Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Sridhara, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

-on project and an industrial visit. The student teams are required to design, build and test aHelmholtz resonator. A Helmholtz resonator, which can be modeled as a spring-mass system,consists of a body (cavity) and a neck whose dimensions can be selected to tune the resonator torespond at a desired natural frequency. In the fall of 2007 student teams as well as the authorbuilt resonators using steel and aluminum. We used a laptop computer and a freeware (software)to test the resonators. The testing included pressing the resonator neck opening against our lowerlip and quickly blowing once and simultaneously recording the time domain data. The freewarewas useful in recording the time domain data but the frequency response was not good because

Conference Session

Computer and InformationTechnology-Related Issues

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the semester so that in class activities, homework and exams can be provided to students at the right time. This provided the students a tentative schedule so that they can plan their other activities accordingly. 3. Clear and Concise grading guidelines were prepared to grade homework and exams. Thought was put into coming up with the grading guidelines such that students get more points for showing higher level of understanding. 4. Detailed grading rubric was created for the project. 5. Students were encouraged to post on discussion boards. 6. An outline for the exams was created after a thorough analysis of the topics that need to be

Conference Session

Student Learning and Teamwork

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Rios-Gutierrez, Georgia Southern University; Rocio Alba-Flores, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringTechnology (METEET) Department at Georgia Southern University. The main topic of thiscourse is concentrated on team-based, one semester-long projects in which students design andbuild mobile robots for different applications.At our university, the METEET department has implemented a popular course in whichinterdisciplinary teams of mechanical and electrical undergraduate students build and deploy awide range of robotic projects, ranging from small remote-controlled vehicles to totallyautonomous robots. These projects expose students to the experience of working in teams, toknow the interdependence among engineering disciplines, to schedule and prioritize activitiesassociated to the development of the project, and

Conference Session

Integrating Curriculum and Labs in Engineering Technology Programs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhibin Tan, East Tennessee State University; William H. Blanton, East Tennessee State University; Qianru Zhang, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. The hardware-based laboratories have been successfully integrated into the digital signal processing course at many universities. However, most labs were designed only for very common signal processing problems such as the FIR/IIR filter design, FFT and so on. In this paper, a system for real-time EEG (electroencephalograph) signal acquisition, processing and presentation was proposed and will be implemented with the Texas Instrument’s TMS320C6713 DSK being used as the hardware platform. As a practical application of C6713 DSK in biomedical signal processing, this project is designed as a complement of the current DSP laboratories of the Digital Signal Processors course for senior level undergraduates/graduates

Conference Session

STEM Issues

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Reg Pecen, Sam Houston State University; Ulan Dakeev, Sam Houston State University; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

graduate student culminating projects, theses, or dissertations, in 2011 and 2005. He was also nominated for 2004 UNI Book and Supply Outstanding Teaching Award, March 2004, and nominated for 2006, and 2007 Russ Nielson Service Awards, UNI. Dr. Pecen is an Engineering Tech- nology Editor of American Journal of Undergraduate Research (AJUR). He has been serving as a re- viewer on the IEEE Transactions on Electronics Packaging Manufacturing since 2001. Dr. Pecen has served on ASEE Engineering Technology Division (ETD) in Annual ASEE Conferences as a reviewer, session moderator, and co-moderator since 2002. He served as a Chair-Elect on ASEE ECC Division in 2011. He also served as a program chair on ASEE ECCD in 2010

Conference Session

A Technology Potpourri I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Crichigno, University of South Carolina; Sadia Ahmed, Northern New Mexico College; John H. Gerdes, University of South Carolina; Robert G. Brookshire, University of South Carolina

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Information Systems, BYTE, Social Science Computer Review, Legislative Studies Quarterly, The European Journal of Operational Research, and other journals. He is past president of the Organizational Systems Research Association and editor of the Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal from 2001 to 2011. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Building a Cybersecurity Pipeline through Experiential Virtual Labs and Workforce Alliances AbstractThis paper describes a project led by the University of South Carolina (USC) to address thecybersecurity workforce gap. The project creates curricular material based

