Conference Session

ETD Design I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shekar Viswanathan, National University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

challenges, many engineering colleges and departments are utilizing advisoryboards, and these boards of external advisors are becoming an important part of mostacademic institutions.NU’s School of Engineering, Technology and Media (SETM), since its inception in 2002,has organized and used advisory boards to guide the development and ongoingmanagement of its programs. In addition to assisting in design and development ofcurricula and in specifying and acquiring appropriate resources, these advisory boardscan also serve as an effective mechanism for transferring best practices and ‘lessonslearned’ from industry to academics. In this paper, the roles and responsibilities ofseveral advisory boards constituted within the engineering school will be

Conference Session

New Course Development Concepts in ET I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vladimir Genis, Drexel University (Tech.); M. Eric Carr, Drexel University; Siddharth Vyas, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Adrian A. Pollock, MISTRAS Group, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

issues expressed by government, academic institutions, and industries acrossthe nation. The ET program’s content provides an integrated educational experience directedtoward developing the ability to apply fundamental knowledge to the solution of practicalproblems in engineering technology fields. The majority of the ET courses at Drexel are fullyintegrated with training and laboratory experience and extensive use of software and industrialcase studies12. A new generation of industrial engineers, manufacturing engineers, and engineeringtechnologists must be educated and trained in various quality control-related techniques,methodologies, and corresponding equipment. Consequently, the role of NDE in assuring publicsafety is greatly increasing

Conference Session

Subjects in Renewable Energy and Sustainability in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Min Jae Suh, Sam Houston State University; Keith L. Coogler, Sam Houston State University; Ulan Dakeev, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Kenan Baltaci, University of Wisconsin, Stout

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Inrenewable energy courses, active learning can be achieved through a variety of activities whichinclude lab and project experiments with hands-on projects and hands-on laboratory experiments[14-17].There are recent RE-related projects that have been created to focus on student learning andpromotion of clean energy sources. According to a recent project report, an integrated electricpower system was designed and installed in the Taylor Wilderness Research Station in centralIdaho by a team of undergraduate and graduate students under the supervision of faculty.Projects included establishment of a hydroelectric generator, a photovoltaic array, a fossil fuelgenerator, and control units. The results of this project and previous attempts were shared

Conference Session

Software Applications in ET Programs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

jai p agrawal, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech); Omer Farook, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology)

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

-gramming language that lets interactive and quick design and effective integration with mod-ern systems. Python usage leads to immediate gains in productivity and lower maintenancecosts. Python is becoming the work-horse in all new computer science activity in the modernindustry. It supports multi programming paradigms, including object-oriented and structuredprogramming. Python elegantly combines the number crunching capability like that ofMATLAB with the programming ease of C based languages with a difference of better rea-dability and interactivity .The Python Programming is a 400-level, 3-credit course that contains all five components:a) the basic elements like the statements, comments, data types, data manipulation in-put/output and control

Conference Session

Critical issues in IT and IET: Focus Group

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vladimir Genis, Drexel University; Michael Mauk, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

willmanage the implementation of an integrated collection of formative and summative assessmentstrategies for the laboratory-based course in Lean Six Sigma namomanufacturing.The formative evaluation will provide evidence of the strengths and weaknesses of the project,informing the instructor of what works and what does not in order to implement necessarychanges. Document analysis will interpret the quality and usefulness of materials produced inproject delivery, while surveys will reveal attitudes and levels of understanding amongparticipants—students and the AET faculty. Knowledge outcomes and skill development in theform of instructional materials and strategies, as well as applied knowledge products will beevidenced in the form of content

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramin Sadeghi, Power & Water University of Technology; Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford; Mark Rajai, Northern Kentucky University; Robert Matthews, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2007-2466: E-HEALTH (DIGITAL HEALTH) AND SITUATION IN IT/ICTBENEFITSRamin Sadeghi, Power & Water University of Technology Ramin Sadeghi, Power and water University of Technology (PWUT) The author is in charge of distance learning program at the institution. He has developed a Web-based distance learning software program – Director for Distance Learning Center of PWUT.Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford SAEID MOSLEHPOUR is an Assistant Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department in the College of Engineering, Technology, and Architecture at the University of Hartford. He holds PhD from Iowa State University and BS MS and EdSp degrees from Central Missouri State

