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Displaying results 61 - 90 of 118 in total
Conference Session
Make It!
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
AY2017-18 course catalogue.Table 1. Overview of weekly topics for MET321- Changing World of 3D Printing and Rapid Prototyping Week Topics 1 Introduction to the Next Industrial Revolution: The New World of 3D Printing & Rapid Prototyping, Consumer safety, environment, green manufacturing, ethical issues. 2 Introduction to Computer Aided Design: SolidWorks, Google Sketchup, AutoCAD, Generating stl files 3 Personal Fabrication, Do-It-Yourself Product Development, Additive vs Subtractive Manufacturing, Molding, Laser cutting 4 3D Printing Technologies, Materials for 3D Printing 5 Bioprinting /Midterm Exam 6 FDM 3-D
Conference Session
Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Capstone Design Projects
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Morteza Sadat-Hossieny, Northern Kentucky University; Mauricio Torres, Northern Kentucky University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
courses that:  Accumulate project knowledge  Transmit project knowledgeFor social implications – important concepts are those that:  Promote and safeguard the health and safety as well as the welfare of the public;  Demonstrate an awareness of the consequences any negative impact;  Follows a code of ethics that promotes integrity and engineering professionalism.Students that adhere to this process are expected to work on different aspects of their seniorprojects as they take classes that deal with the above concepts in a gradual but interactive format[18].ConclusionThe senior project course EGT417 outcomes are mapped according to the ABET accreditationcriteria [1], as depicted in table 2. Similarly all other MMET program courses are
Conference Session
Design Education in Manufacturing Programs
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Guanghsu Chang, Minnesota State University, Mankato; William Peterson, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
and adapt to emerging applications of mathematics, science, engineering and technology;c. an ability to conduct, analyze and interpret experiments and apply experimental results to improve processes;d. an ability to apply creativity in the design of systems, components or appropriate to program objectives;e. an ability to function effectively on teams;f. an ability to identify, analyze, and solve technical problems;g. an ability to communicate effectively;h. a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong learning;i. an ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibility;j. a respect for diversity and knowledge of contemporary professional, societal and global issues; andk. a commitment to quality
Conference Session
Manufacturing Curricula for the Year 2015 and Beyond
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University; Venkitaswamy Raju, State University of New York, Farmingdale; David Wells, North Dakota State University; Robert Mott, University of Dayton
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Page 14.393.9 ≠ Engineering Materials ≠ Engineering Mechanics and Design ≠ Manufacturing Processes ≠ Manufacturing Systems Design, Analysis, and Control ≠ Control of Machines ≠ Quality Systems ≠ Computer Systems ≠ Electrical Circuits and Electronics Professional Competencies ≠ Communication ≠ Global Multiculturalism ≠ Teamwork ≠ Ethics ≠ Creativity and Innovation Enterprise Management ≠ Project Management ≠ Manufacturing Information Systems ≠ Product Life Cycle Management ≠ Enterprise Resource Management ≠ Financial Management ≠ Human Resource
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary and Project-based Experiences in Manufacturing
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Culler, Oregon Institute of Technology; Noah Anderson, Oregon Institute of Technology; Stanley Ames, Oregon Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
professor in charge usedPBL as the basis for defining common goals and guiding the students’ progress:1) From a project perspective≠ Identify the steps required to plan for and manage a project?≠ Identify resources and know-how required for success?≠ Identify the structure of the collaboration process?≠ Identify technologies (hardware and software) needed?2) From a teaching perspective≠ What knowledge should the student possess?≠ What skills will the project teach students?≠ What values and ethics are the most important?≠ How does the project prepare one for employment?BackgroundRapid Prototyping (RP) is a whole suite of technologies collectively referred to as “Additivefreeform fabrication” which includes Selective Laser Sintering
Conference Session
Manufacturing Education Innovation and Assessment
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Wells, North Dakota State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
purposeful courses foundation courses Quality/SPC Engrg Econ supporting courses Figure 2: A Minimalist Instruction Pattern for Manufacturing Engineering Instruction The ‘production engineering’ course would reprise the product and process engineeringfacets with multiple parts that make up a complete product. Then, quality engineeringconsiderations would be added. Finally, the entire production system would be designed. Issuessuch as ergonomics, energy efficiency, safety, environmental impact and ethical issues arereadily interwoven with this ‘systems design’ effort. The principal metrics used to evaluate theresultant production system designs are
Conference Session
Manufacturing Education Innovation and Assessment
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
course and program outcomes. For example, the RMU benchmark states that at least 80% of the class obtains 80% or better marks in ABET outcomes assessment tasks.Parents would like to see the following: • The university offers a safe and supportive environment for learning. Page 11.193.4 • Student motivation is increased so that students complete the degree requirements. • There is value for their money in terms of student success.The greater community expects modern engineers have the following skill set: • Awareness of ethical responsibilities • Attention to energy conservation, environmental protection, and sustainable
Conference Session
Manufacturing Laboratory Experience
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Landon Gray, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
as the integration of theory with practice.‚ Inquiry methodology, which includes hypothesis forming, experimental design and methodology and evaluation of results.‚ Vocational aims, which include awareness of current practice and the inculcation of professional ethics.‚ Development of personal skills, such as communications, report writing and teamwork skills.Unfortunately, educational institutions often lack the resources needed to help students tobecome proficient with equipment. For example, a Manufacturing Automation and Roboticscourse typically uses programmable logic controllers, sensors, robots, and machine visionsystems in teaching automated manufacturing system design. However, students’ learning ishindered by obstacles