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University; Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

doso, creating a gap in the supply and demand. The Hazardous Materials Management program andEmergency Management Technology program at Jackson State University have introduced aunique opportunity to bring students into the nuclear profession.This project is a cooperative effort of Jackson State University, Alcorn State University, andMississippi Valley State University. We have developed three new courses, one lab module, anda virtual reality training program, and revised four existing courses. These efforts can promoteand encourage students to pursue careers in the nuclear field as well as ensure that they canbetter understand the problems of dealing with nuclear safety and problems related tonuclear/radiation emergency preparedness and

Conference Session

Subjects in Renewable Energy and Sustainability in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Min Jae Suh, Sam Houston State University; Keith L. Coogler, Sam Houston State University; Ulan Dakeev, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Kenan Baltaci, University of Wisconsin, Stout

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

courses offered in the program.IntroductionTechnology and engineering programs in many higher education institutions are developingalternative energy-related curricula in classes, projects, training, and certification programs. REteaching systems and projects help students to better comprehend complex concepts by includinga renewable energy project or series of laboratory experiments. The importance of experientialactivities such as laboratory sessions is highlighted by many authors [1-8]. Energy knowledgeand renewable energy-based projects are important in order to prepare students to be competitivefor careers in the growing fields of energy related engineering, science, and technology.Preliminary projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #17952Industry Certification Program in Quality ControlDr. Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University Ali Ahmad is the Head of the Engineering Technology Department at Northwestern State University of Louisiana. He received a B.Sc. degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of Jordan (Amman, Jordan; with Highest Distinction) and a M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from the University of Central Florida (Orlando, Fl, USA). He has diverse expertise in human-computer interaction, quality engineering, and simulating human-machine systems. He previously worked on projects related to transfer of

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xuemin Chen, Texas Southern University; David Olowokere, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Graham Thomas, Texas Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

on screen a graphical overview of a project structure in the form of a UML(Unified Modeling Language) like class diagram as shown in Figure 1. It then allows theinteractive creation of objects from any given class in a software project. Once an object hasbeen created, it becomes visible to the user and any of its public methods can be interactivelyinvoked by selecting it from a pop-up menu. Parameters and method results are entered andpresented through dialogue windows. In particular, using the Inspect option of the pop-up menuassociated with objects, students can directly see the values of the fields of an object. This allowsthem to immediately see the effect of a method invocation on that object and also simplifies thedebugging process.The

Conference Session

Curriculum in Civil Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cottrell, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Chung-Suk Cho, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

construction planning, scheduling, estimating, and management.Chung-Suk Cho, University of North Carolina, Charlotte DR. CHUNG-SUK CHO is an Assistant Professor at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Engineering Technology. His teaching and research focus on project scope definition, pre-project planning, sustainable construction, project administration, construction safety, construction simulation, and project management. He has prior teaching experience at North Carolina A&T State University in construction management and working experience with Fluor Corporation as a project manager

Conference Session

ET Curriculum and Programs II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sanjeevi Chitikeshi, Old Dominion University; Shirshak K. Dhali P.E., Old Dominion University; Betsey Odell, Commonwealth Center for Advanced Manufacturing ; Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; Cheng Y. Lin P.E., Old Dominion University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Controls for Biomedical Applications and Structural Health monitoring. He worked on funded projects from NASA, Caterpillar and Federal High way. He published journals and conference papers in the areas of smart instrumentation and control and mechatronics systems.Dr. Shirshak K. Dhali P.E., Old Dominion UniversityMrs. Betsey Odell, CCAM - Commonwealth Center for Advanced ManufacturingDr. Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University Dr. Vukica Jovanovic is a Batten Fellow and an Associate Professor of Engineering Technology in Me- chanical Engineering Technology Program. She holds a Ph.D. from Purdue University in Mechanical Engineering Technology, focuses on Digital Manufacturing, Magistar (Ph.D. candidate) degree in Ind

