Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Intercultural Awareness and International Experience

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juila Thompson, Purdue University; Brent Jesiek, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

International

engineering students develop the skillsand attitudes necessary to interact successfully with people from other cultural and nationalenvironment.”1 Universities throughout the world are now establishing curricula and programs tohelp prepare students for this new reality. One common avenue for this preparation is givingstudents the opportunity to study and/or work abroad. In the United States, it is now estimatedthat up to 7.5% of engineering students spend time abroad during their undergraduate studies andmany schools have made commitments to increase this number.2Purdue University is no different in this regard. In 2001, Purdue’s School of MechanicalEngineering launched Global Engineering Alliance for Research and Education (GEARE).3 Thisprogram

Conference Session

Opportunities and Challenges in Developing International Engineering Research

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin McGarvey, Rowan University; Michael Panko, Rowan University; Michael Kerbaugh, Rowan University; Gabriel Posluszny, Rowan University; Beena Sukumaran, Rowan University; Anthony Cavalier, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

International

, similar to theenvironment that may be encountered by many engineering students after graduation. Thelayout of the Engineering Clinic program can be seen in Table 1. Page 15.524.2Table 1Overview of general technical topics in the eight-semester engineering clinic sequenceYear Engineering Clinic Theme Engineering Clinic Theme (Fall) (Spring)First Year Engineering Measurements Competitive Assessment LaboratorySophomore Multidisciplinary

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alireza Rahrooh, University of Central Florida; Faramarz Mossayebi, Youngstown State University; Walter Buchanan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

International

utilizea fixed capacitor/fixed filter thyristor controlled reactor (FF/TCR) type of static VARcompensator shown in Figure-1. The branches include a third, a fifth harmonic filter and a TCR.In order to control the terminal voltage of the induction generator during the load or speedchange, the value of the excitation capacitor needs to be adjusted. The adjustment of thecapacitance can be obtained using the proposed static exciter. With reference to Figure-1, atfiring angle zero with respect to the peak of the generator voltage, the thyresistor switch is closedand the inductance cancels the effect of capacitance. By varying the firing angle α between 0o Figure-1. Proposed static exciterand 90o, the inductance current

Conference Session

Engineering Education in India, the Far East, and Central Asia

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Adithan, Vellore Institue of Technology; Robert Creese, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

International

our engineeringand technology programmes by international agencies.Objectives of Globalization Objectives of globalization at VIT University in India may be stated as follows: (1) To create a cosmopolitan culture and an international ambience in the university, thus providing an experiential learning to students in a cross-cultural environment; (2) To facilitate the visit of foreign professors and international experts, enabling them to share their expertise and experience; (3) To facilitate exchange of students and faculty to work on projects and to carryout R& D on areas of mutual interest; (4) To augment the facilities of laboratories and research centres already established in universities in India so

Conference Session

Global Engineering Models: Developments and Implementations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Jose Yanez, Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Ernesto Gramsch, Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Roberto Santander, Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Cecilia Richards, Washington State University; Robert Richards, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

International

manufacturing methods is enormous. For thisreason, many facilities and programs have been developed in educational institutions inthe US to introduce students to microfabrication methods [1-5]. Educating bothundergraduate and graduate students in microfabrication and batch manufacturingmethods is commonly seen as key to promoting US economic competitiveness, bycontributing to the talent base required by industry and by enhancing publicunderstanding of one of the key technologies shaping the industrial world.While many microfabrication facilities can be found in US colleges and universities,information about such facilities in educational institutions in Latin American is sparse. Itappears that extremely few such facilities exist and that very few Latin

Conference Session

Faculty & Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations, Interactions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Hill, University of Detroit Mercy; Patricia Pena, Federal University of Minas Gerais

Tagged Divisions

International

foreign engineers available, the export of jobs is then driven bytheir lower cost. For example, eight young professional engineers can be hired in India for thecost of a single engineer in the United States4.The implications of these numbers for the engineering students of today are twofold: (1) studentsof today face much more international competition for jobs than they have in the past, and (2) aspracticing engineers they are much more likely to have to work with engineers from all over theworld. In order to prepare our students for this new environment, it is necessary that weeducators modify and improve their preparation. It is no longer enough that our students betechnically competent, they must excel as leaders, communicators, and