Conference Session

Distance and Web-Based Learning in Engineering Technology: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Mehrabian, University of Central Florida; Tarig Ali, University of Central Florida; Walter Buchanan, Texas A&M University; Alireza Rahrooh, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

responsibilities of engineers. This is certainly a concern among manyfaculties including those teaching courses in online learning environments. The focus is toachieve meaningful ethics education for all engineering students, with particular emphasis oncompeting curriculum models.Our enduring practice with crafting online examinations was a student-centered approach in thepast. By using a “student-centered” approach, we imply relying on students themselves to be astruthful and self-disciplined as possible when taking exams in an online learning environment.We recently focused more on providing the learners with some documents serving as ethicalguidelines for taking online examinations. This is due to our astonished finding that somelearners are truthful

Conference Session

STEM Issues in ET II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Meher Rusi Taleyarkhan, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Therese M. Azevedo, Sonoma State University; Natalie Hobson, Sonoma State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

student earning her Master’s in Engineering Technology degree from Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana. She received her Bachelor of Science degree from Purdue University and majored in Mechanical Engineering Technology. During her undergraduate she was an un- dergraduate research assistant studying renewable energy with an emphasis on solar energy for residential and utility use. Current research as a Master’s student is in curriculum development for engineering tech- nology programs, notably at Purdue University. Her thesis is on conducting an engineering and financial analysis for a local wastewater plant facility.Therese M. Azevedo Therese Azevedo is a third year student at Sonoma State University pursuing a

Conference Session

Leadership Perspectives in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Segalewitz, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, negotiated by the Senior VicePresident and Provost at the University of Dayton and his counterpart at Shanghai NormalUniversity, articulated the format of the program, admission requirements, tuition and fees, andthe responsibilities of each institution. It was agreed that an articulation be developed to transferstudents in two programs: Electronic Information Engineering at SNU to Electronic EngineeringTechnology at UD; and Mechanical Design, Manufacture & Automation at SNU toManufacturing Engineering Technology at UD. The agreement also indicated that “the twoparties will negotiate the curriculum offered…”Early in the curriculum development process, faculty at UD shared course outcomes and syllabiwith their counterparts at SNU. A short time

Conference Session

Student Recruitment and Retention in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Scott McCrae, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis; Eugenia Fernandez, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #11791Identifying Factors Impacting First Year Persistence in Computer GraphicsTechnologyMr. Eric Scott McCrae, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Eric McCrae is a senior graphic designer and web developer at Blue Octopus Printing Company, a large printing and mailing facility in Indianapolis, Indiana. He has over 17 years experience in the printing and mailing industry specializing in graphic design for print and mail marketing. Eric is the father of 1 and husband to Mia the love of his life.Dr. Eugenia Fernandez, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Eugenia Fernandez is an Associate

Conference Session

Industry Collaborations in Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Cook, Montana State University; Salman Adam, Montana State University; Darla Goeres, Montana State University; Steven Anderson, Montana State University; Diane Walker, Montana State University; Alfred Cunningham, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

ability to successfully lead an integrated design team toManagement completion.Communication Develop written, oral, and technical skills to effectively communicate with individuals having a broad range of backgrounds and experience.Professional and Consider the actual or potential immediate, short-term and long-termEthical impacts of professional activities, including social, political, economic, andResponsibility environmental impacts.All courses within the curriculum provide valuable contributions to meeting these outcomes.Assessment of how well the graduating MET students are meeting these outcomes is done withseveral assessment tools as summarized in figure 1 5

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Blake, Austin Peay State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

development of the course was an internal process. While this isthe most direct path for development, the course would be improved by seeking input from theindustrial advisory board and from alumni on course content. This would ensure that the topicscovered fit the goal of teaching skills that students need to have prior to employment.Now that the course has been developed, more needs to be done to integrate this course withother courses in the curriculum. Currently, many students are not taking this course until theirsenior year. Ideally, they should be taking the course in the junior year, and applying tools fromthis course in other classes.The problems solved in the course are textbook problems focused on specific areas of the coursecontent. These

