Conference Session

Assessment and Accreditation in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pawel Pawlewski, Poznan University of Technology; Zbigniew J. Pasek, University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

also participate in project competitions. The best projects can also be accepted as undergraduate theses (required for completionof the Stage 1 degree, equivalent to BEng) and can also be continued in the 3rd course of thesequence, focused on application of optimization techniques. This course is offered to 4thyear students in the first year of their master’s program. It focuses on the supply chains andlogistic processes, assessment of their performance, lifecycle analysis and management. Thestudent group project will be carried out in an industrial setting, dealing with real-lifeassignments. The fourth course focused on the service engineering concepts and still in the planningphase, is intended to integrate knowledge acquired by the

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Regina Ruby Clewlow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Afreen Siddiqi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Joseph M. Sussman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

problems faced by society.1. IntroductionMany students are attracted to engineering in order to solve important real-world problems.However, during the first two years of engineering education, the majority of students findthemselves in courses focused on the fundamentals of math and science, with little or noapparent connection to the real-world issues they care deeply about. Through their undergraduateexperience, most engineering students develop a deep understanding in a specific engineeringdiscipline. However, they often have very limited opportunity to learn about and analyzecomplex sociotechnical systems (e.g. energy systems, transportation networks, etc.) – engineeredsystems that are the focus of many critical global challenges.The most

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael W. Prairie, Norwich University; Ronald Lessard, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

course in the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) program atthe authors’ institution had been based on a traditional Engineering Design Process (EDP) that isoutlined below in Table 1. This classical approach is appropriate for developing components andsmall systems, but a need to prepare students to manage the development of larger systems withmore complexity was recognized, so a Systems Engineering (SE) framework was sought for thecapstone course. Furthermore, the diversity of projects undertaken by the students oftenprecluded a common process for the entire senior class to follow, leaving each advisor to managetheir teams independently. The SE framework appeared to have a broad enough applicability tobring the projects back into a more

Conference Session

Integrating Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alison M. Knight, Mayo Clinic; Gillian M. Nicholls, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Paul J. Componation, University of Alabama, Huntsville

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

industrial and systems engineering and engineering manage- ment and a 2009-10 Gray Faculty Fellow at the University of Alabama, Huntsville. Her research interests are in applying statistical analysis and optimization to supply chain management, transportation man- agement, and engineering education. She holds a B.S. in industrial engineering (Lehigh University), a master’s in business administration (Penn State University), a M.S. in industrial engineering (University of Pittsburgh), and a Ph.D. in industrial engineering (University of Pittsburgh). Address: N149 Technol- ogy Hall, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899; Phone: (+1) 256-824-6637; Fax: (+1) 256-824-6733; Email: gillian.nicholls

Conference Session

Engineering Management Applications

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Dixon, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

development is a key aspect of student learning10 and defineprofessional identity “as personal identification with the duties, responsibilities and knowledgeassociated with a professional role.” (p631). The LID model is shown in Figure 1 as a table.The model is shown in a simplified representation for the sake of brevity. The tablerepresentation falls back to a linear representation and fails to capture the dynamic nature of therepeating development cycles, or stages, that make the model, in application, a system. The sixstages of increasing leadership KSA proficiencies include: Awareness, Exploration/Engagement,Leader Identified, Leadership Differentiated, Generativity, and Integration/Synthesis8. Asindicated by Thornton and Nardi18, identification

Conference Session

IE and Manufacturing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rashpal Ahluwalia, West Virginia University; Atul Phadke, West Virginia University; Gary Winn, West Virginia University; Reagan Curtis, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

was new to high school students.We first instructed the students in Boolean algebra, logic circuits, delays, and timers, and thenintroduced ladder logic for real time process control using a PLC. The ladder logic circuits werefirst tested on a simulation software before downloading to a PLC.The first task was to develop a garage door control system, using five inputs and five outputs.The five inputs were: 1) a normally closed limit switch to sense if the door is closed, 2) anormally closed limit switch to sense if door is fully open, 3) a push button to open the garagedoor, 4) a push button to close the garage door, and 5) a push button to stop the garage door if itis moving. The five outputs were: 1) a red light to show the garage door is