Conference Session

Exporting of Higher Education to Developing Countries

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

data, to help guide the process of shifting from the old tothe new paradigm. The stakeholders should realize the shortcomings and discrepancies of thecurrent systems, be stimulated to debate, and eventually should arrive at scenarios that can beimplemented, to ensure the vitality and currency of engineering education in the Region.IntroductionAchieving change via engineering education reform is a formidable challenge to any college ofengineering, whether in North America or anywhere else in the world! This paper, is a follow upto prior papers (1-6) on engineering education reform in the Arab Region of the Persian Gulf(Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and the Sultanate of Oman)focusing on vital issues that have been

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships,Teaching Strategies, and Collaborative Networks

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joao Paiva, Politecnico de Viseu

Tagged Divisions

International

factors affectingthis fact.1. Introduction Higher education, or Tertiary education, as the OECD1,2 has recently introduced in its ownGlossary of Statistical Terms, including Further education, is undoubtedly a major concern ofgovernments. It has been recognized as one of the major drivers for economiccompetitiveness in a globalised world, which has been demonstrating how education isplaying an increasingly important role. Europe is engaged in improving citizens’ ability todeal with and being able to prosper in a world of ever increasing global competitiveness. TheBologna process is part of that strategy. The OECD has defined two types of programs. Type A programs that represent heavilytheory-based curricula designed to provide qualifications

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs & Student Engagements

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Talley, Datum Engineers, Inc.; Catherine Hovell, University of Texas, Austin; Jason Stith, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

International

contacted: the top 25 engineering schools in the subcategories of those with adoctoral program and those without a doctoral program. The survey was conducted throughemail and requested three statistics: 1) Percentage to engineering students who study abroad out of all students who study abroad: [(SA Eng ) SATot × 100 ] 2) Percentage of engineering students in the total student body: [(SB Eng ) SB Tot × 100 ] 3) Percentage of student body that goes on study abroad: [(SATot

Conference Session

Global Engineering Models: Developments and Implementations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Tront, Virginia Tech; Jeanna Stewart, Virginia Tech; Glenda Scales, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

International

. Figure 1 below shows the gender statistics within the College of Engineering. In 2008,83.1% of our engineering students were male, while only 16.9% were women. However, asFigure 2 shows, 42 of the 116 students who participated in international programs within theCollege of Engineering that year were women. This clearly illustrates that women are veryinterested in international programs. The International Programs office participates in variousevents for undergraduate students such as Women in Engineering in order to recruit morefemales to both engineering and international programs. These opportunities to recruit studentshelp to grow the programs, while also providing valuable exposure of the many internationalopportunities that are available to

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Intercultural Awareness and International Experience

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University; C. Greg Jensen, Brigham Young University; Holt Zaugg, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

International

highest priorities for all graduates.”1 The development of globalcompetence for all (or even most) engineering graduates is a very challenging task. First, asdiscussed by Parkinson et al.,2 the term “global competence” encompasses a broad range ofattributes and skills. Second, a scalable blueprint is needed to guide the modification ofengineering curriculum so that it combines engineering fundamentals and practice with globalcompetence development. This second challenge may well be the greatest considering theconstraints of a typically overloaded engineering program. Traditional approaches to developingglobal competence, such as faculty-supervised study abroad programs, while potentially effectiveare resource intensive as course sizes are

Conference Session

Measuring the Impacts of Project-Based Service Learning on Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shi-Jer Lou, National PingTung University of Science and Techno; Shun-Yuan Chuang, National Kaohsiung Normal University; Hsiang-jen Meng, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Ron Chuen Yeh, Meiho Institute of Technology, Taiwan; Kuo-Hung Tseng, Meiho Institute of Technology; Chi-Cheng Chang, National Taipei University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

students’ projects and learning processes of STEM websitesfollowed by questionnaire and interview to explore students’ learning satisfaction. Themajor findings of the study were: 1. students from different educational systemsdemonstrate different characteristics of works; 2. DIY is the most critical design factorof STEM in PBL; 3. technology is discussed the most, whereas mathematics isdiscussed the least on the forum of the website; and 4. “teaching material design ofSTEM activity” is the most significant factor of students’ learning satisfaction.Keywords: STEM, Project-Based Learning (PBL),Research Background and MotivesIn recent years, the U.S. has placed emphasis on the development of Science,Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), and

