Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veeramuthu Rajaravivarma, SUNY-Farmingdale

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

be integrated into any Networking or Telecommunications courses. The firstpart of the paper will introduce the ideas and business models behind Joost. It will discuss whatmakes Joost different and its advantages and potential disadvantages over its rival technologies.Then it will address the new P2P network technologies discussed in the class used by Joost andother important technologies implemented like H.264 for encoding and decoding and X.509 forencryption. The second part of this paper will focus on classroom experiment of the peer-to-peernetwork technology as a TV. As a result, students (1) will learn how to install and setup Joostapplication as a TV; (2) will observe bandwidth requirements, type of protocols used and thequality of the

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical and Power Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alex Fang, Texas A&M University; Wei Zhan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

densities (darkness). Figure 14 shows a CR image of a high pressure steam pipe used in nuclear power plants. It can be seen that the pipe was wrapped with a thick layer of thermal insulation material which is typical for steam pipes. The main goal for this pipe CR inspection is to monitor and detect the flow-accelerated corrosion on the pipe walls. Flow-accelerated corrosion has been a major engineering and maintenance issue for the nuclear power plant which can be effectively detected with CR without the need to remove the insulation.≠ With today’s amazingly powerful image processing software as an integral part of the CR system, CR users can easily change the image density, enhance the contrast, zoom a selected region

Conference Session

Reaching Students: Innovations to Curriculum in ET

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Richard Helps, Brigham Young University; Mark Patterson, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

instructional course design that provides the ability to adapt tochanging technologies and incorporate current research into the curriculum. Learning can beimproved and redesign costs minimized if there is a clear understanding of the relationship of thetechnical content to the overall instructional design. The instructional design presented here isconceived in terms of interacting layers analogous to Stewart Brand's architectural layers.Updating courses then becomes a process of changing the technical content layer while leavingmost of the teaching material, organizational structure and learning objectives unaffected. Thisparadigm not only reduces the costs of updating courses but provides for a better collaborativestudent learning environment. Some

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical and Power Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Vuksanovich, Youngstown State University; James Higley, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, adapting to the change hascaused many programs to become increasingly aware of what similar programs are doing inother parts of the country or even other parts of the world. A part of all strategic planningincludes comparing oneself to one’s competitors. In the educational world, we are notnecessarily so concerned with competition but with improving and serving students. Hence,institutions frequently collaborate, so the term benchmarking is used for the initial comparisonbetween programs. This paper benchmarks two urban Mechanical Engineering Technologyprograms and compares their background, objectives and outcomes, curriculum, and laboratories.It is hoped that this benchmark will encourage other programs to perform similar comparisons inan effort

Conference Session

Curriculum in Electrical Power Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shiyoung Lee, Pennsylvania State University, Berks

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

motor – are introduced. The characteristics of these motors and applicationmethods are emphasized in the classes and labs.Programming with an industrial control trainer (ICT) from Bytronic Inc. is the second exercise.The purpose of this exercise is to become familiar with various motion control components suchas the permanent magnet dc motor (PMDC) and linear and rotary solenoids3. The experiments Page 15.400.2with the proximity sensors, both capacitive and inductive types, and the photo sensors are alsoincluded in this laboratory exercise. The ICT lab provides numerous topics that students couldapply to real world problem solving. The topics

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Civil Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nirmal Das, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Page 13.1172.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Teaching Reinforced Concrete Design with Mathcad ApplicationAbstractReinforced Concrete Design is typically offered as a senior-level required course in anundergraduate Civil Engineering or Civil Engineering Technology curriculum. The design ofvarious components of a building structure is performed based on the American ConcreteInstitute (ACI) Building Code 318. One of the major topics covered in the course is design ofbeams. The design involves myriad computations to account for several aspects of the design:from determining the required strengths of the beam, to selecting an adequate beam size and thenecessary amount of steel reinforcement, to checking for deflection and