Conference Session

ET Leadership, Administration, and Articulation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vladimir Genis, Drexel University; Gerry Marekova, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

traditional theory-basedcurriculum to more team-based learning, problem solving with open-ended solutions, additionalhands-on projects, and team-oriented communications.1 Furthermore, many manufacturing jobsin the tri-state area (PA, NJ, and DE) have been lost to outsourcing, creating a growing need forengineering technologists who can competently maintain and service existing equipment andprovide support to the designers and engineers. Addressing the needs for skilled engineeringworkers is a required competitive and survival strategy for most manufacturers. 2Students’ recruitmentDrexel University is located in West Philadelphia and is surrounded by a large number of publicschools where the majority of students are women, minorities, and

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jin Zhu, University of Northern Iowa; MD salim, University of Northern Iowa; Ali Kashef, University of Northern Iowa; Recayi 'Reg' Pecen; Kenan Baltaci

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

graduate educationand research. This Summer Institute also provided an opportunity to establish effectivemechanisms for communicating advances and cooperation in geospatial technology andnovel GIS applications in a wide range of research areas. The authors attended the 2006Carver Summer Institute, and have integrated the geospatial technologies in graduateeducation and research.The research project discussed in this paper is on the investigation of potential electricpower generation capabilities and determination of appropriate windmill sites by usingGIS, and spatial analysis technologies. With the increasing demand for energy in theworld, and soaring fuel price, investors and industry are increasingly interested inalternative energy sources

Conference Session

Student Learning and Teamwork

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Khan, DeVry University-Addison; Gene Gloeckner, Colorado State University; George Morgan, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

) andstudent learning/success in terms of self reported technical competency (effect size ismedium-to-large). Student GPA failed to reveal any significant relationships with facultyteaching techniques. The recommendations based on the study suggest ways to improvefaculty development and training activities to promote student learning in the domains ofengineering technology.I. Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this research project was to explore the relationship between students’perceptions of the importance of faculty teaching techniques and their self-reportedlearning and success. The research project addresses the following question: Are there associations between students’ perception of the importance of the faculty teaching

Conference Session

Green Renewable Energy and Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Hutzel, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Otie Kilmer, Purdue University; Zhenyu Cheryl Qian, Purdue University; Rosemary L. Kilmer, Purdue University; Clark A Cory, Purdue University; Travis Horton, Civil Engineering; Mark Shaurette, Purdue University; Raymond Patrick Hassan, Purdue University; Jonathon Day, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

professional responsibility is undergraduate instruction in architectural and construction graphic communication and visualization. He currently continues to develop & improve the Construction Graph- ics Communication specialty area within the Computer Graphics Department at Purdue. Clark has had over 35 years experience in the AEC industry with positions ranging from general laborer to project man- ager of residential & commercial structures and even designer. In addition to professional experience, teaching, and student organizations participation; Clark is currently involved in industry/educational part- nerships with such companies as Holder Construction, Saterfield & Pontikes as well as software develop

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Iem Heng, New York City College of Technology; Andy S. Zhang, New York City College of Technology; Farrukh Zia, New York City College Of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

tight integration of mechanical components, electrical/electronicsystems, industrial design ideas, computer-control systems, embedded systems, and intelligentsoftware into the product design and development processes. Most of the products now beingdeveloped are mechatronics in nature. To help students to understand the multidisciplinarynature of the product design, various hands-on product design projects have been developed bythe faculty members in the two engineering departments. Students from four different fields ofthe two departments (mechanical engineering technology, industrial design technology,electromechanical engineering technology and computer engineering technology) have beeninvolved in these projects. Students are divided into

Conference Session

Professional Development and Scholarship

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandy W. Feola, Sinclair Community College; Steven Wendel, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2011-1709: ENHANCING THE STUDENT JOB SHADOW EXPERI-ENCE WITH INDUSTRYSandy W Feola, Sinclair Community College Sandy Feola works in the National Center for Manufacturing Education (NCME) as Customer Engage- ment Manager supporting the METEC Online digital clearinghouse for manufacturing and engineering technology resources and provides project management. She is also a part time instructor for The Uni- versity of Dayton Engineering Technology Department (since 2007) and Sinclair Community College’s Operations Technology Department (since 1995) teaching industrial engineering and quality engineering curriculum. Over the past 25 years, Sandy has held engineering, contract support and management roles in