Conference Session

Case Studies, Engineering Education and Outcome Assessment Around the Globe

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Ricardo Mejia, Universidad EAFIT; Carlos Rodriguez, Universidad EAFIT

Tagged Divisions

International

teams geographically disperse around the world.Based on the evolution of group-work, and the different ways of interaction among partners in ateam, Table 1 summarizes the different scenarios of collaboration. Due to globalization, currenttendencies on engineering projects are requiring teams to interact in a distant synchronous orasynchronous way. This is forcing companies and engineering communities to start working withnovel information and communication technologies in order to enhance engineering processes. Tab. 1 Space vs. Time matrix7 Time Same Different Co-situated

Conference Session

Exporting of Higher Education to Developing Countries

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

International

their craft toward anend that has meaning as well as economic profit.Engineers are not the only people who are trying this bottom-up approach. Non-engineeringexamples of such an approach to poverty are described in the excellent book10 by ShannonDaley-Harris and Jeffrey Keenan.We have tried several different approaches to involving students on these projects. Among themhave been: 1. Students do the project as a volunteer. Implementation trips are generally done during the summer. This is the most common approach we have used. 2. Students do the project as their Master’s engineering project. This method works well with some students who are highly motivated and for whom this is more than just a project. 3. Students do the

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs & Student Engagements

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Evans, Bucknell University; Jablonski Erin, Bucknell University; Buffinton Keith, Bucknell University; Richard McGinnis, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

International

program was originally designed to address the specific educational objectivesof the Civil Engineering Program which state “Graduates of the Civil Engineering program willdemonstrate professional responsibility and a sensitivity to a broad range of societal concernssuch as ethical, environmental, economic, regulatory and global issues.” While this educationalobjective was originally adopted for civil engineering students, it is applicable to all engineeringstudents regardless of discipline. Specific educational outcomes for the program include: 1) Thebroad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global andsocietal context, 2) Recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in, life-long learning,and 3

Conference Session

Case Studies, Engineering Education and Outcome Assessment Around the Globe

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Frempong, State University of New York

Tagged Divisions

International

andMontreal.Course Syllabus (1 Credit)Engineering Technology Project (ELEC203): This is a seniorproject (capstone) course that gives the student an opportunity tothink, design, construct, and present a finished product based onknowledge/experience from previous or current courses such aselectronic circuits, telecommunications, microprocessors,industrial controls, and electrical energy conversion. Each team isexpected to do classroom presentation/demonstration on the finalproject. Examples of design project: Emergency Power Supply,Home Security System (using sensing devices), Robotics, RadioTransmitter, Remote Control for Industrial Motors, and Page 15.242.2Electrically Testing Human

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Intercultural Awareness and International Experience

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Crede, Virginia Tech; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

International

education.IntroductionThe prevalence of international students is a defining feature of many US graduate engineeringprograms. Non-US citizens accounted for two-thirds (67%) of all engineering doctoraterecipients in 2006 1. After two years of decline, first time graduate enrollment in science andengineering increased in 2006—by 16% for foreign students but only 1% for domestic students 2.A recent report by the Council of Graduate Schools indicates a shift in enrollments during the2007/2008 academic year for engineering departments, with enrollment of US citizens increasing10.9% compared to a 5.5% increase in international enrollments. Despite these fluctuations, thepast 10 years have seen an average annual change in graduate enrollment in engineering of 1.2%for US

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace and Successful Graduates for a Flat World: What Does It Take?

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University; Hien Nguyen, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International

students’ meet the needs of the global workforce. One exampleof such experiences is the use of cross-national engineering student teams at the capstone level.Introduction “In the United States the oceans that bound our coasts no longer insulate us from other nations. In this dynamic global economy and political environment, engineering must adjust to the new world view.” (National Academy of Engineering, 2004)1 “Every day the men and women of this workforce will face the stress of competing in the fast-paced world of change we call the knowledge-based global economy of the twenty- first century. They will also face even larger challenges because the nation and world will need to call on them to seize

