Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Friesel, Technical University-Copenhagen; Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

International

living conditionfor a complete immersion into the local culture. During the visit, students also participate in someregular classes with their teammates (both lectures and laboratory work), even though the classesmay not be in their nature discipline. The reason for participating in classes is mostly to get an ideaof their teammates students’ competencies, but also to experience the educational methods andcustoms in other country. All the students involved in three projects appreciated very much thisimmersion, to see and experience similarities and differences at both universities. It also helpsstudents better to understand culture of their teammates.Intercultural Competencies Training our students to become “global engineers” includes improving

Conference Session

Study Abroad Experiences Intl Div Tech Session 9

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jessica D. Ventura, Endicott College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

]. Thetraditional engineering courses are enriched by trips to Michael Faraday’s Laboratory, KewBridge Steam Museum, Bletchley Park (where the earliest computers were developed),Greenwich Maritime Museum and Royal Observatory (home of the zero meridian), amongothers. Group travel facilitates scheduling a large number of contact hours within a short timeframe; the trade-off is fewer recreational hours for the students to experience the travel locationunsupervised. The Engineering in London program remedies this by remaining in one locationwhere the students have easy access to experience city life.Not all global seminar descriptions explained how the travel component enriched the course.Some descriptions were general, for example: • CES Faculty-Led

Conference Session

Cultural Issues in Engineering: International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jayanta K. Banerjee, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

some time in the university laboratories,contribute their real-life industrial experience and also take some refresher courses. This is also anotherway of technology transfer within a country – between the industries and academia – where both gainvalue: a win-win situation!In knowledge transfer from preceptor to disciple, from mentor to mentee (Guru to Sishya, in Sanskrit),the transmitting and the receiving ends of knowledge and the knowledge itself have to be in unison. Thesame is true in the domain of arts: the artist, the art work and the observer must be in unison. John Deweyemphasized this point particularly in the realm of art education [6]. In technology, the closest that comesto the arts is architecture. In engineering we are just one

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julio Urbina, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Jose F. Oliden, Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria; Patrick Tunno, Pennsylvania State University; Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Pennsylvania State University; Juan Rodriguez, Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria ; Miguel Luis Estrada P.E., Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria ; Esther Obonyo, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Fernando Fonseca Pacheco, Lycoming College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

formulation and development.Evaluation: Each topic was aligned with a laboratory assignment, problem identification, group(2-4) oral presentation, and a final project deliverable.Module 2: Weeks 3-4, United Nations SDG-4 Quality of EducationThe second module focused on the integration of vectors, geometry, trigonometry, andexperimentation for analysis of scientific phenomena and engineering systems, addressing UNSDG-4 Quality of Education.Specific objectives of this moduleStudents will learn to apply mathematical concepts to determine: (i) forces and stresses in staticsystems comprising linear elements, (ii) reflection and refraction of light from plane interfaces,and (iii) current in a simple circuit. Students will also learn to take measurements

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bahawodin Baha, University of Brighton; Judith Watson

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

than those in higher education institutions in the 1980s. Still, the commitment of staff is rather limited compared to their colleagues in the 1980s. c. Learning resources such as libraries, laboratories and IT facilities with of course fast Internet connections will have huge impact on improving the quality of engineering education. d. The expansion of the education system should carefully planned in such a way as not to compromise the quality of education. 5.1. RecommendationsTo build the capacity of engineering institutions, the following recommendations are made: i. A working group be formed by the Afghan government to study the shortcomings

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Casey Lynn Haney, Purdue University, West Lafayette; S. Zahra Atiq, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David Cox, Harvard University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

-Inductive Content in Programming Discussion Forums. IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2015, 1–8.6.   Atiq, S. Zahra, Xin Chen, David Daniel Cox, and Jennifer DeBoer (2015). International STEM Classrooms: The Experiences of Students Around the World Using Physical Remote Laboratory Kits. 2015 ASEE International Forum, 19.23.1–19.23.9.7.   Menekse, M., Stump, G. S., Krause, S., & Chi, M. T. (2013). Differentiated overt learning activities for effective instruction in engineering classrooms. Journal of Engineering Education, 102(3), 346-374.

