Conference Session

General Topics in Graduate Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Naji Khoury, Temple University; Jyothsna K. S., St. Joseph's College, Bangalore, Department of English; Amithraj Amavasai

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2011-147: CORRELATION BETWEEN ”ETHICAL ISSUES” AND ”GRADE”PERFORMANCE IN A GRADUATE CLASSRobert M. Brooks, Temple University Dr. Robert M. Brooks is an associate professor in the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University. He is a registered professional engineer in PA and a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers. His research interests are Civil Engineering Materials, Transportation Engineering, and Engineering Education.Naji Khoury, Temple UniversityJyothsna K S, Department of English, St.Joseph’s College, Bangalore Secured a gold Medal for the highest aggregate marks in the Post Graduate English Literature Course at St.Joseph’s College (Autonomous). Working for the

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2012-2972: APPLICATION OF INTERRUPTED CASE METHOD FORTEACHING ETHICS TO GRADUATE STUDENTS IN TRANSPORTATIONENGINEERINGDr. Robert M. Brooks, Temple University Robert Brooks is an Associate Professor of civil engineering at Temple University. He is a Fellow of ASCE. His research interests are engineering education, civil engineering materials, and transportation engineering.Jyothsna K. S., Jyothsna K. S., Department of English, St.Joseph’s College, Bangalore, secured a gold medal for the high- est aggregate marks in the Post Graduate English Literature Course at St.Joseph’s College (autonomous). K. S. has been working for the Department of English, St.Joseph’s College for almost two years now, teaching both

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students, Diversity, and Assessment

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig T. Evers P.E., Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Minorities in Engineering

Engineering Education, 2011 Views of Diverse Groups of International and American Students Concerning Business, Cultural, and Ethical IssuesAbstractUniversity programs have a growing number of students from all around the world, making itimportant to consider the perspectives of these students to maximize their learning experiences.As manufacturing and business activities and operations become increasingly global, theopportunity for interaction with these students gives all of our students, including traditionalNorth American students, the opportunity to learn about other cultures and their impact onbusiness and business ethics. It is far too easy to assume mistakenly that all students view class topics from the traditionalCanadian

Conference Session

Assessing Learning Outcomes for Flipped Classrooms, Recruitment and Research Internships, and Alternate Assessments for Online Courses

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; Mary Anne Walker, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

work at Tufts Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (U.S. Foreign Policy), in Madrid, Spain (language pedagogy) and Ameri- can University (International Law and Organizations). She also served as a Fellow to the United Nations University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 What is the Length of a Toilet Paper Tube? A Hands-On, Team-Based Lesson in the Ethics of Data CollectionAbstractWe describe a hands-on, team-based classroom activity designed to help engineering studentsunderstand the ethics of data collection, analysis and reporting processes. This lesson ispresented to students as a “mini research competition” involving the collection of data to answerthe

Conference Session

Innovation and Measuring Success in Graduate Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong learning, i. an ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibilities, j. a respect for diversity and a knowledge of contemporary professional, societal and global issues, and k. a commitment to quality, timeliness, and continuous improvement.Only about half of the eleven criteria apply to technical mastery: all others cover “softskills” (i.e., creativity, communication, teamwork, problem-solving, life-long learning,and appreciation for diversity).Similarly, the Association of Technology, Management and Applied Engineering(ATMAE, formerly known as NAIT)4 also considers non-technical skills or professionalskills. In its standards for

Conference Session

Professional Development for Graduate Students

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Astri Briliyanti, Michigan State University; Julie W. Rojewski, Michigan State University; Dirk Joel Luchini Colbry, Michigan State University; Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

programs excel at developingstudents’ technical expertise and research skills. The interdisciplinary nature of many STEMresearch projects means that graduate students often find themselves paired with experts fromother fields and asked to work together to solve complex problems. At Michigan StateUniversity, the College of Engineering has developed a graduate level course that helps studentsbuild professional skills (communications, teamwork, leadership) to enhance their participationin these types of interdisciplinary projects. This semester-long course also includes training onresearch mentoring, helping students work more effectively with their current faculty mentorsand build skills to serve as mentors themselves. Discussions of research ethics

