of the interdisciplinary curriculum.The Director is also the single interface between the Program and industry for co-operative workstudy assignments, internships, capstone design projects and professional employment. Providingan identified Director on point assures that the General Engineering degree maintains visibilityand creditability within the College.Faculty advisors from both ECE and ME

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Mechtel, United States Naval Academy; Samara Firebaugh, United States Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

final test of their project 5-6.The electrodynamics course at the United States Naval Academy begins withtransmission line theory, considered to be a useful pedagogical link between circuitanalysis and the vector calculus required for describing free space propagation ofelectromagnetic waves. This approach has successfully helped students understand wavepropagation concepts even before the course included a laboratory. The added laboratoryprovides an immediate illustration of transmission line topics using SONNET ™, a 3DPlanar Electromagnetic software package for the design and simulation of microstripcomponents.( SONNET Lite™ is free online but a University Program makes thesoftware available at a discount for colleges and universities.) After

Conference Session

ECE Program Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brandon M. Grainger, University of Pittsburgh; Gregory F. Reed, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Society of Engineering Education. Dr. Reed earned his Ph.D, in electric power engineering from the University of Pittsburgh (1997), M.Eng. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1986), and B.S. from Gannon University (1985). Page 24.901.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Methods and Approaches for Developing the Future Leaders of the Electric Power and Energy IndustriesAbstractStrong growth in the global demand for electric power is projected for the next half-century andbeyond, providing tremendous opportunities for companies that are leaders in the

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Panchul, UTSA; David Akopian, UTSA

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

% send email on their phones, exchanging some 200 email messages eachweek. 66% email peers about classes; 44% email for studying. In contrast, only 43% email onPCs, exchanging an average of only 2 messages per week. Only 20% had used a PDA. 71% ofthe subjects preferred receiving educational materials on mobile phones rather than PCs. 93%felt that its valuable to use phones for teaching. In the UK it is estimated that 81% of 11-15 yearolds and 96% of 16-24 year olds have a mobile phone [7]. Similar projects have been establishedin Europe as well. An example of a pan-European research and development study with partnersin Italy, Sweden and the UK is the "m-learning" project [8]. Its aim is to use portabletechnologies to provide literacy and

Conference Session

Innovations in Communications and Wireless Systems Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard J. Hartnett P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Kelly Charles Seals P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Paul Benjamin Crilly, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

(ILS) (antenna, phasedarray application). Page 26.116.2Finally, we present multi-year data from end-of-course surveys as the assessment toolthat suggest our students see this course as highly relevant, applicable, and motivating.Studies on GPS: GPS P/N Sequence Generator Mini-Project, Gold Code Properties,and Signal Acquisition Using Cross-CorrelationIn our sophomore level course called Digital Circuits and Computer Systems (DCCS),students first learn about shift registers. In the junior/senior level Electronic Navigationcourse, students see a more in-depth, direct application for shift registers, tied to “Pseudo-random Noise” (PN) sequence generation

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas J. Siller, Colorado State University; Anthony A. Maciejewski, Colorado State University; Andrea M. Leland, Colorado State University; Tom Chen, Colorado State University; Branislav M. Notaros, Colorado State University; Sourajeet Roy, Colorado State University; Adam C. Hicks, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, 2018 Using student video presentations to develop communication skillsIntroduction Communication skills continue to be one of the important professional skills that are requiredfor engineering graduates [1] that pose difficulties for engineering educators. The issues aroundthese skills include what to teach, how to teach them, and how to assess students’ abilities[2, 3]. As part of a curriculum reform project that is a component of a larger department changeeffort, three required classes of the third year curriculum of an Electrical and ComputerEngineering (ECE) program at Colorado State University have added a knowledge integrationcomponent that occurs approximately every five weeks. During these integration efforts, studentsare

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Hossein Mousavinezhad, Western Michigan University; Liang Dong, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Digital Signal Processing, Theory & Practical ConsiderationsAbstractDigital Signal Processing (DSP) is an important and growing subject area withinelectrical and computer engineering (and also computer science). With the availability of“powerful” tools, software packages and hardware/software systems for use in DSPcourses, we need to be careful and use professional judgment as to where/when to useand introduce these teaching aids and tools. The authors have taught both graduate andundergraduate DSP and real-time systems courses, established industry-certifiedlaboratory in the home university where students can do projects without the actualexperiments in lecture-only courses. Even “DSP on wheels

