Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Kerestes, University of Pittsburgh; Paul A. Dolloff PE, University of Kentucky; Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

which students discussed changes in their knowledge of sustainability,energy conservation, smart grids and/or renewable energy as a result of the course. Studentsalso discussed the perceived applicability of the course to their future careers or courseworkand their perspectives towards the active learning used during class. Structured observationdata depicting the nature of the in-class time will also be presented.Lastly, observations including a summary of what was successful versus not as successful arepresented. This “lessons learned” summary will include a plan to explore conversion to a“flipped” style course for the summer of 2019.IntroductionA course in power distribution engineering and smart grids is a unique and innovative approachto

Conference Session

ECCD Innovative Teaching Applications

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad Dunkel, University of Idaho; Ryan A Oliver, BP; Tao Xing P.E., University of Idaho, Moscow; Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Dev S. Shrestha, University of Idaho, Moscow; Russell Scott Smith, University of Idaho Energy Plant

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

design, sustainable design, and energy auditing.  Reviewing architectural, mechanical, or electrical plans and specifications to evaluate energy efficiency or determine economic, service, or engineering feasibility.  Compiling, analyzing, and interpreting graphical representations of energy data, using generic as well as application-specific engineering software.  Performing energy modeling and validating results with appropriate measurements.  Making recommendations regarding energy fuel selection.  Preparing feasibility reports and other technical documentation.  Page 26.357.2 Promoting awareness

Conference Session

ECCD Technical Session 4: Energy and Analysis

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lisa Bosman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer Brinker, Northeast Wisconsin Technical College; Kenneth Walz, Madison Area Technical College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 A comparison of the renewable energy and energy storage sectors in Germany and the United States, with recommendations for engineering teaching practices. L.B. Bosman, J. Brinker, and K.A. WalzAbstract: The German Energiewende is the planned transition by Germany to a low carbon,environmentally sound, reliable, and affordable energy supply. This paper reports on a U.S.faculty international study program, which took place in May 2019, to explore the intersection ofthe German renewable energy and energy storage sectors. The international program includedeleven instructional faculty from throughout the United States on a two

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret B. Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

(approved by course instructor).• Prepare a book review (1200 words MAX).• Present your findings in an informal setting to your classmates.Grade Plan and Project Milestone: Deliverables are graded events that are required no later than thedates specified. Submit to mycourses dropbox by noon on the date due. PART II Due Date POINTS Book Selection MEMO Friday, week 2 5 Submission 1: Heading, Introduction, and Background Friday, week 4 25 Submission 2: Summary + Incorporate Revised Past Friday, week 6 25 Submission(s) Submission 3: Evaluation + Incorporate Revised Past Friday, week

Conference Session

ECCD Technical Session 5: Energy and Wind and Design

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michael F. MacCarthy, Mercer University; Michelle E. Graham, Mercer University; Gabriel Xavier Ramirez, Mercer University; Alviez Aziz Chagan, Mercer University; Kyla T. Semmendinger, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

objective includes five related project outputs: (1) energy-efficient new house design; (2)optimized solar PV system designs for new and existing homes; (3) optimized household componentselection (lights, appliances, and other electric devices); (4) research of shallow geothermal energyoptions using manually drilled wells; and (5) energy conservation promotion planning. The objective andoutputs 2, 4, and 5 (the foci of this paper) are described below.Project Objective: To design homes that are energy-efficient, optimized for the use of solar PV systems,and affordable for the average homeowner.Most sustainable home energy systems are typically marketed to those with relatively high incomes,while disadvantaged households and communities fall by the

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Max Rabiee, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Page 14.378.3 Proceedings of the 2009 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright ©2009, American Society for Engineering Education Ü Industrial HVAC Craftsmanship Program (Tri-Gen) Ü Energy and Technology Expo – (Energy conference coordinated with Tech Expo) Ü Welding Skills Certificate – AWS certification planned Ü Construction Management Ü Architectural Engineering Technology Ü Technical Professional Development ̇ Fundamentals of Engineering Preparation ̇ Professional Engineering Preparation ̇ Professional development Continuing Education Units (CEUs)EET and MET Departments’ Shared Future in Energy and Power Systems:CAS is