Conference Session

Focus on ETAC Accreditation

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ilya Y. Grinberg, Buffalo State College, The State University of New York; Jill Singer, Buffalo State College, The State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

her experiences include projects funded by the National Science Foundation, USEPA, and the US Department of Justice Environment and Natural Resources Division. For 20 years, Dr. Singer served as the director of the Buffalo State Office of Undergraduate Research and administered programs that supported students in all academic majors. Dr. Singer had a NSF award to scale up to the national level the evaluation program designed to assess student learning and student growth from participating in undergraduate research. This method, known as EvaluateUR, is now being modified to support course-based undergraduate research experiences (EvaluateUR-CURE). American c

Conference Session

Electrical/Electronic ET Issues

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve C. Hsiung, Old Dominion University; Feng Jao, Ohio Northern University; Lijian Xu, Farmingdale State College; Marjaneh Issapour, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Chancellor and Board of Trustees in 2007. The Chancellor’s Award is a prestigious award within the SUNY system and is awarded only to those candidates who have a record of consistently superior performance and a long commitment to the SUNY system. . She has also been a recipient of Rene Chasmen Affirmative action Award in 1994. She is a motivational speaker for women in Science and Engineering. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Collaborated Efforts in TI ARM M4/32BIT Microcontroller Curricula Development and AssessmentIntroduction These collaborative efforts in curriculum development were an extension of several NSFfunded projects that focused on the

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, University of Toledo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

- IMPRESS-C) – First Year Progress ReportAbstract:Recognizing the State of Ohio and regional need for a highly trained computing workforce with4-year degrees, the Choose Ohio First – IMProving Retention and Student Success in Computing(COF-IMPRESS-C) project provides financial support and an ecosystem of high-impact curricularand co-curricular activities to increase the success of academically talented students. The COF-IMPRESS-C team will leverage student-centered strategies and academic support, such asundergraduate research, faculty/peer mentoring, and academic success sessions to enhanceacademic and personal success. The project will facilitate the recruitment, retention, andmatriculation of scholarship recipients, provide them with access to a

Conference Session

Electrical Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rocio Alba-Flores, Alfred State College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

EducationAbstractThe Electromechanical Engineering Technology program at Alfred State College requires asequence of two courses in embedded systems. Embedded Controller Fundamentals andEmbedded Controller Applications. Both courses involve hands-on, project oriented laboratoryexercises. For the embedded controller courses, students are required to purchase a specified low-cost microcontroller evaluation system instead of a textbook. A reasonable priced reference text isrecommended, and students are strongly encouraged to use extensively the online manualsavailable from the microcontroller manufacturer. Among the many benefits that we have identifiedby requiring students to buy their own microcontroller system is that they learn to be more carefulwith safety

Conference Session

EET Papers 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weican Xiao, Michigan Technological University; Andrew Joseph Dorton, Michigan Technological University ; Mohsen Azizi, Michigan Technological University; Johannes Martin Eidnes, A&D Technology; Branden Owen DeVries; Austin M. Ostipow; Richard Lee Fowler, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Aviation, Home & Building & Automotive industries. He has been a Project Engineer, a Project Manager and Department Manager (of engineers). Johannes has been an active member of the Michigan Technological University (MTU) School of Tech- nology Industrial Advisory Board.Mr. Branden Owen DeVriesMr. Austin M. OstipowMr. Richard Lee Fowler, Michigan Technological University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 iConnect Lab Training Enhancement Hardware Briefcase Andrew Dorton, Austin Ostipow, Branden DeVries, Richard Fowler, Weican Xiao, Mohsen Azizi, Johannes Eidnes* Electrical Engineering Technology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA

Conference Session

ETD Curriculum

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Behbood Ben Zoghi, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

targets engineering and technical professionals andallows them to become future leaders in technical management positions, while continuing to workin their companies. The program’s curriculum, carefully crafted in consultation with industrialleaders, provides a unique blend of industry-critical skills in managing people, projects andprofitability. The curriculum will be taught by three groups of professionals: professors, professor-experts, and the industry experts. The curriculum is 20%, 60% and 20%, analytical, technicalmanagement and capstone project, respectively. The graduates of this program will meet industryneeds for qualified technical managers and leaders resulting from the expected industrial growthin the short- and medium-term