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum in Electrical Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Dangelo, Intel; Drew Campbell, Purdue University; jason harper, Purdue University; Rajeswari Sundararajan, College of Technology - Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

detailed experimental data area result of an Intel Corporation project. Results from a graduate course at PurdueUniversity in the Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering Technology are alsoinlcuded. This paper could provide a quick introduction into the buck-boost converterworld.Converter Features, Capabilities and UsagesThe converters come in Buck (step-down) and Boost (step-up) combinations. Some arewell aligned for 12 V automotive applications by having a 4 – 18 V input range foroutputs ranging from 3 - 20 V. This is important since automotive voltages sag duringstarting and heavy loading. They also surge at higher engine RPMs and heavy electricalload shutoff. For example, 5 V or 12 V portable electronics can be supplied with stablepower

Conference Session

Innovation & Assessment in the delivery of IT/IET

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Scachitti, Purdue University Calumet; Jamie Workman-Germann, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; Matthew Stephens, Purdue University; Annaji Sharma Ammu, Purdue University Calumet; Richard Szromba, Purdue University Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Richard Szromba is a graduate student in the School of Technology at Purdue University Calumet where he is pursuing a Master of Science in Technology degree with a focus in Quality Systems. He received his Bachelor of Science from Purdue University Calumet in Industrial Engineering Technology and he is an ASQ trained Black Belt.© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Page 13.151.2© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Adding Lean and Six Sigma to Industrial Engineering Technology programs: Does this constitute a change in curriculum?AbstractThis paper will focus on changes that have been made to Industrial EngineeringTechnology (IET) and

Conference Session

Simulations and Project Based Learning I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason K. Durfee P.E., Eastern Washington University; Donald C. Richter, Eastern Washington University; Martin William Weiser, Eastern Washington University; N.M. A. Hossain, Eastern Washington University; Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 24.1324.2the class an experiment that demonstrates the course capabilities. There is not a set of specificinstructions to follow that lead to a predicted result as with many laboratory courses. Rather eachstudent or student team must first determine what they would like to accomplish utilizing theexisting resources. The first opportunity for this in our curriculum is in our 3D ParametricModeling course where the students must develop a model for a complex part using the skillsthey have developed during the course. The next major opportunity is in the Robotics andAutomation class where they first determine the project goal, then determine the type/number ofsensors, the type of feeding system, and finally the end-of arm tooling needed to

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ECET: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Youakim Al Kalaani, Georgia Southern University; Shonda Bernadin, GSU

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

modern tools including computer systems and software. Page 15.172.23. be able to integrate theoretical and practical knowledge in the completion of assigned tasks.4. be able to communicate effectively in spoken and written form.5. be adaptive to a changing environments and new technologies.6. exhibit an ability to assist others and contribute to multi-disciplinary teams.7. have an awareness of contemporary professional, ethical, societal, and global issues.Similarly, the program outcomes have been defined according to the ABET Criteria forAccrediting Engineering Technology Programs1, as “statements that describe what units ofknowledge or

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary and Undergraduate Research in Engineering Technology

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Weissbach P.E., Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Garrett LoVerde; James Bimber

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

,instrumentation, and controls. One potential outcome is the elimination of the need forexpensive human-machine interfaces (HMIs) at the monitored equipment, thereby significantlyreducing overall equipment costs.The benefits and limitations of incorporating this effort into an undergraduate engineering orengineering technology curriculum will then be explored. Among the issues to be addressed arethe technical (hardware and software) capabilities required of both the students and faculty toenable cell phone technology to be employed in control and communication systems courses.IntroductionAs technology advances, items like the cell phone have become an integral part of people’severyday lives. Finding new innovative ways to incorporate devices like cell

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Zafrul Hasan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

aspects of everyday life – starting from household ovens toprofessional supercomputers. As such, curriculum in electrical, computer, andtelecommunication engineering disciplines incorporate the basics of digital systems as amandatory course. Such courses traditionally contain the design aspects of digital systems.Testing of such systems is seldom covered in those courses 1, 2. However, testing of such rapidlygrowing systems is both complex and costly 3. As a result, it has become an important part of theoverall life cycle of any digital system. Due to its importance and significance in the real world,digital system testing needs to be accommodated in the curriculum of the above mentioneddisciplines. Testing of combinational and sequential