Conference Session

Leadership and Administration in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harvey Lyons, Eastern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

their common foundations.”Dr. Philip Schmidt, Centennial Professor of Engineering and University DistinguishedTeaching Professor at the University of Texas at Austin, presented a paper at the 2003ASME Congress entitled ‘Mechanical Engineering 2004-2005 Plan to the College’(3) onthe curriculum reform effort being undertaken at UT Austin. His disciplinary area isMechanical Engineering, and he stated that “A successful Mechanical Engineeringsolution often requires an equal application of information, energy and materialstechnology. As such, the most important research areas in Mechanical Engineering are ablend of systems research and engineering science research.” His department hasidentified specific and critical research thrusts which include

Conference Session

Laboratories in Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Asgill, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

creative in coming with ways to offer a Biomedical Instrumentation course thatprovides their students with the fundamental understanding of the principles of BiomedicalInstrumentation with a sufficient hands-on component included.II. The BMET Option in EETThe Electrical Engineering Technology (EET) program at Southern Polytechnic State University(SPSU) recently instituted an option in Biomedical Engineering Technology (BMET) (2 – 4). TheEET program is accredited by ABET, Inc6. The BMET option was designed with a view towardsretaining the ABET accreditation of the EET program. The curriculum for the option is shown inTable 1.The curriculum adds five new technical courses to a core of ECET, Mathematics, English,Science, and Social Science courses

Conference Session

Recruiting and Retention

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Richardson, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

institute-wide program began with the 2002 freshman class and had75 freshman students in the program. CAST had two freshman students in the Honorsprogram in 2002 and six in 2004 so this program has not had a significant effect on ETfreshman retention. Larger numbers of freshman honors students enter other RIT STEMprograms. The Honors Program provides students with an enhanced honors curriculum,a cohesive and diverse community of faculty, staff, and students, and specialopportunities for research, conferences, travel, study abroad, and cooperative education.The intent of the RIT Honors Program is to enrich our academic endeavors, further ourpersonal growth through leadership, foster a sense of unity, promote service in thecommunity, and develop

Conference Session

Leadership and Administration in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wael Ibrahim, ECPI College of Technology; Rasha Morsi, Norfolk State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

of Technology. Dr. Ibrahim has over thirteen years experience in education at the university level. He has an extensive experience in curriculum development for in-seat and online environments. His research interests are geared towards three main categories which are basic understanding of physical phenomena, engineering applications and engineering education enhancement. Page 11.946.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 NAIT or ABET? How Different is Different?AbstractThe main objective of Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) is toimprove the overall

Conference Session

Non-Technical Skills in ET

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jung Oh, Kansas State University-Salina; Alysia Starkey, Kansas State University-Salina; Beverlee Kissick, Kansas State University-Salina

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

involves an integrated three-step processincluding a discipline-specific pre-lab activity, general/customized information literacyinstruction, and communication skills development. This paper describes how thecollaborating team has learned from each other’s reflections to make the assignment ameaningful learning experience.Librarians and faculty have been traversing on parallel paths during the past few decades.The rapid explosion of technological integration into nearly every aspect of daily life hasmerged the separate paths into one. Writing centers and libraries recognize their roles ascenters of learning and the importance of collaboration.1 Librarians, writing center staffand faculty must now travel in tandem in order to prepare students to

Conference Session

MET Papers 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mileta Tomovic, Old Dominion University; Cynthia Tomovic, Old Dominion University; Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; Cheng Y. Lin P.E., Old Dominion University; Nan Yao, Beihang University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

this transfer in a more effective manner [3]. The process of knowledge transfer ishighly dynamic and dependent on its content and relationship between student and teacher [4]and needs to be tailored to both for an effective outcome [5]. A number of different teachingmethods emerged over the years including active learning [6], flipping classroom [7, 8], problembased learning [9] to name just a few.After teaching mechanics courses in a traditional format for a number of years it becameapparent that any quantum jump in student learning success requires structural departure fromthe old teaching method and substantial overhaul modifications which would integrate differentpedagogical experiences and insights along with implementation of modern