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education and Industry

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships, Graduate Studies

engineers. Skills include a working knowledge of business and ethics,teamwork experience, a solid grounding in engineering science as well as communication andpresentation skills. The program develops abilities such as an appreciation of the basic principlesof business, the profit motive, how to design and execute experiments, how to prepare projectplans and regulatory documents, and how to carry out a real-life project within a company.Program emphasis is placed upon engineering creativity and innovation. with a strong emphasison the needs of the nation to compete in the world market and maintain the strength of the U.S.economy. A second objective of the paper is to describe the current status of a recentlydeveloped Professional Science Master’s

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shashi Marikunte, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Frances Harackiewicz, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; John Nicklow, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Lizette Chevalier, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

by invited speakers,focusing on teaching skills and professional development. Topics for the seminarpredominantly focused on ethics, principles of effective teaching, communication skills,grading, student/teacher interaction, intellectual property and professional licensure, etc.Speakers for the seminar consisted of professionals from within the college as well asexperts from outside the college and industry. Attendance for the seminar was voluntary.However, to encourage attendance students attending minimum of five seminars receiveda Certificate of Teaching Preparedness and Professional Development. A Guidebook forGraduate Teaching Assistants is being compiled, which consists of summary for eachseminar topic, key observations and frequently

Conference Session

Preparing Future Educators

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elena Nicolescu Veety, North Carolina State University; Mehmet C. Ozturk, North Carolina State University; Renata S. Engel P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Carolyn A. Vallas, University of Virginia; Meghan McGlinn Manfra, North Carolina State University ; Tom Snyder, North Carolina State University; Chunlei Wang, Florida International University; Veena Misra, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

outlines the following desirable attributes: strong analytical skills,practical ingenuity, creativity, communication, business and management, leadership, ethics andprofessionalism, flexibility, and lifelong learning. A range of additional literature echoes thesefindings and attempts to define and categorize the essential skills and attributes needed forsuccess.Global competency is one of the major skill categories found in literature. Rajala3 summarizesthe desired attributes of a global engineer from several sources4,5, showing that the lists ofattributes is extensive and often varies from study to study. Three attributes that consistentlyrank near the top of these lists are: (i) can appreciate other cultures, (ii) understands the biggerpicture

Conference Session

Aligning Graduate Programs with Industrial Needs

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

career in information technology to developadditional cybersecurity skills to use in their current position or to prepare them for advancementinto a new position. Alternately, it could serve as a way to demonstrate the knowledge andexperience required to allow someone to switch from a career in a completely different field intoinformation technology and cybersecurity.The suggested completion plan for the certificate is: • CSCI 603 – Defensive Network Security • CSCI 604 – Ethical Hacking • CSCI 609 – Cybersecurity Law and Policy • One additional courseThere are a number of options for the final course. These include, at NDSU: • CSCI 610 – Computer Crime and Forensics • CSCI 669 – Network Security • A computer science

Conference Session

Graduate Student Support

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael A. Matthews P.E., University of South Carolina; Darin Freeburg, University of South Carolina; Kevin Brock, University of South Carolina; Gina M. Kunz P.h.D., University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

literature relevant to their new project. Course 1 culminates in a written literaturereview. The second course, taken in year 2 of graduate study, is for students who have generatedsome findings and are preparing to disseminate their work in a professional venue. Course 2focuses on writing in the standards of the discipline, using CT to guide the writing process. Itculminates in a major but flexible writing assignment proposed by the student and advisor.Course development began in 2010 after UofSC established a graduate program in BiomedicalEngineering. The graduate curriculum specified coursework under the general heading ofprofessional development and ethics, from which the subject courses evolved. While the coursesare required for graduate