Conference Session

IE and Manufacturing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Pitts, Morgan State University; Ricardo Camilo, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

is a technology that is concerned with the use of mechanical, electronic, andcomputer-based systems in operation and control of production2. Large, complex systems withcomponents such as conveyors, computer-numerically controlled (CNC) machine workstations,automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and robots make up an automated system. Industrialautomation can be classified in to three classes: (1) fixed automation, (2) programmableautomation, and (3) flexible automation. With fixed automation, specially designed equipment isutilized to produce a single product only. Programmable automation uses equipment to makebatches of products at a time. Once a single batch is finished, the equipment can bereprogrammed to make another batch of products. On the

Conference Session

IE and the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizabeth Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University; Daniel Waldorf, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

the test itself. The Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department at CaliforniaPolytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo has used a content exam for several years. Thispaper will discuss test development, administration, and the role it plays in the assessmentprocess. In addition, the test is evaluated using the standard psychometric techniques ofreliability and validity. The results of the evaluation are used to refine the test. The importance ofthe evaluation of these types of instruments cannot be overstated as they often are used to guidecurricular or other program improvements efforts.INTRODUCTIONThe Accrediting Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) 1 encourages programs to usedirect measures of performance when

Conference Session

IE and the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Murray, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Ruwen Qin, Missouri University of Sceinece and Technology; Ivan Guardiola, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Abhijit Gosavi, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

, Page 15.1100.2and 2 who did not disclose. The rate of female students is higher than the typical make-up of ourstudent body. The students were asked about six methods of managing homework. These arelisted in Table 1.Method Description of the MethodHand Marked The professor hand marks the papers and returns them in person or via faxEmail Comments The professor emails comments to the student concerning the work, but the comments are not directly on the workPDF The professor marks the homework, converts it into a PDF and emails it to the student, a tablet device was used with this methodGeneral Solution The

Conference Session

IE and Manufacturing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Bouamor, University of Oklahoma; Chen Ling, University of Oklahoma; Binil Starly, University of Oklahoma; Randa Shehab, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

Page 15.897.3have had freshman level calculus and physics, but no prior experience with statics concepts.The Multimodal labA multimodal learning interface “Cantilever Model” was developed within the Visual C++environment with a visualization interface and a haptic device PHANTOM Desktop. The hapticdevice has six degrees of freedom which allow users to feel high fidelity haptic force-feedback(see Figure 1). The interface is designed around the concept of beam problem, which is one ofthe statics problems that are simple yet powerful to showcase important statics concepts. Figure 1. A Student Interacts with a PHANTOM Desktop Haptic Device in The LabThe multimodal lab was based on a 2D graphic user interface which presented the beam problem

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Technical Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rick Olson, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

. Finally,the advantages and disadvantages of using the flipped strategy are summarized along withsuggestions for how class could be changed in the future to make even more effective use ofclass time and enhance student learning.1. BackgroundAt the University of San Diego (USD), all engineers are required to take either ISYE 330Engineering Probability & Statistics or another course in probability and statistics in theMathematics Department. The majority of the students take ISYE 330. ISYE 330 is a standardintroductory statistics class based on the text Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers1.The class is designed to introduce probability distributions, descriptive statistics, confidenceintervals and hypothesis tests to engineers of

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Letitia M. Pohl, University of Arkansas; Edward A. Pohl, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

senior level managers in a variety of industrial sectors (transportation, retail,manufacturing, etc.). The program is designed to equip students with leadership and managementskills, as well as analytical and problem solving skills that are aimed at making them bettermanagers of both work processes and people.Putting students first ensures all students of any ethnicity and gender have equal chances foreducational success. Online, live and hybrid classroom options allow students the flexibility tolearn at their convenience and in their own setting. The OM student body is one of the mostdiverse on campus. Table 1 highlights the race/ethnicity breakdown of our students by year foracademic years 2009-2011. High minority and female percentages are