Conference Session

International Research Experiences

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claude Brathwaite, City College of New York, NYC Louis Stokes Alliance; Julianne Vernon, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

MU Program Elements Site Coordinator x CUNY Faculty Led x x International Office x x Reciprocal Program x x Laboratory Bench Fee x University Support x Student Exchange Agreement x x NSF Support x x x Fellowship funding x x Undergraduate participation x x x Graduate participation x x xIt should be noted that the three locations (Sweden, the Netherlands and Austria) are not in thetop 20 destinations of US students studying abroad in 2014/20151

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cauligi Raghavendra, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

International

. American students visitingIndia or China might also gain real-world work experience while engaged in industryrather than in the classroom laboratory. Increasingly, a number of companies are offeringsuch opportunities in countries like India and China. This type of summer program can bescaled up through widespread promotion at many U.S. and top Indian universities.Summer Programs at USC USC Viterbi School of Engineering (VSoE) administers successful summerresearch internship programs with visiting students from India, China, and from otherschools in the states. We send our students to partnering universities in India and China inturn. Financing for the program with IIT Kharagpur came from a donor who is analumnus of that IIT. Funding for the

Conference Session

International Engineering Education I - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Riha, Iowa State University; Diane Rover, Iowa State University; Julia Apple-Smith, Iowa State University; James Melsa, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

high demand, stating thatgraduates from this program are highly sought after by companies worldwide. In the same way,Pennsylvania State University and Iowa State University offer programs that allow theirengineering students to concurrently pursue majors in engineering and a foreign language. Theseefforts are also achieved at each university through inter-college cooperation.Many universities mentioned the lack of funding available with international programs.Although funding is a concern, it should be noted that Cooper Union has just been awardedsupport from the NSF for its program in Ghana. Specifically, Cooper students and faculty havehelped develop laboratories and courses at a university in Ghana. Additionally, other Cooperstudents have

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Steven Eisenbarth, Baylor University; Cynthia Fry, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

International

2006-1394: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GLOBAL WORLDVIEWKenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University Ken Van Treuren is an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering at Baylor University. He received his B. S. in Aeronautical Engineering from the USAF Academy, his M. S. in Engineering from Princeton University, and his DPhil. at the University of Oxford, UK. At Baylor he teaches courses in laboratory techniques, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and propulsion systems, as well as freshman engineering.Steven Eisenbarth, Baylor University Steven Eisenbarth is Associate Dean of the School of Engineering and Computer Science at Baylor University. He received his B.S. in Mathematics and Physics from

Conference Session

Study Abroad, International Experience, Exchange Programs and Student Retention

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manfred J Hampe, Technische Universität Darmstadt; Jan Helge Bøhn, Virginia Tech; David J. Dixon, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

; f) understanding of professional and ethical responsibility; g) the ability to communicate effectively; h) the understanding of the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context; i) the need for an ability to engage in life-long learning; j) knowledge of contemporary issues; k) the ability to use techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools for engineering practice.Industrial ExposureWeek two began with a train and subway ride to the FrankfurtMesse (fairgrounds), where the triennial ACHEMA exhibitionwas occurring. ACHEMA is arguably the world’s largestexhibition of equipment for the chemical and process industries;including exhibits of analytical and laboratory equipment andcomponents, process

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid R. Parsaei PE, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Nimir Elbashir, Texas A&M University at Qatar

Tagged Divisions

International

institutions in the USA and Europe. The engineering programs at TAMUQ haveconsistently put significant emphasis in providing students the opportunities to gain skills inkey areas including internships, ethics, communications, and project management in additionto acquiring hands-on knowledge in the state of the art laboratory facilities generouslyestablished by the Qatar Foundation for TAMUQ students. This paper will highlight oneexample of the success stories of TAMUQ’s ELITE program that is related to theengagement of the students in research activities associated with their discipline beforegraduation. Other examples and success stories of this program will be highlighted in ourpresentation during the conference.The Impact of the Undergraduate

Conference Session

Challenges in Engineering, Models in Professional Programs, Capstone Design and Function Generator for Educational Environment

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Aidoo, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Shannon M. Sipes, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; James H. Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Matthew D. Lovell P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