Conference Session

Professional Skills for Graduate Students

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Holloway, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David F. Radcliffe, Swinburne University of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility g) an ability to communicate effectively h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning j) a knowledge of contemporary issues k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for

Conference Session

Educating Students for Professional Success

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy Watson, University of South Carolina; Jed S. Lyons, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

extent they were interested in each technique. The initial draft of the survey wasreviewed by a content review panel, which consisted of a senior mechanical engineering studentand an electrical and computer engineering freshman. The final survey was created with ClassClimate®, an online survey tool.The first part was based upon a list of skills seen in Table 1. This list was developed in previousresearch through a review of advertised job solicitations for industry positions requiring anengineering Ph.D. 5, 13. The list of skills included technical skills, such as solving problems anddesigning experiments, and transferable skills (often referred to as soft skills) such ascommunication, teamwork, and professional ethics. The root for the first

Conference Session

Methods & Techniques in Graduate Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Adams, Western Carolina University; James Zhang, Western Carolina University; Kenneth Burbank, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

ethic that is inherent in these teams.In the Fall semester of 2005, student 5 transferred to our university in her senior year. Sheimmediately demonstrated a strong mathematical background. She also indicated an interest ingraduate studies. Because of her math aptitude, we thought it appropriate to find a simulationproject for her. With our encouragement, she decided to work on the development of imageprocessing techniques for facial recognition. This effort resulted in a presentation at theNational Conference for Undergraduate Research [6].In the Fall semester of 2006, student 6 transferred to our university in his senior year and likestudent 5 immediately demonstrated a strong mathematical aptitude. He also expressed aninterest in graduate

Conference Session

Online Programs and Program Assessment

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gonca Altuger-Genc, State University of New York, Farmingdale; Bahar Zoghi, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

• Track II: Construction Management”MS in Technology Management program outcomes [15] are listed as: 1. “Graduates will have knowledge and competency in the field of technology management with an emphasis on engineering technologies. 2. Graduates will have the knowledge and skills necessary to be imaginative, critical thinkers who are able to discover problems and questions, develop logical answers, and apply effective solutions in the practice of technology management. 3. Graduates will have knowledge of ethical behavior in professional positions in all aspects of technology management. 4. Graduates will have competency in the management and leadership of technology in global

Conference Session

General Topics in Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

lecture the appropriate component(s) of sustainability andrelated ethics. The students were given 4 assignments on these topics. The lectures and thestudent assignments explored various problems such as global society, business perspectives andpeople. At the beginning of the course the students were given a pre-intervention survey on theirsustainability perspective on transportation systems and management. At the end of the coursethe same survey was given.The average grade of the pre-intervention survey was 66% and that of the post-interventionsurvey was 78%, and 18% improvement over the pre-intervention. The results were significantlydifferent with a calculated t value of 2.9. The t-test confirmed statistical improvement atsignificant confidence

Conference Session

Discipline Specific Topics and Techniques

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tasha Zephirin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Catherine G.P. Berdanier, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Suely M. Black, Norfolk State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

addition, during intense, annual multi-day retreatsat Cornell University (winter) and Norfolk State University (summer), trainees come together forfurther technical training, professional development, program self-reflection and redesign.Most of the education and training part of the program is delivered in four courses: (1) Technicaland Professional Writing (6 weeks); (2) Training in Independent Research (12 weeks); (3) BestPractices in Teaching and Learning (8 weeks); and (4) Ethics and Intellectual Property (4weeks). The sequence of short, focused modular courses provides a framework conducive to thecycle of (re-)design, enactment, and study of the proposed graduate training activities. It allowsfor students to learn and practice in the same