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Technical Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew A Carr USN, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

. Knowing whatone was buying or trading for and how much of it was expected in the transaction weresignificant issues. Among ancient texts that address the topic, the Laws of Moses from thesecond millennium B.C. includes, “You must have accurate and honest weights and measures,so that you may live long in the land the Lord your God is giving you. For the Lord your Goddetests anyone who does these things, anyone who deals dishonestly.”1 The issue of weights andmeasures has existed for a long time.At the time of American Independence, the weights and measures in common use werepractically all of English origin, but not necessarily uniform.2 The basic units existed in thequantities that are familiar today. Although there were (and continue to be

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tim L. Brower, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

build a water tower structure that wouldbe used in succeeding courses to demonstrate student understanding of potential energy to kineticenergy conversion. Its components were loosely based on the tower described in the nowobsolete National Hydro Power Contest.1 Future smaller-scale “systems engineering” projectswill have the students design and build water-turbine devices that can be attached to the watertower and used in the measurement and demonstration of power.Background/DiscussionIn this paper systems engineering is defined as an interdisciplinary collaborative approach todesign that integrates various engineering specialties into the goal of realizing complexproducts or processes, however, the term “systems engineering” means different

Conference Session

Instructional Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K.J. Rogers, University of Texas, Arlington; Melanie L. Sattler, University of Texas, Arlington; Andrea M. Graham, University of Texas, Arlington; Stephen P. Mattingly, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

25.1505.2IntroductionSustainability has been identified as one of the global grand challenges of the 21st century. Inorder for future generations to enjoy a satisfactory quality of life, the current generation mustfind ways to meet humanity's needs for energy, shelter, food and water in ways that areenvironmentally, economically, and socially sustainable.Sustainable engineering may be defined as engineering for human development that meets theneeds of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their ownneeds.1 Due to population growth and expanded global development, the next generation ofengineers must be able to design with fewer resources for a wider variety and greater number ofend users.2 According to National Academy of Engineering (NAE

Conference Session

IE Technical Session II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jo Min, Iowa State University; Wenbo Shi, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

AssessmentIntroduction In the era of business globalization and public debates on environmental and energy issues,numerous companies currently work on projects with team members from differentdisciplines and with different responsibilities. Hence, it is highly desirable for IndustrialEngineering (IE) majors to learn and improve various skills and capabilities that advance theperformance of the team such as leadership and team management as well as the knowledgeof relevant contemporary issues. Characteristics of leadership and teamwork abilities havebeen widely presented in the previous literature [1, 2, 3, 4] while [5] introduced the key Page 22.1003.2features of

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice F. Squires, Stevens Institute of Technology; Timothy L.J. Ferris, University of South Australia; Joseph J. Ekstrom, Brigham Young University; Mary D. VanLeer, Perceptive-Systems; Garry Roedler, Lockheed Martin

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

assessing developedcurriculum. This paper is focused on the process that has been used to date to develop theCorBoK recommendations presented in GRCSE.IntroductionThe Body of Knowledge and Curriculum to Advance Systems Engineering (BKCASE™) projectis developing two major products for the systems engineering community: a Guide to theSystems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK)2 [see sebokwiki.org] and a GraduateReference Curriculum for Systems Engineering (GRCSE™)1. GRCSE is being developed toassist in improving existing or developing new graduate programs in systems engineering. Thegoal of GRCSE is to provide a curriculum framework to institutions for developing andcommunicating their system engineering graduate program content, leading to a more

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pablo Biswas, Texas A&M International University; Runchang Lin, Texas A&M International University; Ramesh Hanumanthgari, Texas A&M International University; Sri Bala Vojjala

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

arestudying in various degree programs of science, engineering, education, and business. Theenrollment data indicates that the 90% of the students are Hispanic and over 50% of them arefirst-generation of college students. Therefore, a significant number of first-generation collegestudents do not get the academic support from their family members. Table 1 represents theenrollment data based on students’ profiles from fiscal year 2008 to 2011. Therefore, the studentsneed to rely on the teachers and mentors for their success in their college career. Page 25.457.2 Table 1. Enrollment statistics based on students’ profile