Conference Session

Industry Collaborations in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Landis, The Technology Collaborative; Stan Komacek, California University of Pennsylvania; Carol Adukaitis, PA State System of Higher Education; Robin Shoop, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Community and Economic Development funded position as statewide Program Manager for 2+2+2 Workforce Leadership Grants, and is co-PI of an NSF-ATE Advanced Manufacturing Project in PA.Robin Shoop, Carnegie Mellon University Robin Shoop is a lifelong teacher who was identified as teacher of the year in 1999. Currently he is the director of Carnegie Mellon’s Robotics Academy; the preeminent educational robotics curriculum development center in the world. Before he came to Carnegie Mellon he taught in the Pittsburgh Public School System for 28 years where he helped lead the district in the transition from Industrial Arts Education to Technology Education. Mr. Shoop is PI on the NSF funded Robotics

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University; Gordon W. Skelton, Jackson State University; Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University; Jessica Buck Ph.D., Jackson State University; Britney M. Williams, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

next generation of emergency management professionals with theknowledge and skills they need to improve outcomes in disasters of all types. Students will gainan essential understanding of the mission and principles of emergency management technologywith an emphasis on management, use of technology, and cross-agency collaboration.Emergency Management Technology graduates will have an easier transition to the workplace.The curriculum covers EMT-related theories and research as well as their application, includingthe interpretation of hazard, vulnerability, and risk-related data and literature. Courses alsoexplore the major principles of this cross-disciplinary field that integrates all activities necessaryto build, sustain, and improve the

Conference Session

Non-Technical Skills in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Robertson, Arizona State University; Damian Dufau, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Figure 1. Roles within a lean operation • Specialists are the practitioners who know how the detailed components of a system may be designed, produced and optimized. • Integrators are the master planners who can fit the components together to determine the functionality of an overall complex system. • Sustainers are the system operators who keep the complex systems operating and updated to support the overall mission.One of the purposes of this paper is to consider how technology education can providethe skills needed for the participants in figure 1. Lean manufacturing led to the creationof new roles so it seems logical to use a lean education structure to prepare the next

Conference Session

Leadership Perspectives in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Richter, Eastern Washington University; William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

) Department at EWUwere determined to bring this practical dimension of engineering education into the classroom.Utilizing a combined total of over 50 years of industrial experience to draw from, actual andrealistic problems were incorporated into every aspect of the coursework. Instead of usingstandard textbook exercises, problems and their associated constraints are drawn from theirprevious industrial experience in order to reflect more accurately exactly how engineers functionon the job. These practical problem solving projects challenge students to perform like practicingengineers as an integral part of their learning experience. The end result is a greatly enhancedreal world aspect of their education, while preparing them for their eventual

Conference Session

Industrial Collaboration & Applications in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Stuart, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

: • Developing internships • Working with consortiums • Developing industry connections • Maintaining strong and current articulation agreements • Keeping a focus on global connections Page 11.1175.2This ongoing project has significantly impacted OIT’s BS degree option programs inmanufacturing engineering technology, mechanical engineering technology, and mechanicalengineering, as well as the MS degree in manufacturing engineering technology. OIT hasestablished an MMET program that is a living and metamorphosing curriculum adapting to theneeds of the market place, which consists of both the students and industry. The course work isdesigned to

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Design Projects in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Otieno, Northern Illinois University; Abul Azad, Northern Illinois University; Radha Balamuralikrishna, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

generally agree that anintegrated interdisciplinary curriculum results in greater enhanced problem-solving skills andhigher achievement; and that motivation to learn increases when students focus on problems thatare interesting to solve3. Other researchers such as Jeffries4 and Kitto5 have also emphasized howsimultaneous engineering has become an agent for sweeping reforms in manufacturingeducation. Internationally, the integrated product and process development paradigm ofsimultaneous engineering has positively impacted manufacturing education in countries such asAustralia, Brazil, China, and Japan in recent years6-9. Evidently, simultaneous engineeringcontinues to be the norm in modern manufacturing education and hence a meaningfulmanufacturing