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Cook, Montana State University; Robb Larson, Montana State University; Keith Fisher, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

•MET 445 - Machine Design •MET 456 – Capstone I Figure 2. MET Areas of Expertise and Related Courses (Current Curriculum)Mechanical Engineering Technology Core CompetenciesTo further define the required skill set of MET graduates from our program, core competenciessupporting our mission, outcomes, and objectives, as well as constituent requirements weredeveloped and documented. The core competencies related to engineering fundamentalsappropriate to the needs of Mechanical Engineering Technology are:1. Demonstrate proficiency in mathematics – including analytic geometry, differentiation, integration, and differential equations.2. Demonstrate an understanding of engineering

Conference Session

ET Projects

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Immanuel Edinbarough P.E., University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Adriana Rios Santiago, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Jesus Gonzalez-Rodriguez, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

three times as difficult to fill in the nextthree years.The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley has undertaken an initiative to address the skills gapin this very important area of manufacturing. This paper presents the details on the developmentof an integrated senior design and internship program that has helped to mitigate the difficult-to-fill workforce needs for the partnering industry in metrology and advanced manufacturingthrough the university and industry partnership. Many more programs of this nature are requiredto address the problem of the skills gap prevailing in the advanced manufacturing sector.The senior design project and internship are integrated with the engineering technologycurriculum to address this challenging problem

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Pedagogy 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Immanuel Edinbarough P.E., University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; Jesus A. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. The faculty arecertified instructors to offer variety of FANUC certificates. The ET program at UTRGV is aCertified Training and Education Site for FANUC Robotics Material Handling ProgramSoftware and iR-Vision 2D (15).The CAD lab at UTRGV has SIEMENS NX Product Life Cycle Management software bundlethat serves as the principle CAD software that is employed throughout the engineeringtechnology curriculum. NX CAD Design Certification is perfect for students and educators whowant to demonstrate core design skills in NX. The certification is achieved through an onlineexam that tests skills and knowledge of the NX software. NX Certification enhances thecompetitive edge and reputation of both students and schools and provides an industryrecognized

Conference Session

ETAC, ABET, & STEM Programs

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #8506Expand the pipeline: K-12 curriculum development on VHDL and FPGA de-signDr. Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological UniversityProf. Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University Aleksandr Sergeyev is currently an Associate Professor in the Electrical Engineering Technology program in the School of Technology at Michigan Technological University. Dr. Aleksandr Sergeyev earned his bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering at Moscow University of Electronics and Automation in 1995. He obtained the Master degree in Physics from Michigan Technological University in 2004 and the PhD degree in Electrical

Conference Session

Industrial Collaborations and Applications

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University; William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Donald Richter, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

apprenticeship by Merkel and Baker6 (2002). Duringthis process the mentor takes an active role in training and developing the next generation ofengineers, technologists, and scientists. This adds a further dimension to the typical advisor roleof academic guidance, career direction, moral support, and encouragement. The advisor nowbecomes a research manager and mentor as well.In many cases, this trend has led to the integration of undergraduate research directly into theacademic curriculum. After graduation many of the students will be involved in the application,dissemination, and creation of knowledge, or in other words research. As a result it becomes anatural extension of the classical inquiry oriented curriculum to include aspects of research

Conference Session

ETD Design I: Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zhan, Texas A&M University; Ana Elisa P. Goulart, Texas A&M University; Joseph A. Morgan, Texas A&M University; Jay R Porter, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

is an effort to link theknowledge and skills taught in upstream courses to the objectives in downstream courses. Thehorizontal integration of curriculum, on the other hand, focuses on the repeated exposure and useof certain knowledge, skills, or processes across courses in an educational program. Naumov etal. provided a straightforward diagram for vertical and horizontal curriculum integration, asillustrated in Fig. 124: Page 22.894.3 Figure 1. An example of vertical/horizontal curriculum integration24Mahajan et al.18 use curriculum integration by allowing students to use the same experimentalset-ups in multiple courses