Conference Session

ECCD Applications in Energy and Thermodynamics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

reviewed the existing building as a case study. This included review of the building program, building code and zoning requirements and a conceptual review of the structural, HVAC and electrical systems including loads, system type and overall layout of each system. The industrial representative provided the building program, building plans, elevations and some building details that describe the existing building. This information is intended to be general in nature and can be scrubbed of any proprietary information prior to its delivery. The students through this review solidify their understanding of how the current building meets its design requirements.  Students divided into small groups to

Conference Session

Topics in Biomass and Gasification Processes

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madhumi Mitra Ph.D, University of Maryland Eastern Shore; Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Corinne Johnson Rutzke, Corinne Rutzke

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

courses and currícula; 3) motivate and inspire students topursue careers in the STEAM disciplines with appreciation of sustainable issues; and 4)strengthening collaborations with existing partners as well as school systems for future projects(both research and education) on bioenergy and bio-based products and global climate change.Each NBBEP partner offers internships (summer field experience) and a NBBEP Institute duringthe summer at their site, immediately following the three-week enrichment and planning effortheld at Cornell University where all the site instructors and project leaders participate. This paperfocuses on the summer institute on Bioenergy and Bioproducts held at UMES led by the authors.2.0 NBBEP and the Kolb’s Experiential

Conference Session

Experiences in Teaching Energy Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Riddell, Baker College Of Flint; Anca Sala, Baker College Of Flint

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. Page 15.133.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Alternative Energy, an Introduction for EngineersAbstractThe purpose of this course is to give undergraduate engineering students opportunity to exploremultiple types of alternative energy sources and reflect on the implications of the implementationof a particular energy source. Lifecycle planning, engineering and management of particularforms of alternative energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaic, geothermal along withmany lesser known sources were researched by the students. The format of the course wasstructured such that each student had a unique topic area to research and present to the class thebasics of a given energy source along with current

Conference Session

Energy Conservation and Conversions for Green Buildings

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Fathizadeh P.E., Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology)

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Page 24.448.2industrial sector which requires serious planning and control. The planner should plan theproduction processes so that they operate efficiently with minimal operating cost. Aaccording tothe International Facility Management Association about 25% of total industrial cost is theenergy cost1. The main objective of the energy management is to reduce the total operating costwithout compromising the safety and comfort. European governments have published guidelinesto successfully integrate energy management without sacrificing the production, safety andcomfort2, 3. In the United States, the Energy Star® is the largest program defining low-energyhomes. Homes earning Energy Star® certification use at least 15% less energy than

Conference Session

Energy Education and Industrial Partnership Needs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick A. Tebbe, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

workshops and training courses were oncelooked at as things engineers did after getting a job, it may be time to fully embrace theseactivities before graduation. While some topics such as LEED and Revit cannot be easily fit intoan engineering curriculum, they can be pursued outside the traditional curriculum classroom.Continuing education after graduation and hire should also be expected and actively planned for.There are many resources available to new engineers; from ASHRAE publications andhandbooks, workshops, to equipment catalogs and code books. However, for young engineersthe requirement of time and motivation to continually study and keep up to date can be aproblem.12V. Description of One ApproachAt Minnesota State University, Mankato (MSU

Conference Session

K-12 Experiences in Energy Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liping Guo, Northern Illinois University; Mansour Tahernezhadi, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

plans to use in hisor her classroom. Second, a problem is defined based on the learning objectives. A problem ofsolar powered flashing light was given to the teacher participants. Small groups of two teacherparticipants worked collaboratively. The team brainstormed and discussed methods to solve theproblem. The faculty member facilitated the learning process and provided consulting to theteacher groups when necessary. Through the group design project, participants demonstrateunderstanding of relevant electric safety issues and increase their ability to design and implementalternative energy systems.Introduction A conceptual framework has been provided to show that professional development ofquality can lead to increases in educators