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education and Industry

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy Watson, University of South Carolina; Jed S. Lyons, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships, Graduate Studies

important skills (seen in Table 1). The distribution of responses and mean value ofthe Likert Scale for each skill are shown in Table 2. Results suggest that the most importantskills are learning independently, working in teams, written and oral communication, solvingproblems, and working independently. All respondents rated these as essential, with over 50%indicating that an expert skill level is needed as seen in Table 2. These findings are similar toSekhon’s survey of Ph.D.s working in industry with mathematically-intensive disciplinesincluding engineering13. In the current study, practicing professional ethics, designingexperiments, giving presentations, writing reports and reviewing literature are also consideredimportant. At least 40% of

Conference Session

Professional Development for Graduate Students

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Dennis W. Hess, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

displayspecific traits and perform a multitude of other indispensable activities including ethical andprofessional behavior, resilience, clear communication, change management, risk-taking, teambuilding, conflict management, and decision-making [7,8]. The criticality of these issues andpotential ways to expose students to such skill sets has been encouraged by the publication of aSpecial Issue on Engineering Education: Beyond Technical Skills [7]. ABET also indicates theneed for such skill development via Criterion 3 where students must display the ability tofunction on multidisciplinary teams, understand professional and ethical responsibility,communicate effectively, and understand the impact of engineering solutions in a context thatincludes global

Conference Session

Preparation for Graduate Research

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University; Yu Xia, Pennsylvania State University; Cliff J. Lissenden, Pennsylvania State University; Francesco Costanzo, Pennsylvania State University; Bruce Gluckman, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

these goals, the new curriculum introduces students to a range of goodresearch practices in Engineering. The planned content includes: 1) conducting research, including how research groups are organized, problem identification and solution, connecting innovative ideas from disparate fields, laboratory safety and procedures, data management; 2) communicating research, including literature review, manuscript preparation, grant writing, or oral communication; 3) other critical skills or considerations in conducting research, including collaborative skills, tool use, ethical and responsible conduct of research, the importance of diversity, equity and inclusion in research. The

Conference Session

Professionalism and Preparations Developed by Graduate Study Programs—Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael W. Keller, The University of Tulsa; Bradley J. Brummel, University of Tulsa; Valerie N. Streets, University of Tulsa; Alison J. Kerr, University of Tulsa; Rami M. Younis, The University of Tulsa; Leah Tecle, University of Tulsa; Daniel W. Crunkleton, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

development with a specific focus on professional development, ethics, and coaching.Valerie N. Streets, University of Tulsa Valerie N. Streets is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Tulsa. She received her Ph.D. in Industrial/Organizational Psychology from Old Dominion University in 2016. Her research focuses on underrepresented groups and the professional development of the STEM workforce.Ms. Alison J. Kerr, University of Tulsa Alison Kerr is a graduate student at The University of Tulsa. She is pursuing a doctoral degree in Industrial-Organizational Psychology. Her research interests include training development and evaluation as explored across a variety of academic disciplines and organizational

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education and Industry

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Olson, Rolls-Royce Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

., The Innovation Ethic, American Management Association, 1971. 3) Drucker, P., Managing in a Time of Great Change. 4) Army Leadership FM 22-100, Headquarters, Department of the Army, August 1999. 5) Bush, Vannevar, “Science The Endless Frontier”. A Report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development,” July 1945 ... Page 15.1104.7 Appendix: A Stages of Professional Maturation, Autonomy, and Responsibilities in Engineering Practice for Responsible Technology

Conference Session

Professional Skills for Graduate Students

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy Roldan, University of Washington; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Duo Li, Shenyang City University; Elizabeth Milonas, New York City College of Technology; Qiping Zhang, Long Island University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

University of New York (CUNY). She currently teaches relational and non-relational database theory and practice and Data Science courses to undergraduates in the Computer Systems Major. Her research focuses on three key computer areas: Web: research on the mechanisms used to organize big data in search result pages of major search engines, Ethics: techniques for incorporating ethics in computer curriculum specifically in data science curriculum and programs/curricula: evaluating Data Science programs in the US and China.Dr. Qiping Zhang, Long Island University Dr. Qiping Zhang is an Associate Professor in the Palmer School of Library and Information Science at the C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University, where she also