Conference Session

Capstone & Senior Design Projects

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Quinn Alexander Parnell; Turki Arif Aldulaijan, Michigan Technological University; Kerry O'Conner

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

24.2.2incorporated as an integral part of engineering and engineering technology education in an effortto correlate the practical side of engineering design and the engineering curriculum. Such coursesprovide an experiential learning activity in which the analytical knowledge gained from previouscourses is joined with the practice of engineering in a final, hands-on project.2-4 The developmentof capstone design courses and corresponding requirements have been influenced by varioussources, including the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), industrialadvisory boards (IAB), faculty leading capstone projects, numerous industrial companies, andengineering research.Earlier research4-15 showed the importance if industrial involvement in the

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jinwen Zhu, Missouri Western State University; Virendra Varma, Missouri Western State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

at partner university HVI Lecture / lab (virtual) Lab Intensive internship at partner university Page 12.1250.6 HSI Lecture / lab (simulation) Lab Intensive internship at partner universityDesigning an innovative curriculum for nanotechnology in engineering technology is a complextask and requires a high level of integration. The students, the faculty, collaborating labs andparticipating institutions, must all work

Conference Session

Curriculum in Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chao Li, Florida A&M University; G. Thomas Bellarmine, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Leon Prosper, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2009-1946: ENHANCING STUDENTS? LEARNING IN ELECTRONICENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY COURSES BY USING MOBILE TABLET PCTECHNOLOGYChao Li, Florida A&M University Dr. Chao Li is currently working at Florida A&M University as an assistant professor in Electronic Engineering Technology. He is currently teaching Electronic and Computer Engineering Technology Courses. He obtained his BSEE degree from Xi’an Jiaotong University and MSEE degree from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. He received his PHD in EE from Florida International University. He is currently an IEEE Member and a Member in ASEE. His research interests include signal processing, embedded microcontroller

Conference Session

Robotics and Automation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

importance of a programmable logic controller (PLC) component in EngineeringTechnology curriculums is essential. The cost associated with developing or upgradingthis area can range from modest to the extremely expensive. This manuscript willprovide individuals with a strategic approach to creating a very workable PLC lab on aless than generous budget. An actual PLC module will be available for demonstrationand inspection.A review of literature reveals that “PLCs represent one of the fastest growing segments ofthe industrial electronics industry and have proven to be the solution for a variety ofmanufacturing applications which previously relied on electromechanical controlsystems. PLCs can be programmed with graphical ladder logic and are unlike a

Conference Session

Freshman Experience in Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

JungHun Choi, Ohio University; Wieslaw Grebski, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton; Kenneth Dudeck, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

series and parallel. Basic relay logic can be applied to the control of an electrical system.2.1.5 Miscellaneous Part: Electrical Engineering Technology Profession and Electrical Systems Early in the course outline the various fields in Electrical Engineering Technology Profession such as power, electronics, computers, robotics, and automation. It can be shown how the curriculum introduces students to the fundamentals of each. After graduation, students will be able to pursue their interests in greater detail by continuing the education toward a BS degree, or choosing employment in a company that specializes

Conference Session

Distance Learning in ET Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Pickard, East Carolina University; Jimmy Bill Linn, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

accessto physical lab equipment.One hallmark of an engineering technology program is hands-on laboratory experience. In fact,the criteria for accrediting engineering technology programs specify that theory courses shouldbe accompanied by coordinated laboratory experiences. A laboratory course accompanies almostevery electronics engineering technology course in the IET curriculum at East CarolinaUniversity. In these laboratories, students design and construct electronic circuits and machines,then use electrical test equipment to measure the characteristics of the constructed circuits andmachines to compare their findings with theory presented in the corresponding lecture courses. Atypical hands-on laboratory station provides the student with a

