students6-11. Based on these andadditional references the following course syllabus was developed. The outline of the courseincludes (ten 3-hour lectures): 1. Basic principles of energy generation 2. Introduction to renewable energy systems 3. Electric machines Basics; Electric machines for renewable 4. Solar energy fundamentals 5. Photovoltaic energy production; Photovoltaic systems 6. Wind energy resource characteristics 7. Wind energy conversion systems: aerodynamic and electric aspects 8. Wind energy modeling aspects 9. Fuel cell systems 10. Distributed generation and power qualitySince this course deals mainly with the analysis and the components of the wind and solar energyconversion systems, as well the analysis of
. Page 22.1665.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Virtual Power Producers and Distributed Generation in Energy Trading Markets: An Approach to the Integration of Renewable Energy in Latin America Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa - ISEL Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1. 1949 - 014 Lisboa – Portugal Affiliation to GECAD - Knowledge Engineering and Decision Support Research Center Abstract - In order for governments from around the world, but more specifically from LatinAmerica to be able to respond and meet increases in electrical power demand in the coming yearsand deal with the
policies and renewable energy initiatives worldwide. New industry in thissector demands technicians, technologists and engineers with training in alternative energies.Between now and 2017, Canadian labour force requirements are expected to more than double inwind, solar photovoltaic and bioenergy, and triple in solar thermal industries.1 Globally, a 11%compound annual growth rate in renewable energy demand is predicted to persist for the nextdecade, with an attendant US$2.2 trillion investment in renewable energy power generation.2Already the global market value of green energy is nearly US$5.2 trillion.3Colleges and universities across North America are hastening to develop programs that willserve these new workers and industries. The programs
Alternative Energy ProgramsIntroductionEnvironmental issues, U.S. dependence on foreign oil and depleting fossil fuel reserves: all ofthese issues represent an increasing awareness of the need for energy efficiency and alternativeand renewable energy education. Almost half (49%) of all energy produced in the U.S. isconsumed by the building sector. This is almost the same amount of energy consumed by bothtransportation (28%) and industry (23%) combined. [1] According to the U.S. EnergyInformation Administration, fossil fuels supply 76% of the total building sector energyconsumption. To address the building sector, architect Edward Mazria, in 2002, establishedArchitecture 2030, a non-profit, non-partisan, and independent organization. Architecture
resources have become significant contributorsto energy usage among both developed and developing countries. Rapidly growingeconomies of developing nations such as China, Brazil and India have significantlyincreased use of energy in these and other nations. In addition, increasing climate changeconcerns as a result of increasing use of fossil energy has made the public more aware ofthe issues and problems associated with energy usage. Figure 1 from Department ofEnergy1 clearly shows the increasing trend of energy use and projected increases inenergy use. It is interesting to note from Figure 1 that use of renewable energy resourceshas also increased with an increase in overall energy usage and more and more renewableenergy sources are expected to
,mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet statedobjective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment ofobjectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation” 1.For the last few years the focus of the mechanical engineering program of Aerospace andMechanical Engineering department at Saint Louis University has concentrated towardsincorporating renewable energy projects in our senior design courses.In this paper, we will demonstrate the following three points, (1) constraint-based innovativedesign concepts exercising fundamental engineering and science principles, (2) well definedproject scope to satisfy student, industrial reviewers and
MATLAB course,who the instructor was and then a series of questions concerning specific functions andoperations to determine immediate recall of the information. The most telling question was forthe students was to assess their own comfort level with the material based on the 0-4.0 scale thatis used for grading in the 4-year institution where this is being instituted. Table 1 gives the rawdata sorted by comfort level selection Table 1 Students Comfort level with MATLAB Mapped to Grading Scale Level of comfort 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 Number of students 3 7 9 10 13 3 7 4The average comfort level was 2.25 with the median being 2.5 of the 56 students surveyed. It isnot unusual for non ME majors to