Conference Session

Preparing Future Educators

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

tothem.The graduate student seminar is a one credit course that meets for the first 8 weeks of thesemester in a two hour class session. The remainder of the semester involves teachingobservations by the instructor and by a peer with the class reconvening during the final week ofthe semester. Each of the class sessions focuses on a teaching and learning topic, 1) the firstweek of class – setting the tone, 2) understanding your students, 3) strategic course planningand objectives, 4) instructional methods and appropriate assessments, 5) active learningtechniques, 6) multicultural awareness and ethics, and 7) peer learning techniques, practice andfeedback. The instructor blended instruction each week to focus on one topic that complementeda chapter

Conference Session

Methods & Techniques in Graduate Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy Colwell, Purdue University Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2008-1232: DEVELOPING TOMORROW’S TECHNOLOGY LEADERS:ISSUES RELATED TO MASTER’S LEVEL TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUMJoy Colwell, Purdue University Calumet Page 13.400.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Developing Tomorrow’s Technology Leaders: Issues Related to Master’s Level Technology CurriculumAbstractStudents at the Master of Science degree level in technology are preparing themselves forleadership or supervisory roles in the field. Students who will be assuming leadership roles intheir professions need not only the technical and applied skills their jobs demand, but alsoknowledge of the business environment, leadership, ethics and

Conference Session

Preparation for Graduate Research

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

three partner institutions with a final course at thehome institution. A variety of logistical issues made this unworkable, in most circumstances.The program has recently been revised to require students to take a sequence of three courses atNDSU along with a fourth elective course of their choice. The three required courses are: • CSCI 603 – Defensive Network Security • CSCI 604 – Ethical Hacking • CSCI 610 – Computer Crime and ForensicsFor electives, students can select from: • CSCI 609 – Cybersecurity Law and Policy • CSCI 669 – Network Security • CSCI 773 – Foundations of the Digital Enterprise • CSCI 774 – Topics of the Digital Enterprise • CSCI 783 – Topics in Software Systems (with a cybersecurity focus)Students can

Conference Session

Professional Development and Advising for Graduate Students

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farshid Marbouti, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Cyndi D. Lynch, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

. Furthermore, the standard deviations in competency scale werehigher than the importance scale, showing variability in students’ competency level inpersonal effectiveness.Research governance and organizationForty-three students responded to the research governance and organization survey(Table 3). In general, students rated items in this survey important. All items were ratedmore than 3 (out of 4). From students’ perspective, ethics, principles and sustainabilitywas the most important item. All standard deviations were below one, indicating studentsconsistently thought the items are important.Competency level of students in research governance and organization was lower thanthe previous domains. Surprisingly, students’ competency level for most of the

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education and Industry

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

formulation and implementation.Case studies are included as well as computer simulation of business enterprises. 3. Oral and Written Communication (3 credits)The social context of scientific writing; recording as the basis for writing; the importance ofdigital electronics; a professional approach to writing; collaborative writing; your audience andaims; organizing and drafting documents; revising for organization and style; developinggraphics; searching the literature; documenting sources; memos, letters and e-mail; progressreports; journal articles; oral presentations; instructions, procedures, and computerdocumentation. 4. Legal and Ethical Issues for Engineering Managers (3 credits)Introduction to ethical and legal issues as applied to

Conference Session

Innovation and Measuring Success in Graduate Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Fleisig, McMaster University; Harry Mahler, Ontario College of Art and Design

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

realistic constraints, such as economic factors, safety, reliability, aesthetics, ethics and social impact.Implicit in this understanding of Figure 1. Navajo Bridge in the Grand Canyon Nationalengineering design is that need is Park7something that is established by non-engineers or engineers working outside of engineering practice and is communicated in anover-the-wall approach to the engineers. Non-engineering factors such economics, safety,reliability, aesthetics, ethics, and social impact are relegated to a plethora of systematizedapproaches often known as Design for X If engineering design is merely the application ofalready well defined knowledge then there indeed