Conference Session

Integrating Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen M. Bursic, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

higher education and while somemay argue that the use of this type of technology results in more “entertainment” than inincreasing learning, many improvements to the classroom environment, learning, and assessmenthave been identified and reported. Kay and LeSage did a review of 67 peer-reviewed papers Page 25.479.2related to the benefits and challenges associated with ARSs.1 They found that while much of theresearch has focused on issues such as whether clickers increase student attendance, attentionlevels, and engagement in the classroom many studies have also looked at learning benefitsincluding whether student performance has increased. Other

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reid Bailey, University of Virginia; Joanne Bechta Dugan, University of Virginia; Alexandra Coso Strong, Georgia Institute of Technology; Matthew E. McFarland, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

associated with systems engineering.In particular, the LEP is an interdisciplinary program between Systems Engineering (SYS) andElectrical and Computer Engineering (ECE). Table 1 highlights how different, yetcomplementary, the two majors are. Table 1 Systems Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering Majors Systems Engineering Majors ECE MajorsThe Systems Engineering undergraduate The Electrical and Computer Engineeringdegree at East Central State University is undergraduate degrees at East Central Statefocused on applying systems thinking to University are focused on the analysis andprojects and programs that involve technology, design of ECE

Conference Session

Assessment and Accreditation in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David S. Cochran, Southern Methodist University and Meijo University; Makoto Kawada, Meijo University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

theunderstanding gained during a system design and learning process.IntroductionCollective System Design (CSD) is an enterprise and manufacturing system design,implementation and management methodology. CSD is being developed in response toproblems that many enterprises face in implementing and sustaining the Toyota ProductionSystem, Lean and Lean-Six Sigma. Evidence in the application of lean as it is being taught andimplemented today is that “lean” is sustained in just five percent of the applications after threeyears [1, 2].The lessons learned in developing the CSD approach are the result of many years of systemsengineering, implementation and management experience. Enterprise and manufacturing systemdesign is an emerging discipline as it addresses the

Conference Session

Improving IE Course Content

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yosef S. Allam, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Scott Sink, Ohio State University; Joseph M. Cerrato, Ohio State University; John A. Merrill, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

currentstudents, a basic gate valve assembly featuring three model variants (sweat, threaded, andcompression attachment types) with mostly interchangeable parts and two handle colors for atotal of six possible product variations was selected selected, as seen in Figure 1 with just one handlecolor. This product oduct type was selected for ruggedness, parts interchangeability, design stability,and availability.Figure 1: Gate valve models from left to right: threaded, compression fitting, and sweat.Finally, there was also a general call to limit the number and scope of concepts students wereexpected to learn to allow for more depth of understanding with a slightly smaller set of terms

Conference Session

Innovations in the IE Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi A. Taboada, University of Texas, El Paso; Jose F. Espiritu, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

variety of disciplines. It hasbeen found that multi-disciplinary approaches to research and education are essential tounderstanding and resolving complex environmental and social issues. Through BGREEN,students will experience that most real problems are not defined within a single domain but theycross disciplines. This paper highlights the education component of BGREEN and shows howindustrial engineering departments can broaden and strengthen their research areas through thetype of multi-disciplinary research performed under this project. The paper also shows how theBGREEN model can be easily replicated at other institutions.1. Introduction Today’s energy challenges stem from an unsustainable energy infrastructure, largelydependent on fossil

Conference Session

Methods, Cases, and Directions

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bidhan C. Roy, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Osama M. Jadaan, University of Mount Union; Mitchell Dean Cornelius, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

studies in mechanical engineering and complete research within the biological and nanoscience area of interest. Page 25.77.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Big money in an infinitesimal world - A nanotechnology module within the current course in Engineering Economy Mitchell Cornelius1, Bidhan Roy2, Osama Jadaan2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2 Department of General Engineering University of Wisconsin – Platteville, 1 University Plaza, Platteville, Wisconsin 53818, USAAbstract: For the past couple of years, the