Conference Session

STEM Issues in ET

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; David E. Thompson, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

paper describes an effort to replicate best practices at Sam Houston State University in theimplementation of a cross-disciplinary course designed to provide students from diversedemographics with a more effective ramp into undergraduate research. The specific aim of thecourse was to provide students from diverse backgrounds with a curriculum designed to buildcommunity, introduce students to research faculty, and to counteract a perceived lack of researchreadiness. The student learning goals for the course included providing opportunities for studentsto: study key historical examples of excellent research; interact with faculty researchers whoperform projects across the STEM disciplines; and to explore the similarities and differencesbetween

Conference Session

Capstone Projects and Experiential Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tianrui Bai, Southwest Jiaotong University; Jinwen Zhu, Missouri Western State University; Virendra Varma, Missouri Western State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2007-1755: CHARACTERISTICS OF CAPSTONE DESIGN PROJECTS ATUNIVERSITIES IN US AND CHINA: AN ANALYSISTianrui Bai, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityJinwen Zhu, Missouri Western State UniversityVirendra Varma, Missouri Western State University Page 12.353.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Characteristics of Capstone Design Projects at Universities in US and China: An AnalysisAbstractThe objectives of the capstone or other integrating experiences in the engineering andtechnology curriculums are to: 1. Pull together the various diverse elements of thecurriculum, and 2. Develop student competencies in problem-solving utilizing bothtechnical and

Conference Session

Faculty Development and Research in ET

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Khan, DeVry University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and the technical currency of academic programs. Faculty professionaldevelopment activities and technical currency play an important role in promotingstudent learning and success. Especially for non-research (purely teaching) institutionsthat offer technology driven programs, one of the most important factors determiningstudent success is the professional and technical currency of faculty members. The nature, demands, and vocabulary of scholarship are also evolving. ErnestBoyer, in his 1990 Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate, suggestedfour interrelated dimensions of scholarship; discovery, integration, application andteaching (see Table 1).2Table 1. Dimensions of Scholarship according to Ernest Boyer (1990)2

Conference Session

Importance of Technical & Professional Writing in Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peilin Fu, National University; Shekar Viswanathan, National University, San Diego; Ronald Uhlig, National University, San Diego; Howard Evans, National University, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

withdefining the types of written communications important for students in each program. It thenidentifies the courses and the appropriate type of writing that may be integrated into thecurriculum. Specific signature assignments for each type of written communication have beendeveloped and embedded in course syllabi. These signature assignments follow an IDM(introduce, develop, master) sequence, which makes sure that students can master and getadequate practice in required written communication before they get to their capstone/master’sproject courses. Rubrics and useful resources such as samples, helpful hints and FAQs are beingdeveloped for students to use with each type of writing assignment. We believe that the proposedmethod would enable our

Conference Session

ETD Accreditation and Assessment

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alok K. Verma P.E., Old Dominion University; Stephanie G. Adams, Old Dominion University; Cheng Y. Lin P.E., Old Dominion University; Nestor Escobales P.E., Old Dominion University; Isaac L. Flory IV, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

program meetings, department faculty meetings and shared with the IAB members.Each program director prepares an assessment report of their program and submit it to thechair. The entire continuous improvement process is accomplished by various tasksscheduled throughout the year as shown in Figure 4.VI. Use of Assessment Data and Role of Faculty The curriculum committee of each program meets at least once a month to discussthe issues related to curriculum, laboratory facilities, assessment information andaccreditation. The meeting is coordinated by the Program Director. Additional meetingsboth formal and informal may be held as needed. In addition, the department facultymeetings are held each month. In addition to the formal meeting

Conference Session

ET Pedagogy III

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sonia Travaglini, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

– Creating a community of practice of SEEFs, instructors,administrators, student employees and other teaching-focused roles is a key part of creatinglasting organizational change through the SEEF program, due to the limited terms of the SEEFroles. Linking SEEFs into existing communities focused on teaching within an organization,such as within Stanford University’s CTL organization, also helps connect and create lastingarchives and resources for teaching and learning.Supporting long-term impact – SEEFs creating impact, including integrating active learning intothe undergraduate curriculums in their respective discipline, is dependent on both the continuedpresence of a SEEF role and the support from faculty and administrators to support