Paper ID #7057Capstone Design Alumni SurveyDr. John Aidoo, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Aidoo is currently an associate professor of Civil Engineering Department at Rose-Hulman Institute Technology. Prior to this appointment, he worked as the Bridge design engineer at South Carolina De- partment of Transportation. He received a B.Sc. from the University of Science & Technology in Ghana in 1997 and a M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of South Carolina. His research activities include repair and strengthening of buildings and bridges using Advanced Composite Materials, laboratory and field testing of

Conference Session

Engineering Education and Comparative Studies at Universities throughout Asia, Far East

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafiqul Islam, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

International

are interested as many of them offermarket-oriented courses that almost guarantee them a job upon graduation. They save on salariesof the faculty by employing teaching staff on a part-time basis or by relying on teachers fromalready established public universities. The private universities are very often linked withuniversities abroad. This connection helps the students to move to USA, Canada, UK, Australia,Germany, Japan etc. for higher studies. Even though all the private universities startedfunctioning in hired premises for classrooms, laboratories and offices, they started buildingcampuses using the interest from the certificates of deposits (CD) of the profits3

Conference Session

Global Studies, Initiatives, and Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven J. Burian, University of Utah; Pedro Romero, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

International

project assignment by providing additional depth across a range oftopics from all students.Site VisitsLastly, a key aspect we chose to integrate the Costa Rica experience into the learning objectivesis to schedule an itinerary that resembles a 3.5 week tour of the country. We will begin theprogram in the capital city of San Jose where we will meet with researchers and students at theUniversity of Costa Rica National Laboratory for Materials and Infrastructure (Lanamme) and atthe Institute for Sustainable Development. We will proceed to travel to six different locationsover 23 days, returning back to San Jose to conclude the study abroad and return to the U.S. Ateach location we have day trips planned to infrastructure sites including new highways

Conference Session

Preparing Engineering Students for the Global Workplace

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Nicole P. Sanderlin, Virginia Tech; Elizabeth M. Tront, Virginia Tech; Joseph G. Tront, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

International

courses outside of the college of engineering that had a more liberal arts focus. Of theeight students who participated in the focus group, all commented that they had strong interest in Page 25.597.5traveling overseas again or working abroad in the future. Four of these pursued longer-termstudy abroad or international internship programs during the course of their undergraduatedegree, with two successfully completing programs. One spent a semester in Australia andanother participated in a six-week research laboratory course in Denmark. A third student hadapplied for a semester-long program but did not attend because of problems with course

Conference Session

Developing International Engineering Research, Course Enhancement, Leadership of, and Online Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Mehrabian, Daytona State College; Walter W. Buchanan, Texas A&M University; Alireza Rahrooh, Daytona State College

Tagged Divisions

International

Physical Experiments: Application within A Laboratory Course,” AmericanSociety for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference, Chicago, IL.[2] King, B., McCausland, H. and Nunan, T. (2001) “Converting To Online Course And Program Delivery: The UniversityOf South Australia Case Study,” International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning: 1, 2.http://www.icaap.org/iuicode?149.1.2.7[3] Mehrabian, A., Alvarado, K., and Nahmens, I., (2007). “Application of Technology in Project-based DistanceLearning,” EISTA 2007, Orlando, FL.[4] Nunan, T. (2000). “Exploring the concept of flexibility,” In V. Jakupec & J. Garrick, J. (Eds.), Flexible learning, andhuman resource development (pp. 47-66). London: Routledge.[5] Bates, A.W., & Poole

Conference Session

Impacts on Engineering Education Through Collaborative Learning, Project-based, and Service-learning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Albert Sanger, Western Carolina University; Julia Ziyatdinova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Vasiliy Grigoryevich Ivanov, Kazan National Research Technological University

Tagged Divisions

International

. Page 25.162.3The Department of Engineering andTechnology at Western Carolina University iscomprised of the Electrical Engineering,Electrical and Computer EngineeringTechnology, and Engineering TechnologyPrograms with approximately 300 majors.Traditional lectures are complimented throughhands-on laboratories for most subject areaswhere the CDIO model may be used toreinforce theory. In an effort to strengthenprogram outcomes and make the learningexperience more relevant to industry practices,the Department adopted a project basedlearning pedagogy and restructured the senior Figure 3 Nine towers were built by thecapstone courses in 2008 to be the key stone of American class. The