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

International

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Managing a Required International Experience for all Undergraduate Engineering Students at a 4-Year Public UniversityAbstractThe Whitacre College of Engineering (WCOE) at Texas Tech University implemented a requiredinternational requirement for all undergraduate students entering in the Fall 2013 and after. Theinternational experience requirement may be satisfied by any of the following: [1] receivingcourse credit (minimum 3 hours) during a study abroad experience (faculty directed programs,traditional reciprocal exchange agreements, or third party programs); [2] participating in aninternational co-op or internship experience

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Svetlana Levonisova, University of Southern California; Shaobo Huang, University of Southern California; Scott C Streiner, University of Pittsburgh; Sydnie Cunningham Cunningham, The University of Tulsa; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Mary E. Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Cheryl Matherly

Tagged Divisions

International

,education.1 Technical skills are no longer sufficient to be prepared as a professional engineer.Twenty-first-century engineers must also now possess well-honed communication skills and thedisposition to fully engage and participate in global workforces. The necessity for engineers towork across cultures and disciplines has been increasingly spotlighted by engineeringprofessional and educational communities as reflected in recent national reports, conferences,and publications.2 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers brought to light acontemporary reality: “The economics of nations are becoming increasingly interconnected. Information technology and knowledge cross borders through international telecommunications and online

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Alejandro Teran, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico (ITAM); Hoa Thi Pham, International University - Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City

Tagged Divisions

International

Technology in Thailand, and PhD in Environmental Science from Tohoku University - Japan. Page 24.972.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Paths to AccreditationAccreditation of an engineering program provides a public assurance of the quality of a programand thus of its graduates. Many countries and program see the importance of such accreditation;66 countries have at least one accredited engineering program and 48 countries have created anational accrediting body for engineering programs (Appendix 1 shows a list of accreditingbodies in each country

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Quamrul H. Mazumder, University of Michigan, Flint; Kawshik Ahmed, University of Michigan, Flint

Tagged Divisions

International

processes. Almost every factor has been analyzed such asstudents, parents, and socio-economic conditions, as well as school curriculum and standardizedtesting. But very little attention has been given to factors affecting the quality of instructionprovided in the classroom. We have examined and revamped curriculums, standardized testing,and methods of teaching; but there has been very little mention of the teachers themselves. Yetteachers are the ones who are with the students for most of their learning years, which amountsto approximately 15,000 hours of schooling [1]. It is important to realize that teachers do matter,but what is ironic, is that there is no reliable or objective way of identifying excellent teachers [2].There are different types

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zupeng Zhou, Guilin University of Electronic Technology; Charles Pezeshki, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

International

average living area for one person has increasedfrom 18.7 square meters to 31.6 square meters from 1998 to 2010 [1]. The number ofautomobiles in China will increase to 150M in 2020 from 65M in 2008. In 2020, the expectedratio of people/automobiles will be 10:1 [2]. Another indicator of well-being is the domestictourist market in China, which has increased from 719M ppy in 1999 to 1.712B ppy in 2008 [3].To satisfy these demands in China, there will be an increased need for all types of engineeringskill sets.In 1968, due to the Cultural Revolution in China, almost all the universities and colleges in Chinawere closed. This historic event lasted for 10 years and almost no qualified engineers weretrained from university and college level, which

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Baran, The Pennsylvania State University; Jean Landa Pytel, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

International

adefinition of global readiness, with the intention that all of our students are striving to be globallyready when they graduate from the university. The faculty committee defines global readiness as“1) Having the knowledge and appreciation of the global nature of engineering and relatedprofessions, 2) Having the knowledge of the challenges and opportunities associated withcontemporary worldwide issues, and 3) Being ready to practice your profession in a globalcontext by being sensitive to and respectful of the differences that affect professional practicethroughout the world.”Given the motivation from both faculty and industry for students to be prepared for the globalworkforce, we need to examine ways for students to gain this experience. While

Conference Session

Introducing New Methodologies and the Incoming Students to Engineering Programs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

Page 23.897.2competencies so they could one day become engineers?The relationship between the mentor and the student may last for many years afterstudent’s graduation. Often it is difficult to define, in a clear manner, what mentoring isand how a professor can become a good mentor. The paper describes some attributes ofmentoring and sketches out how a faculty member might become a good mentor tostudents.II. How to Become a Mentor?So how does one become an effective mentor of engineering students? Perhaps we couldlist the attributes of good mentors and simply say “go ahead and do that.” But thisapproach is not without precedent. The National Academy of Sciences takes thisapproach in its book, Advisor, Teacher, Role Model, & Friend. (1) It