Conference Session

Topics in Biomass and Gasification Processes

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Drew Witte, IUPUI; Peter J. Schubert, IUPUI

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

America, can be seen from space, and is full. It is scheduled to closein October 20134. NYC has shifted all their MSW transfer stations to the waterfront, to providemore options for export of trash5. The “City that Never Sleeps” is already the biggest exporter inthe US, sending trash as far away as Indiana and Texas. In the European Union, available spacefor new landfills has already vanished, and has sparked huge interest in converting waste intoenergy, thereby solving two problems at the same time6. In the US, a few waste-to-energy(WTE) projects are either being planned or are in pilot scale operation. For thermal energy only,a number of “mass burn” facilities exist which combust trash to produce steam, although theenvironmental suitability of

Conference Session

Outreach Projects and General Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valentina Cecchi, Drexel University; Michael Kleinberg, Drexel University; Milo Tong, Drexel University; Bridget Kleinberg, Drexel University; Karen Miu, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

powerengineering students will be highlighted. Lastly, plans for the implementation of the powersystem outreach experiments for larger groups of non-engineers and high school students will bepresented.II. Power Distribution Laboratory Facilities The electric power distribution system experiments targeted for power engineering studentswere developed and embedded within the RDAC laboratory. RDAC has four identicaldistribution stations, each of which has: 1. a power station providing three-phase 208V ac / 120V dc with 1 three-phase 1:1 autotransformer – this serves as the source of power (the substation); 2. a nine-bus distribution feeder box containing two feeders including four three-phase power distribution lines and four three

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Ian Gravagne, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

become increasinglyimportant and will continue to be so in the future. As part of the Southern Association ofColleges and Schools (SACS) accreditation effort at Baylor University, the authors proposed aunique energy literacy class for incoming freshmen as an element of Baylor University’sQuality Enhancement Plan (QEP). The QEP called for the development of several EngagedLearning Groups (ELG) for freshmen (from any major on campus) which met one semester hourfor four semesters. The purpose of this particular ELG was to address the lack of energyawareness on the part of students involved in all majors. Entitled “Energy and Society,” thecourse was also part of the residential learning communities on campus. It revolved around thetopic of energy

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G. Belu, Southern University and A&M College

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

widely used in engineering education. PBL relies on the paradigm ofconceive, design, implement, and test, while the students are encouraged to consider the whole system, inorder to obtain hands-on and practical experiences, giving the students the ability to transfer the acquiredknowledge into practice. It has the great potential to help students cope with engineering complexities,and those problems that they are facing into their future careers. For such reasons, PBL is considered asuitable method to obtain the desired results and to improve the student learning and interests. Theunderlying course methodology, task planning, course and laboratory topics, or planned assessment arepresented and discussed. The encountered issues and challenges to

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Issues in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Orndoff, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2008-2731: DEVELOPING A PRACTICAL APPLICABLE COURSE INSUSTAINABILITY – AN ENGINEERING CHALLENGECindy Orndoff, Florida Gulf Coast University Dr. CYNTHIA (CINDY) ORNDOFF is an Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering. She received a B.S. in 1984, an M.S. in 1997 and a Ph.D. in 2001, all in Civil Engineering from University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Prior to her coming to FGCU she was an Assistant Professor in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Missouri, Columbia. She has taught courses in infrastructure management, planning, introduction to transportation and construction management. She has a passionate interest in

Conference Session

ECCD International Outreach

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Slowinski, M.Ed., CREATE NSF-ATE Center; Kathleen Alfano, College of the Canyons

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

a long-term United States national agenda forrenewable energy development, use and deployment.The single most common response from participants regarding what most directly influences theeducational pathways and the education of technicians in Germany is the existence of theEnergiewende itself. What makes the difference, wrote one, is “Germany’s long-range outlookon energy planning, whereas in the U.S. our plans are typically based on short-term market Page 26.1330.12forces.”17 This same sentiment was restated often by others: “The most striking thing is thatGermany actually has national energy goals with strategies and policies designed