Thermodynamics (ME 680) duringtheir fourth or fifth years. ME 413 and 680 form a progression in course work into the study ofThermodynamics and, therefore, the courses are carefully integrated. For a detailed descriptionof ME 413 and ME 680 refer to Bailey et al., 2004 [1]. After successfully completing AdvancedThermodynamics, students can choose to continue the study of classical thermodynamics byselecting a capstone design experience which incorporates advanced thermodynamics principlesas discussed in George et al, 2006 [2]. A select group of students also conduct thermodynamicrelated research in their pursuit of a Masters of Science degree and related publications [3,4,5
the Taylor WildernessResearch Station (TWRS) in central Idaho. It consists of a hydroelectric generator, aphotovoltaic array, a fossil fuel generator, appropriate interconnections, and interface units forcompatibility and control of the various generators and loads. Design and installation of this5.3kW average, 25kW peak electric power system was entirely a student project from start tofinish. As explained in this paper, this project is complete; the customer received the keys on 23July 2010.A prize-winning ASEE paper presented at the 2010 ASEE Annual Conference in Louisvilledescribes the design of this system.1 While that paper was being presented in June 2010,installation of the system was ongoing. This paper presents the completed system
surface normal to thesun’s rays on any day of the year using 0.33 cos (360𝑛𝑛)𝐺𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝐺𝐺𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 �1 + 365 � (1)where 𝑛𝑛 represents the nth day of the year. This equation accounts for the fact that the earth-sundistance changes continuously throughout the year. The fact that the axis of rotation of the eartharound itself is tilted 23.45o from the axis of the orbital plane of the earth around the sunrequires the use of the solar declination angle, 𝛿𝛿, given by 284+𝑛𝑛𝛿𝛿 = 23.45o 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �360 365
for tourists, water pumping foragriculture, schools, hospitals, and emergency use such as in rescue operations, field hospitals,refugee camps. To this list one may add home use during power outages anywhere. Reference 7shows that very small amounts of power and energy suffice for several critical applications. Thisrealization in turn leads to the design of micro renewable energy systems. We define therequirement as between 0 and 3 kilowatts of rated power, providing enough storage to deliver upto 24 kWh per day.Space and terrestrial micro energySmall power generation systems, especially those powered by renewable resources, encountersome common issues: 1. Low thermodynamic efficiency of heat engines with small temperature gradients 2. Large
infrastructure, and thenproceed to capture and bring solar power from Space. Page 22.1125.3Learning issue #1: concept resilienceTo understand the issues in power beaming, enough to consider developing viable solutions, thelearner must surmount a daunting array of obstacles. Some of the issues and areas aresummarized in Table 1. The usual conclusion on seeing this list would be that it would require across-disciplinary team of specialists, which is an expensive proposition, to be deferred until amajor project is funded. The corollary to this is that no such project can be contemplated untilconcept development has shown that there is a feasible path in the
-basedteaching environment enables students to acquire experience and evaluate their previous results.1 Phenomenal interest in the renewable energy and energy conservation technologies has led to anincreased demand for engineering and engineering technology graduates who are not only skilledin installation, maintenance of equipment used in theintelligent infrastructure systems required togenerate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications, but who alsounderstand the fundamental principles underlying the design and operation of alternative systems. Page 22.1586.2However, incorporation of such learning processes and the state-of
studies will be used in the classroom for teaching and research of the smartgrid in residential, industrial and commercial systems.Developing a new courseThere are a number of concerns and issues addressed for developing a new course in the area ofsmart grid in power distribution system such as: 1) How to design and simulate the smart grid power distribution network system 2) What are the decision support tools? 3) How to better utilize existing software tools to manage outages in the power distribution networks 4) How to cost-effectively integrate existing information systems so that they work collectively to support business activities such as diagnosis, scheduling and repairs 5) How to
recently when largescale public discussion of energy use in buildings has emerged. However, energy use inbuildings is quite large. For 2009, a total of 41% of total energy consumption in the U.S. went toresidences and commercial sectors whereas only 29% went to transportation.1 “On an annual basis, buildings in the United States consume 39% of America's energy and 68% of its electricity. Furthermore, buildings emit 38% of the carbon dioxide (the primary greenhouse gas associated with climate change), 49% of the sulfur dioxide, and 25% of the nitrogen oxides found in the air.”2According to a study by the U.S. Department of Energy, “the total cooling energy use incommercial building HVAC systems, including the refrigerant