Conference Session

International Engineering Education: Developments, Innovations, Implementations, and Pedagogical Challenges in Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael E. Auer, Carinthia Tech Institute, Austria; Arthur Walter Edwards, University of Colima

Tagged Divisions

International

fields of engineering. Page 25.1319.7Didactical skills and subject expertiseEngineering pedagogues use engineering pedagogy models of the teaching process to createtheir own lessons, develop their own personalized teaching style and strategies to promote theflow of information, and observe the components of the six-dimensional education space intheir own teaching and relate these to the selected teaching method. They select eclecticteaching methods and strategies, e.g. laboratory didactics and project work, and follow up byrethinking and reevaluating their teaching methods and strategies with their colleagues andstudents. They set clear teaching

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Developments, Exchanges, and Partnerships

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sowmya Narayanan, VIT University; Muniratnam Adithan, VIT University, Vellore; Robert C. Creese, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

International

India is emerging as a Centre ofExcellence that caters to the training needs of newly recruited as well as in-service faculty of theUniversity. It was established as a nodal centre to coordinate all the training programs and itcaters to the training needs of the faculty who are expected to function as leaders and managersin the classrooms and laboratories to meet the challenges of internationalization andglobalization of education, especially technical and engineering education.. The mission of ASC is to provide continuous training that is effective, efficient,empowering faculty to become truly motivational in the classroom. The ASC fosters critical andinnovative thinking among its engineering and technology faculty and has aligned

Conference Session

International Experience, Effective Instruction, and Student Exchange Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth M. Tront, Virginia Tech; Joseph G. Tront, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

International

of engineering or scienceprinciples in the classroom and subsequently practice the theory in the laboratory. Importantly,our scheme also includes mechanisms to measure how successful the classroom experienceshave translated into the immersed environment.Classroom Training for LeadershipWe have observed that leadership is not easy to teach but rather that students can be moldedthrough leadership experiences. Leadership, in other words, can be developed. To that end, wehad experts on leadership/management lecture in class. We assigned the students scholarlyreadings on leadership. We implemented leadership development activities. The activities wedesigned were meant to help them to identify their personal strengths and weaknesses as well

Conference Session

Faculty & Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations, Interactions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Foroudastan, Middle Tennessee State University; Sandi Hyde, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

International

signal “OK,” or “good job,”in Egypt, Greece, or Ireland means something offensively opposite if displayed in Iran orNigeria, then it is vital to be aware of these differences in order to achieve both business andsocial successes.4 Furthering the verbal and non-verbal communication challenges are the often-parodied communication abilities of scientists and engineers, exemplified even in children’sprograms through characters like Jim Henson’s laboratory MuppetTM “Beaker” who is only ableto speak in unintelligible “meeps.” It is easily conceivable that domestic science and engineeringstudents, studying abroad or exposed to and working with students of varying cultures, candevelop skills necessary to overcome these, and other similar, communication

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships,Teaching Strategies, and Collaborative Networks

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafiqul Islam, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

International

95: Issue 94. http://www.greencareersguide.com/index.html5. http://Engineering.com/suitableEngineering/RenewableEnergyEngineering/solar.6. http://culturechange.org/Wind.html7. D.J Buenham, J.C Campbell etc, ‘Developing Wind Power Simulations and Laboratory Experiments forRenewable Energy System Courses’, proceedings of annual ASEE conference and expedition at Austin, Texas,during June 14-17, 2009.8. http:// www.Spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/wind floating -wind-turbines-to-be tested.9. http:/ www.nrel.gov/analysis/re_market_data_wind.html.10. Iana, El Chaar, ‘Integration of Renewable Energy in the Electrical Engineering Curriculum’, proceedings ofASEE conference and exposition at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, during June 22-25, 2008.11. http