Conference Session

Electromechanical Curricula

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Winstead, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

camless valvetrain control. Page 13.1169.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Teaching Optimal Energy Expenditure Using Robotic Platforms and MicrocontrollersAbstractIn this paper we describe an example of a project-centered approach to teaching optimal(i.e. minimal) electric energy expenditure while navigating through a set of coordinatewaypoionts in a mobile vehicle. The platform used is an in-house ruggedized robot designbased on a commercially available robotic chassis design, commercially available parts anda simple sensor suite incorporating a multi-channel Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver module for

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum in Engineering Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlie P. Edmonson, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Page 25.795.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Integrating Business Process Simulation Software into a Facilities Layout CourseAbstractMany companies face productivity challenges brought about by today’s economic impact. At thesame time, computers and their software have become easier and easier to use. Computerizedsimulation of business processes enhances productivity by allowing project teams to test theirsolutions prior to actual implementation. Recently, at the University of Dayton, many industrysponsors of engineering technology senior projects are requesting that student teams developsimulation models of their facility layout designs. At

Conference Session

Recruitment & Retention in ET Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raju Dandu, Kansas State University at Salina; John DeLeon, Kansas State University at Salina

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

scholar. Thus, ELITE scholars will comprise freshmen, transfer or current K-Statestudents.Specifically, the ELITE program will provide financial assistance to a cluster of 15-25 studentsover a period of four years beginning fall 2007. Budget for the program is estimated at $500,000with $28,000 earmarked for program administration and $32,000 for student support services.Included in the total are initial start-up funds that will be utilized to carry out planning for theELITE project and to put administrative and support structures in place. The S-STEM grantallows a maximum award of $500,000 in total or $125,000 per year for up to four years, with anoptional initial period of up to one year for planning. The maximum scholarship amount is up to

Conference Session

Robotics, Automation, and Product Development

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

TJ Brown, Middle Tennessee State University; Chong Chen P.E., Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

control bionic limbs using electrical signals that are generated from musclecontractions through a process called electromyography (EMG). However, these bionic limbshave not been around long and the costs associated with them are still too high to make themaccessible to those who really need them.This student research project utilizes recently acquired skills in Electro-Mechanical EngineeringTechnology to lower the price of a bionic hand. The mechanical parts that make up the hand aredesigned using 3D CAD software and then created on a 3D-printer. Using 3D-printing, the handcan easily be scaled to any size much more cheaply than using traditional methods. The projectalso lowers cost by designing and creating its own EMG circuit. This is the most

Conference Session

Subjects in Renewable Energy and ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alamgir A. Choudhury, Western Michigan University; Jorge Rodriguez P.E., Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

complex gradual process and requires aparadigm shift in product and process design. In academia, this awareness underscores the needfor reforming curriculum so that graduates of programs are ready to lead these changes inpractices. The National Science Foundation funds projects to update engineering curriculum forthe comprehensive teaching of energy in different undergraduate programs. Accelerated testingmethodology [2] project funded by NSF utilized statistical method to determine the Page 26.723.2interrelationship between various stress loadings and total energy use in a mechanical system andestablish a framework to facilitate the optimum

Conference Session

ET Curriculum and Programs II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Suranjan Panigrahi, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

with required hardware and supporting software has beendiscussed. The design of new hands-on modular laboratory exercises and their implications onstudent learning has been presented. Team-based newly designed class projects emulated real-world solutions based on embedded systems. The class project also required the students tolearn and apply project management skill (i.e. SCRUM). The experience and implications ofthese class projects have been reported with respect to the course learning outcomes. Lastly,the author’s perspectives on how the course has prepared the students for the marketplace hasbeen incorporated.Introduction and Objective:Embedded system technology is a key aspect of modern electronic systems and devices.Every Electrical