provided to show that professional development ofquality can lead to increases in educators’ knowledge and skills, which in turn leads to changesin instruction and ultimately improves student learning [1]. The Emerging Technology Instituteincorporates the professional development context, process, and content standards of theNational Staff Development Council [2]. The context standards are met by the learningcommunity approach and involvement of academic leaders in ways that can lead to improved Page 22.556.2instruction based on action research. A critical aspect of ETI is its approach to teaching advanced technology. The goal is tohave
maintaining thedesigned performance? These questions form the basis of the second aforementioned core areaof energy engineering and the main topic of this paper: energy conservation. Owing to their large energy densities and relative ease of use compared with othercombustible fuels, petroleum-derived fossil fuels such as crude oil and natural gas have risen toprominence as the fuel of choice throughout most of the industrialized world.1 However, withvarious markers indicating that we may be in the midst of peak global crude oil production, theworld’s industrialized countries are now faced with the reality that the oil-based economies,which dominated the last century, are on an unsustainable track.2 In the United States, there haslong existed a
. In 2007, electricity purchasedfrom the local utility company accounted for 74% of the campus energy usage. Since theuniversity does not have direct control over which fuel is being used to provide this neededelectricity and since Congress is currently debating “Cap and Trade” legislation, it behooves theuniversity to take a serious look at its energy conservation practices. Recommendations to the university administration include the following: (1) line-itemthe energy cost to students as a part of their bills, (2) increase the rate of replacing olderequipment with high-efficiency units, (3) develop a plan for becoming carbon-neutral by aspecified date in the future, and (4) sponsor a project which integrates environmental, business
teaching style could lead to student’s discouragement and change to othercurricula 1, 2. Due to a large number of students with different majors, it was clear that more thanone learning style needed to be implemented in this course in order to achieve successfullearning experience for students of any major. Richard Felder and Linda Silverman suggestseveral teaching techniques to address all learning styles, one of which is to providedemonstrations for students with sensing and visual learning styles and hands-on experiments forstudents with active learning styles1. Edgar Dale’s cone of learning shows that participating indiscussions or other active experiences may increase retention of material by up to 90% 3.Furthermore, the importance of
fixedparameter based controller performance with the fuzzy logic-based auto tuning controller.Key Words: Fuzzy Tuning, PMDC Motor Controller, and Simulink Model.1. IntroductionThe purpose of using electric drives in the field of motor control is the precise control of themotor (the speed, the torque, and the position of the shaft) and saving energy. A recent study bythe United States Department of Energy points out that the conservation methods using electricdrives can save energy equal to the annual electricity use by the entire state of New York1.Typically, two types of motors are used in the industry: alternating current (AC) motors anddirect current (DC) motors. The AC motors are often used in industrial application because oftheir capability to
22.257.7References: 1. Batchelor, G. K. (1967) An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 2. Arfken, G. (1985) Gauss's Theorem. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3rd edition. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 3. Durran, D. R. (1999) Numerical Methods for Wave Equations in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. New York, New York: -Springer-Verlag. 4. Narayanan, Mysore (2007) Assessment of Perceptual Modality Styles. Proceedings of ASEE National Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii. 5. Narayanan, Mysore (2009) Assessment of Engineering Education based on the Principles of Theodore Marchese. Proceedings of ASEE National Conference, Austin, Texas
such as acrolein, acrylic acid, hydroxyacetone and propylene glycol can all be easilyproduced via the catalytic dehydration of glycerol1,2,3,4. A reaction tree based on glycerol Page 22.294.3dehydration chemistry is illustrated in Figure 1, below. The P3 design team project also requireslaboratory experimentation to determine the optimized reaction parameters for the glyceroldehydration reaction. Ethylene Glycol Glycerol Hydroxyacetone + H2 - H2O C2H6O2 C3H8O3 C3H6O2