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation, Assessment, and Program Improvement in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry L Wear, University of Washington, Tacoma; Orlando R. Baiocchi, University of Washington, Tacoma; Matthew Alden, University of Washington, Tacoma; Robert Gutmann, University of Washington, Tacoma; Jie Sheng, University of Washington, Tacoma

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

University. He has more than 25 years of experience in teaching, in addition to 10 years of industry experience, and is an ABET Program Evaluator for electrical and computer engineering.Dr. Orlando R. Baiocchi, University of Washington, Tacoma Orlando Baiocchi has more than 40 years of experience in teaching, research, and administration, both in Brazil and in the United States. He has been an ABET Evaluator representing the IEEE. He recently stepped down as Director of the Institute of Technology at the University of Washington, Tacoma, to return to teaching and research. He is currently involved in cooperative projects with several universities in Brazil. His areas of expertise are electromagnetics and pulse propagation

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R.F. William Hollender, Montana State University; James Becker, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Design. Dueto the relatively small size of the department (undergraduate and graduate population ofapproximately 300 students), EE 433 is the only course available to the students in the field ofmicrowave circuits. For this reason, the course has tried to sample a significant number of topicsfrom the field of microwave circuits, though in the past the course was almost entirely devoted tocomponent-level design.Over the last several years, a popular microwave engineering text1 has been used for the course,and prior to the fall of 2009, the content of the course could be summarized by the lecture topicsand lab exercises listed in Table I. The fact that system-level knowledge is of value to studentsand implementation of system-level projects can be

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Yang, Western Carolina University; Robert D. Adams, Western Carolina University; Aaron K. Ball, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2011-1234: INCORPORATING LABVIEW(R) IN JUNIOR ELECTRI-CAL ENGINEERING LABSBill Yang, Western Carolina University Dr. Yang is currently assistant professor at Western Carolina University. He holds Ph.D. degree in Elec- trical Engineering from Princeton University. Prior joining WCU he has worked more than 7 years at Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technology, Inc. as Member of Technical Staff and Ciena Corp. as Principal Engineer, doing research in photonic networks and optoelectronics. His teaching interest focuses on the project-based learning (PBL) model of engineering education with self-directed learner as enhanced edu- cational outcome. His research area focuses on optoelectronics, semiconductor lasers and

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ehsan Sheybani; Singli Garcia-Otero; Keith Williamson

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

lessons learned andinnovative approaches in the new ABET accreditation process at VSU∀in this first visit arepresented.Capstone Senior Design Course:Capstone senior design experience is both a graduation requirement for undergraduateengineering majors and for ABET accreditation of these programs. A senior design course istypically the last bridge for students between undergraduate education and the engineeringprofession in their respective disciplines. The course differs from other lecture and laboratorybased courses in the engineering curriculum in fundamental ways. Many capstone senior designcourses include lectures to develop students’ knowledge of the product development process,project management, professional engineering practice, and the

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 11

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pong P. Chu, Cleveland State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

learning in another.”It is also suggested that labs can be an effective tool 2: “…[The labs] can be more effectively used in the curriculum to support integration and synthesis of knowledge, development of persistence, skills in formulating and solving problems, and skills of collaboration. Design projects offer opportunities to approximate professional practice, with its concerns for social implications; integrate and synthesize knowledge; and develop skills of persistence, creativity, and teamwork.”Our work is motivated by the observation and recommendation. Instead of treating the labs asthe adjuncts that follow the learning of the theories and presenting them in a limited “componentcontext,” we use them as a cohesive