Conference Session

Recruitment & Retention in ET Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Dudeck, Pennsylvania State Univ.-Hazleton Campus; Wieslaw Grebski, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

programs or to meet the needs of local industry.Obviously, modernizing the curriculum to ensure technical currency is an initiative thatall programs across the country must do periodically to insure quality. This activity helpsimprove recruitment by making the graduates of the program desirable for employment inindustry. The other points will be detailed in the following sections.Current CurriculumThe Pennsylvania State University College of Engineering offers programs in bothengineering and engineering technology at various campus locations across thecommonwealth. Thirteen engineering majors are available at University Park and twomajors are offered at other campus locations. Generally engineering students completetheir first two years at

Conference Session

STEM Issues in ET II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jimmy Ching-ming Chen, Wayne State University; Gene Yeau-Jian Liao, Wayne State University; Roger C. Lo, California State University, Long Beach; Praveen Shankar, California State University, Long Beach

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

knowledge, methods,and expertise from different disciplines and forming novel frameworks to catalyze scientificdiscovery and innovation; not just multidisciplinary (including more than one discipline), butinterdisciplinary (integrating disciplines) and further transdisciplinary (grand synthesis ofdisciplines). Mechatronics matches this new trend of convergence engineering for deepintegration across disciplines and is also inspired by its active means of addressing a specificchallenge or opportunity for societal needs. On the other hand, the growing mechatronicsdemands high quality workforces with multidiscipline knowledge and training in the industries.This paper is to report the preparation process of an NSF funded project addressing andpromoting

Conference Session

Non-Technical Skills in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jay Bhatt, Drexel University; Vladimir Genis, Drexel University; Joshua Roberts, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Engineering Education, 2006 Library Experience for Applied Engineering Technology StudentsAbstractThe full-time Applied Engineering Technology Program at Goodwin College of DrexelUniversity was launched two years ago. This program clearly distinguishes itself fromtraditional engineering programs. The curriculum places emphasis on the application oftheory rather than on derivations and proofs. The majority of courses are fully integratedwith training and laboratory experience, extensive use of software and industrial casestudies. The information literacy of students plays an important role in the educationprocess. The primary goal of an academic library is to support the curriculum and providea more

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Design Projects in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mindy Breen, Eastern Washington University; Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the experience and also creates an enhanced learning environment for thestudents. This mix of B.A. and B.S. degree seeking students allows us to create a cross-disciplinary, student centered approach to the capstone course.Capstone detailsThe Engineering & Design department currently offers eight undergraduate degrees. Thesediverse degrees include Bachelor of Science degrees in Mechanical Engineering Technology,Manufacturing Technology, Construction Technology, Design Technology, ComputerEngineering Technology, Electronics Technology, and Electrical Engineering and a Bachelor ofArts in Visual Communication Design. The department’s capstone curriculum involves valuableinteraction across disciplines but does not attempt to integrate very

Conference Session

Software Applications in ET Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Scott A Kuhl, Michigan Technological University; Bochao Li, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

faculty appointment, he was employed by Lucent Technologies as a hardware design engineer, from 1997- 2002, and by vLogix as chief hardware design engineer, from 2002-2004. Dr. Alaraje’s research interests focus on processor architecture, System-on- Chip design methodology, Field-Programmable Logic Array (FPGA) architecture and design methodol- ogy, Engineering Technology Education, and hardware description language modeling. Dr. Alaraje is a 2013-2014 Fulbright scholarship recipient at Qatar University, where he taught courses on Embedded Systems. Additionally, Dr. Alaraje is a recipient of an NSF award for a digital logic design curriculum re- vision in collaboration with the College of Lake County in Illinois, and a

Conference Session

Freshman Experience in Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Meyer, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; H. Oner Yurtseven, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

in an engineeringor technology major, but, ultimately, in whatever field-of-study they ultimately pursue.References1. Huber, M.T., Hutchings, P., and Gale, R. (2005). Integrative learning for liberal education. Peer review 7 (4): 4-7.2. Association of American Colleges and Universities (2002). Greater expectations: A new vision for learning as a nation goes to college. Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities.3. American Institutes for Research (2006). The national survey of America’s college students. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research.4. Bloom B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook I: The cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Co., Inc.5. Tinto, V. (1987