Conference Session

Learning about Power Systems and Power Consumption

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl Spezia, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

present and defend their work before the course faculty,students, and project sponsors in formal oral presentations. Page 14.534.3III. University Power Plant and Distribution System OverviewPlant Service Operations (PSO) handles all maintenance functions for the university, fromgrounds keeping to building operations. PSO works with university administration to developlong term plans and construction for campus. PSO employs skilled crafts and engineeringpersonnel to support these functions. Plant Engineering Services (PES) is the design branch ofPSO at the university.Two electrical engineers provide electrical system design and maintenance

Conference Session

Green Energy Manufacturing and Sustainable Energy Management

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jung-Uk Lim, Liberty University; Kyung K. Bae, Liberty University; Hector E. Medina, Liberty University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation, Manufacturing

Paper ID #28942Design and Construction of An Aesthetically Pleasing Vertical Axis WindTurbine (APVAWT) – A Case Study of Art and Engineering Collaboration inEngineering Capstone CourseDr. Jung-Uk Lim, Liberty University Jung-Uk Lim received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Seoul National University, Korea in 1998 and 2002, respectively. Currently, He is an associate professor of electrical engineering at Liberty University, United States. His research interests include power system control, operation, planning and protection, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), renewable energy such as solar power and wind power

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ray Miller, University of Cincinnati; Max Rabiee, University of Cincinnati; Elvin Stepp, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

power, certificate programs,conferences and workshops will be offered.Introduction:Over the past three decades the utility industry has gone through the toughest times in the historyof large scale centralized power production. The 1973 Clean Air Act required power companiesto provide remedies for thermal pollution, air pollution, ground water contamination and soilcontamination. This added significantly to the costs of traditional fossil fueled power plants andhelped stimulate the growth in interest in building a large number of nuclear power plants.In 1979 the accident at Three Mile Island halted the construction of every nuclear plant beingbuilt in the US as well as forcing utilities to scrap any plans to seek licensing to start buildingnew

Conference Session

Energy Education Courses, Labs, and Projects II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid Arastoopour, Illinois Institute of Technology; Mohamed Shahidehpour, Illinois Institute of Technology; Joseph Clair P.E., Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Joseph Clair currently serves as the Director of Campus Energy and Sustainability for the Illinois Insti- tute of Technology. In this position, Clair documents and coordinates programs for resource efficiency, environmental protection, and stewardship, while implementing an overall strategic sustainability vision and plan for the Institute. Working cooperatively with students, faculty, and staff, Clair supports the in- genious and tenacious push for true sustainability coming from all aspects of the university. In 16 years in the construction business, Clair has worked as a contractor, designer, construction manager, commis- sioning authority, and now owner, seeing all ends of the building business. In each of these

Conference Session

Projects in Alternative Energy: Wind and Solar

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reg Recayi Pecen, University of Northern Iowa; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Bekir Z. Yuksek, University of Northern Iowa; Ulan Dakeev, University of Northern Iowa; Kenan Baltaci, University of Northern Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. There are also workshops planned for the area STEM teachers as well as localfarmers’ education and training on wind power systems. Previous workshops organized by UNIContinuing and Distance Education have been very successful.Project PurposeThe current 1.5 kW wind-solar hybrid power station at UNI campus that was built in 2002 isnot sufficient due to growing student numbers, increasing interest on wind-solar projects,growing needs on more advanced laboratory activities on renewable energy systems, andemerging requirements of a larger testbed with grid inter-tie and smart grid features. In order toaddress the shortcomings of existing instructional techniques for electrical power systems,controls, wired/wireless instrumentation and data

Conference Session

Digital Simulation Tools in Energy Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Sean Monemi, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. The decisionsupport tools are basically the brain of the system that makes intelligent and sometimes complexdecisions. Some of these tools are: 1) Diagnostic and Outage analysis 2) Switch coordination 3) Repair planning 4) Restoration time 5) Catastrophic analysis 6) Network integration decisions 7) Load analysis 8) Phase analysis 9) Load dispatching 10) Facility management 11) Crew scheduling 12) Network reconfigurationSimulation and ModelingA well defined “modeling paradigm” for electric power management network is an importanttask that must be accomplished initially. A modeling paradigm is the language with which onecan represent the system models. This will allow to express the