Conference Session

Engineering Education in the Middle East and Technology Exploration in Africa and Developing Countries

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wilhelm Alexander Friess, University of Maine; Muhieddin Amer, RIT-Dubai

Tagged Divisions

International

single cohort), and can have a direct impact on the effectiveness of a USstyle engineering curriculum delivery.It is important for institutions with the intention to deploy internationally to consider thesechallenges for a successful program implementation, and this paper reviews observations andlessons learned, as well as some specific initiatives undertaken by university faculty andadministration to enable Middle Eastern students to succeed in a US Engineering program.IntroductionHigher education institutions worldwide are under pressure to adapt to the rapidly changingrequirements of a global workforce environment. These pressures may be analyzed at manylevels 1, for example one of increased global exposure, increase in student recruiting

Conference Session

Implementing Transfer, Exchange, Research Programs and Professional Development; in Asia and Far East

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey S. Cross, Tokyo Institute of Technology; Kikuo Kishimoto, Tokyo Institute of Technology; Hisakazu Mihara; Masahiko Hara, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

bubble, the number of Japanesestudents studying for degrees at US universities has gradually decreased to approximately onehalf and has decreased overall worldwide 1, which runs counter to global trends of increasingnumbers of students studying-abroad. To counteract this downward trend, recently, programshave been created in Japan with government and public-private sector financial support (e.g.Tomodachi 2) to financially support greater numbers of students to study-abroad in order tostimulate Japanese students to think independently or “outside of the box” and to sparkinnovation after they return to Japan 3. As noted by the Great Northeast Japan earthquake andTsunami on March 11, 2011, which disrupted Japanese manufactured consumer

Conference Session

Accreditation, Program Evaluation, and Education Resource's Impact in Latin America

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan University; Maria M. Larrondo-Petrie, Florida Atlantic University; Mariana Archibold, CONEAUPA

Tagged Divisions

International

available online for member institutions through the LACCEI website. It is alsopresented as a one-day workshop at LACCEI annual conferences, other engineering educationconferences and LACCEI sponsored events. It was recently presented at the 2012 WorldEngineering Education Forum (WEEF, annual international conference of IFEES, theInternational Federation of Engineering Education Societies).25 Each section is self-containedand includes updated information from accrediting agencies. Interactive exercises in eachsection include writing a program mission statement, student evaluations, teaching/learningevaluations and alumni and employer surveys. Module A sections and a description of theircontent are listed below.Section 1. Accreditation Fundamentals

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Cross-Cultural Awareness and Social Impacts

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis Gerardo Chang, Universidad de Piura; Christine Marie Fiori P.E., Virginia Tech; Edward J. Jaselskis, North Carolina State University; Cliff Schexnayder, Arizona State University; Lisa G Hogle, Arizona State University; Jennifer S Shane, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

Inka Road research and is NMAI’s primary investigator in the field. Dr. Matoshelped the team leaders identify archeologists, anthropologists, and historians who could join theteam. He was instrumental in identifying local experts and he personally joined the team for afew days. Dr. Jose Barreiro, NMAI’s Assistant Director for Research was also instrumental inhelping the team leaders assemble qualified researchers.Table 1 details the overall diversity of the final team that participated in the workshop and fieldresearch. The team members were from three different continents representing six differentcountries and was a mix of eight university faculty one high school teacher, and two industryprofessionals plus five graduate students, four

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tammara Ramírez, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Americas Puebla

Tagged Divisions

International

problems by practicing solving problems5.PSLEs were developed by following the design activities proposed by Jonassen3: 1) First weinteracted with the professor of the studied course to identify and articulate problems relevant tothe discipline; 2) We analyzed problems, first by creating a causal model of the problem space;3) Then we conducted an activity theory analysis to identify the historical, cultural, experientialfactors that affect problem solving on the context chosen6; 4) Determined what kind of problemswere each one of them; 5) Constructed case supports and cognitive scaffolds for each problemtype; 6) To then construct each PSLE that included some combination of case components andcognitive strategies; 7) Finally implemented and