Conference Session

Exporting of Higher Education to Developing Countries

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

International

drugs and food in the developing world. This used what is called the icyball approach to lower the temperature.3. An off grid electrical system to support the computer laboratories in the Sonrise School in Musanze, Rwanda.Off grid solar powered refrigerationThe motive for this project was something the author saw on his exploratory trip to Rwanda inJanuary 2008. A hospital on Shyira Mountain needed a refrigerator to store drugs. Since theywere off the grid a traditional refrigerator was connected to a diesel generator to power it. Thegoal of this project was to develop a solar powered system that could power a small refrigerator.It was also required to have a small weight so that it would be reasonably portable. The formaldesign

Conference Session

Implementing Transfer, Exchange, Research Programs and Professional Development; in Asia and Far East

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey S. Cross, Tokyo Institute of Technology; Kikuo Kishimoto, Tokyo Institute of Technology; Hisakazu Mihara; Masahiko Hara, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

to give the students a taste of study abroad in the US by attendinglectures, meeting faculty, visiting laboratories and interacting with American students. Actually,two UW students that participated in TiROP in 2012 arranged several activities for the TokyoTech visiting students. It was intended that by giving the Tokyo Tech students a chance to visitAmerican universities within a structured program, it would motivate them to improve theirEnglish ability, reduce the study abroad anxiety and also allow them to meet past TiROPparticipants and future applicants. By allowing the students to meet peers with a sharedexperiences or interests, they can exchange information and it is hoped that the Tokyo Techstudents will apply for longer term study

Conference Session

International Engineering Education I - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Odete Lopes, Politecnico de Viseu; Joao Vinhas, Politecnico de Viseu; Joao Paiva, Politecnico de Viseu

Tagged Divisions

International

maintenance andindustrial management. Curricular structure is strongly based on Mathematics and Physics.The adequacy of the course revealed the need to reinforce practical knowledge application, tointensify the use of problem based learning, to design new laboratorial strategies, to promoteteam work and to develop the fundamental skills in engineering formation.The new course design also resulted from the analysis of similar courses in referencecountries in engineering, such as Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, France,Swiss, Spain, Denmark, Sweden and Finland. It was compared mainly in terms of duration,curricular plans, credit system units and strategies adopted. The new Mechanical Engineeringdegree is comparable in structure with the

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships, Teaching Strategies & Collaborative Networks (IUCEE, IFEES, LACCEI.... )

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

International

:• Faculty and student exchange• New and/or higher level academic programs• Dual/joint degree and certificate programs• Distance, continuing and e-education• Laboratory development and sharing of resources• Curriculum development, course equivalency and accreditation support• Faculty development, including higher degrees• Industry internship, cooperative programs and career development• Joint training and research programs, and solicitation of funds• Development, commercialization and transfer of technology• Dissemination of scholarly achievements and other accomplishments by member institutions. Page 14.296.3LACCEI has developed some initiatives and

Conference Session

Curriculum and Program Developments, Exchanges, Collaborations, and Partnerships

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eck Doerry, Northern Arizona University; Harvey Charles, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

International

allow for a little (linguistic) relaxation in a full-time class schedule. • The international professional internship may be paid or unpaid, and is closely-related to the student’s major discipline. Placements in a corporate context are preferred for engineers; placements in a university or governmental research facility or laboratory are often more suitable for natural scientists. • 15 hours of immersion language learning credit are assigned to the internship in special BA in Modern Languages subplans developed for GSEP, meaning that all internship placements are required to be in a primarily non-English-speaking environment. This rules out some placements in overseas offices of US companies to focus

Conference Session

Study Abroad, International Exchange Programs, and Student Engagements

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James L. Barnes, James Madison University; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kathryne Newton, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Susan Kubic Barnes, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

International

Conference Session

Global Competency and What Makes a Successful Engineer

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kari Wold, University of Virginia; Stephanie Moore Ph.D., University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

International

students and online international higher education19, 34. It is also appropriate becauseit has been used to highlight how geographical and psychological distance among students inonline higher education settings can be bridged through learner autonomy, dialogue, andcourse structure in many disciplines. For instance, in a study regarding the use of virtuallaboratories in a STEM-focused biology class, researchers used the transactional distancetheory to illustrate how virtual laboratories may have positive impacts on the relationshipsbetween the learner and the content as well as the learner and the interface17. That same studyalso used the transactional distance theory to illustrate how virtual laboratories may havenegative impacts on the