Conference Session

Investigating Alternative-energy Concepts

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

2008 course developed a series of products, focusing onfive projects in teams of two each. They did an initial comparison of realities in two verydifferent regions, then selected projects, and did a Requirements Definition for their project.They then developed design analyses and presented them at the Institute’s UndergraduateResearch Opportunities Seminar midway through the semester. At the end of the semester, theysubmitted detailed reports as well as Business Plans for their projects. This exercise was repeatedin Fall 2008, with a graduate section of the course added to focus on the issues where Spacetechnology linked to renewable energy.The course lecture material, evaluation methods, and course assessment comments fromstudents, as well as

Conference Session

ECCD International Outreach

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rim Razzouk, Arizona State University; Anshuman Razdan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Ambika Prasad Adhikari, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

invited speaker for many technical and non-technical forums. He has mentored over 30 Masters, PhDs and Post Docs. Anshuman works with industry and global organizations and has extensive experience negotiating contracts and executing projects globally such as Pacific Islands, Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. Ambika P. Adhikari is Program Manager (Research) at the Office of Knowledge Enterprise and Develop- ment at Arizona State University (ASU). At ASU, he is also a Research Professor (affiliate faculty) at the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, and Sr. Sustainability Scientist at the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability. Ambika was Sr. Planner and Impact Fees Administrator at SRPMIC

Conference Session

Topics in Biomass and Gasification Processes

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wookwon Lee, Gannon University; Harry R. Diz, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

threeengineering departments.Even though the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET mandates that engineeringprograms demonstrate that students achieve “(d) ability to function on multidisciplinary teams,”most senior design projects at our institution are discipline specific. Although the ECEdepartment actively promotes interdisciplinary projects and collaboration among students fromits two programs, computer engineering and electrical engineering it is in general challenging forall projects to be interdisciplinary. When planning an interdisciplinary senior design experienceamong three engineering departments, there were significant institutionalized obstacles to beovercome. It was quickly realized that even the timing and structure of the senior

Conference Session

ECCD Applications in Energy and Thermodynamics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

communication skills. Future plans to evaluate theeffectiveness of the case studies in terms of learning outcomes, as well as plans to evaluate it inundergraduate architectural engineering training are also presented. 1. Introduction:Teaching a design course is challenging and differentiates from fundamental courses at different level.The fundamental courses are based on specific laws (first law of thermodynamics, heat transfer equation,radiosity technique, and so on). The textbooks usually include a large number of examples for each topic,where students use as a reference to solve their home works and exams, through memorization,understanding and application. Design courses need more analysis and evaluation, since the problems areopen-ended and

Conference Session

ECCD Innovative Teaching Methods & Outreach

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Shatz, Suffolk University; Timothy A Poynton, University of Massachusetts Boston

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

students to the different demos presented by the companies,Suffolk staff and students, and to in general help run the event. Evaluations of the event wereobtained from both the companies and the student participants, who were overall satisfied with italthough they had a few suggestions for its improvement, such as having more hands-onactivities and having more contact time between the high school students and Suffolk EEstudents as well as more contact time with the industry exhibitors.IntroductionThis paper discusses Power Engineering Day run by Suffolk University’s ABET-accreditedElectrical Engineering (EE) program, which was held the day after final exams in the spring of2014, and which is planned to be an annual event. In it, we will discuss

Conference Session

Alternative Energy Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan M. Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

students to conduct an individual assessment of marketrealities, then join up in teams of two to conduct a more in-depth technical project. At the endeach student was to develop a brief business plan based on their project, which would besubmitted in confidence. The detailed course structure, course outline, and teaching experiencewith the undergraduate course, detailed comments from students at all levels, as well as theimplications of the course for opening international collaborations, have been discussed in two 3,4papers presented at the ASEE Annual Conference in previous years . The policy aspects of