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in ECE Courses

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Claire Lynne McCullough P.E., High Point University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Outcomes, • Assessment Under Special Circumstances, • General Assessment Information or Tools, • New ABET Criteria, and • Efficient/Sustainable Assessment Processes.Of the categories, the one with the most papers, and the most diversity of topics, is that ofAssessment of Specific Courses or Outcomes, such as [2]-[9]. The example papers considered inthis category include such diverse topics as using a lower level Physics course in outcomeassessment [2], use of an on-line Ethics module [4], metrics for “inclusive and socially justteaming practices [5],and an assessment of information literacy for ABET’s outcome 7 [6]. Asmany programs are now using a capstone design course or project as a major portion of theirABET assessment, there

Conference Session

SDR & Programming in ECE Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wesley G. Lawson, University of Maryland, College Park; Stephen Secules, University of Maryland, College Park; Shuvra Bhattacharyya, University of Maryland, College Park, and Tampere University of Technology; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

approach to teaching a 3-credit introductory C programmingcourse to freshman electrical engineering students that has been funded by an NSF DUE grant.The innovation stems from the use of electrical engineering applications and projects to motivatestudents to master language syntax and implement key programming concepts and best practices.Weekly three-hour laboratory sessions center around writing C code on a Raspberry Pi computerto interact with a variety of sensors, actuators, and electronic components and achieve laboratorygoals. The laboratory experience culminates with a multi-week group project designed tochallenge the students’ new knowledge and skills. The new course has been taught three timesfrom Spring 2014 through Fall 2015 with a total

Conference Session

SDR & Programming in ECE Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pong P. Chu, Cleveland State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

engineering curriculum, the devices are used in the experimentsand projects of many courses, such as digital systems, microcontroller, embedded systems,computer organization, etc. There are wide varieties of input devices. It is difficult to maintain acomplete inventory for the lab. In addition, because these input devices are customized for asmall and specialized market, they are relatively expensive. For example, a GPS module or atouch sensor module costs more than many processor boards. An Android device (a phone or a tablet) is a miniature computer with a touch screen and anarray of sensors. There is an opportunity to use its sensors as the I/O peripherals. A low-endentry-level device is just “commodity” and cheaper than special I/O modules

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi Cheng, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona; Kathleen Hayden, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona; Zekeriya Aliyazicioglu, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

them.Debugging of a complex SHC system was made easier by using Xilinx ChipScope, whichwas similar to a logic analyzer for hardware debugging of digital circuits. A ChipScopeCore was instantiated and connected to the on-chip peripheral bus to enable it to captureany data on the addresses, data, and control information on the bus. One could set uptriggering conditions based on the address, data or control.The six laboratories were adopted from a two-day faculty workshop conducted by Xilinx.Despite the minor differences in the software version of Xilinx Platform Studio and thetargeted FPGA boards, most of the students in the class were able to successfullycomplete the lab assignments.Several SHC design projects were studied and analyzed in the class, but

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Hoffbeck, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

filter, timing recovery algorithm, and slicer. The FM radio signal can be used inclassroom demonstrations or in student projects or homework assignments to enhance acommunication systems course, motivate the students with a real-world system, and to providestudents with the practical experience of creating and testing a software defined radio receiver.IntroductionSome students are more motivated to learn material when it is clear that the material is useful inreal systems. One way to show how concepts are used in practice is to examine existingcommercial systems, but gaining access to commercial systems is impractical in many cases.However, capturing the wireless signals generated by real systems is often possible withcommercially available test

Conference Session

ECE Curriculum Improvement

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcin Lukowiak, Rochester Institute of Technology; Andrew Meneely, Rochester Institute of Technology; Stanislaw P. Radziszowski, Rochester Institute of Technology; James R. Vallino, Rochester Institute of Technology; Christopher A. Wood, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

favorite. His survey titled ”Small Ramsey Numbers,” which is a regularly updated living article at the Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, became a standard reference in this area. He teaches mostly theory-oriented courses, including very popular courses on cryptography, both at undergraduate and graduate levels. His recent work on applied cryptography led to joint projects with the Computer Engineering Department.Dr. James R. Vallino, Rochester Institute of Technology Jim Vallino has academic and industrial experience across a broad range of engineering disciplines. His academic training includes a B.E. in mechanical engineering, a M.S. in electrical and computer engineer- ing, and after more than 16 years in industry