electrical engineers in power systems. This paper describes thecommissioning of a 5kW DC photovoltaic generation system (PVS), which is being used at TheUniversity of Texas Pan-American (UTPA) as an educational tool, to let students learn thefundamental principles and to get hands-on experience with power and renewable energysystems. The system topology is shown in Figure 1.The PVS is called a hybrid system because it has been designed to supply energy in threedifferent configurations: (a) for stand-alone and battery applications, (b) for grid-tiedapplications, and (c) as a back-up (emergency) system that supplies power to smart-gridlaboratory at UTPA.During the first stage of the commissioning process, our efforts have been focused onunderstanding
energy in that liter of gasoline is used.Now, let us consider a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine at 20% efficiency and8L/100 km (30 mpg). To simply move the vehicle, it requires: %H ŵŸ Ŷ ˫ˣ Ñ ˨ % % ˫ˣ Ñ ˨ 0 F 0 ŶŴ ˥˦˦ ŵŴŴ ˫˭ ŵŴŴ ˫˭At a cost of $1/L ($3.80/gal), the mileage of 8 L/100 km (30 mpg) equates to: Řŵ ŴŴ %H Ř% ŴŴ ŘŵŶ %Ż 0 H ŵŴŴ ˫˭ ŵŴŴ ˫˭ ŵŴŴ ˭˩An electric version of the same car with a charge/discharge efficiency of 81% and charged at
is “students will analyze engineering systems to evaluatetheir thermodynamic designs”. The Rankine Cycle and its application to power plants werestudied intensely. Students were provided with the results of the campus Energy Usage andEmissions Inventory.1 Some key data which they noted was (1) 74% of the campus energy usagewas electricity purchased from the local distributor (2007), (2) roughly 90% of the campusenergy usage over the past 10 years was attributed to either purchased electricity or purchasednatural gas, and (3) while the student body has grown a modest 8% over the past 10 years, thedollar amount of the energy purchased by Cedarville University has risen 50% over that same 10-year period.Students were then placed onto teams and
engineeringprofessor, who is also an ABO member. The paper also presents the results of a survey taken bystudents on these projects. The unique results in this paper are presented and discussed in termsof the student motivation for undertaking and remaining motivated on an interdisciplinaryproject, implications for conducting inter-disciplinary undergraduate projects, and influencesprojects had on students’ future careers.Project 1: Photobioreactor DesignThis project was conducted by four mechanical engineering students during school year 2006-2007. In summer of 2006, our program was approached by a local entrepreneur and president ofan algae start-up company, Bioalgene. He tasked our students with designing a photobioreactorto grow two microalgae
thecertificate, requirements for student admission, and details of the course content and projectwork. Examples of the experiential component required to earn the CEEM will be included. Inaddition, the success of the program will be explained via the employment record of studentsupon graduation from the CEEM program.1. IntroductionIf you were to ask a group of grade school children what are the major problems facing the Earthand its people, you will likely hear two top answers: energy resources and pollution (orenvironmental issues stemming from energy use). Worldwide concern continues to grow for ourdepleting supply of fossil fuels, the related increasing cost of fuels, and the reduction ofemissions (particularly greenhouse gases and carbon footprint
harmoniccurrents in the electrical equipment. The standard describes general requirements for testingequipment as well as the limits and the practical implementations of the test. For the purpose ofharmonic current limitation, the standard divides electrical equipment into four classes as shownin Figure 1. Each class has different harmonic current limits. The balanced three-phaseequipment and other electronic apparatus which is excluded one of three classes are included inthe Class A classification. To apply a Class D limit, the following two requirements should besatisfied: Input power should be less than 600 W. Input current waveshape of each half cycle is within the envelope shown in Figure 2 for at least 95% of the duration of each
the next generation workforceneeded for research, development, and demonstration activities in government, industry, andacademia."1 The program is offered through awards to California State University Los Angeles,Humboldt State University, Michigan Technological University, University of North CarolinaCharlotte and the University of North Dakota.The first year of executing the educational program has overlapped with interestingdevelopments in the government and industry. The 2010 FY DOE budget proposal significantlyreduced the funding for the DOE’s hydrogen programs following Secretary Chu’s skepticism inthe readiness of HFCTs to reach the mass market in the near future. The DOE website2 cites “Dr
for small projects integration as shown in CSULA experiences. Thecompany also provides custom built fuel cells as in CSULA unmanned aerial vehicle built in Dr. Page 15.908.2Chivey Wu’s laboratory under separate funding.US Didactic and Hampden on the other hand provide full spectrum of engineering laboratoryequipment and fuel cell products are a few items on a long list. Their flagship units for fuel celltesting are EHY1 Fuel Cell Trainer and Model H-FCTT-1 Fuel Cell Technology Trainer,respectively. Both units are made from the components supplied by Heliocentris for its TheInstructor training system. Thus, purchase of these units is justified