Conference Session

Innovations in the IE Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise H. Bauer, University of Idaho, Moscow; Jessica L. Heier Stamm, Kansas State University; Lesley Strawderman, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

how to effectively deliver andmanage these courses. According to Farr et al.3, a successful capstone design course is one inwhich students utilize a variety of analytical tools, function in a team-based environment, solve areal-world problem, work to close any non-technical competency gaps, and follow a total designprocess. Many of these essential course features are echoed by Beyerlein et al.,1 includingfocusing on not only the solutions students develop through a capstone design course, but alsohow each student develops individually. To this end, it becomes important to structure coursesthat support not only program curriculum and educational objectives,5 but also the professionaldevelopment needs for each student.1One of the primary ways

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kahina Lasfer, Stevens Institute of Technology; Arthur Pyster, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

hiringfull-time NTTF. A comprehensive survey and other sources were used to gather data from all 30existing graduate SCSE programs nationwide. Key findings are: (1) fewer than 50% of SCSEprograms hire full-time NTTF and among them, the majority of the programs (65%) have fewerthan four full-time NTTF; (2) 24% of the total faculty employed by SCSE programs in 2010 arefull-time NTTF and most of them (67%) spend the majority of their time teaching; (3) allrespondents (65% response rate) who hire full-time NTTF identified industrial experience as themost attractive reason for hiring them; (4) close to 58% of the respondents use a formal search tohire full-time NTTF, while the rest rely on personal and institutional networks andrecommendations; and (5

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benito Flores, Universidad de Monterrey

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

varied among them.Some had very highly articulated courses, while others, though they claimed to offer formalcapstone courses, used only a few elements. Table 1 lists some of those good practices andthe usage percentage amount the seven institutions. TABLE 1 – CHARACTERISTICS PRESENT IN CAPSTONE COURSES IN DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS % of seven institutions CAPSTONE COURSE CHARACTERISTICS Present A (consulting) team is created 86 An intervention proposal is documented 43 A defined methodological focus for the intervention is

Conference Session

Engineering Management Applications

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig G. Downing, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

interviews yielded substantive Page 25.156.4information. To complement and corroborate the qualitative data obtained from the interviews, abrief three-item survey was administered to a larger population of recruiters, approximately 165,visiting the RHIT fall Career Fair. With the exception of Executive Recruiters (not present at theCareer Fair), the larger group contained similar demographics to face-to-face interviews.The quantitative aspect of this endeavor asked participants to answer the following questions: 1. Do you know the difference between Engineering and Engineering Technology Baccalaureate Degrees (e.g. Mechanical Engineering vs

Conference Session

Improving IE Course Content

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leonardo Bedoya-Valencia, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

results presented in this work show an improvement in student modelingabilities as well as high student satisfaction with the described experiment. Master levelstudents, already exposed to the concepts of modeling and optimization, were slightly lesssatisfied than bachelor level students that have never been exposed to the same concepts. Both,master and bachelor level students showed an improvement in their modeling abilities.JustificationMorse and Kimball (1951)1 defined Operations Research (OR) as "a scientific method ofproviding executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operationsunder their control". OR follows a scientific approach to analyze problems and to support anydecision making process. OR

Conference Session

Engineering Management Applications

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Athar Masood, National University of Sciences & Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

increasingproject staff5.Unfortunately, project managers are somewhat limited in how far they can go to reducemanpower without running a high risk to corporate profitability. Capital equipmentprojects are not always the answer. Therefore, project managers have to look in detailsfor the solutions to their problems. Many project managers are not willing to accept change and are inflexible when itcomes to adapting to different alarming factors. The project management approachrequires a departure from the traditional business organizational form, which is basicallyvertical and which emphasizes a strong superior–subordinate relationship.As shown in figure-1, normally companies are structured. There are always “class orprestige” gaps between various levels of