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula in ECE II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie A. Rursch, Iowa State University; Douglas W. Jacobson, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

serious goal of increasing interest in and awareness of informationtechnology among high school students. However, the end of the year competition which iscalled IT-Olympics downplays the competitiveness in an effort to make the whole experienceenjoyable. The target audience for this project is high school students, especially those studentswho previously have not exhibited an interest in studying IT. The authors have found thatcollaborative real-time challenges where teams from different schools are required to shareresources and join forces on design challenges are very successful. The students exhibit moresocial interaction after these collaborative real-time challenges and this adds to the "party"atmosphere of the entire competition

Conference Session

Distance and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald D. Williams P.E., University of Virginia; Joanne Bechta Dugan, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

approach to asynchronous learning One challenge addressed by the GOAL project was to optimize the delivery ofasynchronous instruction on-line by matching the teaching style and pace to eachstudent’s preferred learning style and pace. The dimensions of teaching styles weredrawn from the higher education literature2 3with the following four orthogonal axes Page 22.1385.2identified:Visual – Verbal: The visual end of this axis provides images, both static and animated,to convey ideas and concepts. The verbal end of this axis provides words, both spokenand written, to convey instruction. While some students may express a preference for oneextreme or the

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xingguo Xiong, University of Bridgeport; Linfeng Zhang, University of Bridgeport; Lawrence V. Hmurcik, University of Bridgeport; Navarun Gupta, University of Bridgeport

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

-bar nanoelectronics circuits [10], bioelectronics [11]etc. For each category of nanoelectronics, we introduce their working principle,design and fabrication in details. We also assign some homework and projects forstudents to practice these nanoelectronic circuits. Students learn from these practicesand this helps them to have a deeper understanding about the future nanoelectronics.They also accumulate hands-on experiences on the EDA tools about the design andsimulation of nanoelectronics, which prepare them for their future career asnanoelectronics engineers or researchers in nanoelectronics field.For example, in the Nanotechnology class, we assign a course project about thedesign and simulation of an 8-bit QCA full adder. QCA Designer

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Masud Mahmud, Wayne State University; Cheng-Zhong Xu, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

analysis of networking protocols, secure wireless communications, and privacy-protected vehicle-to-vehicle communications and simulation techniques. He has supervised a number of projects with Ford Motors and other local companies. He is currently the Editor of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Transactions on Passenger Cars: Electrical and Electronic Systems. He is the author of over 100 published peer-reviewed journal papers and conference proceedings. He has supervised four Ph.D. dissertations and eight M.S. theses. Dr. Mahmud is a member of SAE, the American Society for Engineering Education, Sigma Xi, and Tau Beta Pi. He received the President’s Teaching Excellence Award from

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Dworzecki; Syed Masud Mahmud

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

CANTx.asm, Keypad.asm CANRx.asm, LCD.asmThe CANTx files are for the input gathering and data transmitting PIC18F8680sThe CANRx files are for the data receiving and displaying PIC18F6680sThe programming will be broken into two different projects, one for the 8680s and one for the 6680s.Both boards will be programmed using the same files, albeit with changes made to the source files.Start by creating two directories for your projects. This lab will use: C:\PIC18\CANLab1\CANTx – For the CANTx files C:\PIC18\CANLab1\CANRx – For the CANRx filesCopy CANTx.asm and Keypad.asm into the CANTx directory.Copy CANRx.asm and LCD.asm into the CANRx directory.Open up MPLAB IDE on your PC. This guide will be using version 7.60, so some

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Esteban Rodriguez-Marek, Eastern Washington University; Min-Sung Koh, Eastern Washington University; Michael Brzoska, Eastern Washington University; Claudio Talarico, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

instance, consider the hypotheticalsituation of an engineer that designs a product and wants to commercialize it. The engineer firsthas to find investors that will be interested in injecting funds into the project. To do this theprototype not only needs to be in adequate working condition, but its needs to be “sold” toinvestors in a manner that it will be attractive and seducing, most likely through an oralpresentation. Once the funding has been secured, progress reports and progress presentationmust be done regularly to ensure that the venture capitalists can see their investments have beenput to good use and are en route to timely production. Finally, once the product is on the market,tweaks must be done to customize the product for particular