Conference Session
Green Energy Manufacturing and Sustainable Energy Management
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jung-Uk Lim, Liberty University; Kyung K. Bae, Liberty University; Hector E. Medina, Liberty University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation, Manufacturing
team’s design and construction of an APVAWT, total eightdecision gates (stakeholder requirements, system requirements, system operations, systemfunctions, system architectures, implementation, verification and validation) are set for theproject from inception to completion in order to satisfy the need of a client who asks to make anAPVAWT. This process includes technical and artistic designs considering functionality, beauty,safety, economics, and ethical implications, ensuring the functionality and beauty for thecompleted physical unit. Through this project, students will have an enriched opportunity for aninterdisciplinary design process combining engineering and arts. 1. IntroductionAccording to recent reports on renewable energy, although
Conference Session
Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hua Li, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Kai Jin, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; yue zhang, Texas A&M University-Kingsville
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
following ABET studentoutcomes: (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering; (b) anability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data; and (c) anability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realisticconstraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,manufacturability, and sustainability. Each type of course module will be categorized into threedifferent levels, including freshmen (entry level), junior/senior (mid-level), and graduate students(advanced level). The course modules will cover both lecture and project. For manufacturingrelated material standards course module, the three levels include:1) Entry level
Conference Session
Experiences in Manufacturing Engineering Education
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hossein Rahemi, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Amir Elzawawy, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Yougashwar Budhoo, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
understanding of the need for and an ability to engage in self-directed continuing professional development. i) Graduates of advanced manufacturing will demonstrate an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility including a respect for diversity. j) Graduates of advanced manufacturing will develop the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering technology solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context k) Graduates of advanced manufacturing will demonstrate recognition of the need for quality, timeliness, and continuous improvement.As a direct measure, courses offered through the program and employer surveys are used toassess
Conference Session
Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
of the students and faculty.” 8In addition, the components of the 2016-2017 ABET Criterion 3 for Student Outcomes willgreatly impacted by the educational facilities including the outcomes b, c, e, j, and k, as givenbelow9:  (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data  (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability  (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems  (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues  (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern
Conference Session
Manufacturing Division Poster Session
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wayne P. Hung, Texas A&M University; Mathew Kuttolamadom, Texas A&M University; Shelly Tornquist, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
’ professionalknowledge so they could integrate new and appropriate material into secondary schoolcurriculum, and implement the gained knowledge into their classroom and/or laboratoryactivities. The targeted ISDs are either with high needs in rural areas, or serving a significantnumber of students from underrepresented groups. Pre- and post-program surveys gage thegained knowledge of the participating teachers while formative and summative interviews by aqualified external evaluator confirm if the objectives are met. A pair of teachers will work closely with a RET faculty member and his/her graduatestudents on a specific research project for six weeks in summer. An orientation to review safety,research methodology, ethics, and be familiar with research
Conference Session
Innovations in Manufacturing Laboratories
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yanqing Gao, Oregon Institute of Technology; Fei-Yue Wang, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wangping Sun, Oregon Institute of Technology; Xisong Dong, Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries; Xiwei Liu, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries; ShuangShuang Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
generation of engineerswith ability to Conceive, Design, Implement, and Operate real-world entities by integrating acomprehensive set of personal and interpersonal skills, and process, product, and systembuilding skills with disciplinary knowledge [1-3]. Essentially, CDIO is promoting "learningby doing" and "project-based education and learning", and many experts and organizationsconsider this approach as the direction for engineering education development now and in thefuture [4-5]. For example, by taking product's life from research to utilization as its carrier,CDIO aims to enable students to study engineering through a proactive, personal, precision,and organic way, to develop student's engineering capability, professional ethics, academicand
Conference Session
Innovations in Manufacturing Laboratories
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wayne P. Hung, Texas A&M University; Adam Farmer
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
faculty and students, e) Place a greater emphasis on teaching, f) Provide numerous, well-equipped facilities, and g) Produce graduates with more knowledge on materials and processes.Nelson4 analyzed inputs from directors of ABET accredited programs to identify key technicalcompetencies for manufacturing graduates. Among 264 competencies, the highest rankedcompetencies related to quality, communication, and personal ethics. Baird7 proposed alaboratory exercise to simulate mass production environment. Although such laboratory workwas more difficult to develop as compared to the traditional teaching practice, the benefits of theformer approach were numerous since it would: a) Simulate industry practice, b) Develop specific hard-skill and
Conference Session
Supply Chain and Logistics in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christopher P. Pung, Grand Valley State University; Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
 ­ Engineering Mechanics of Human Motion   EGR 453 ­ Biomedical Materials   EGR 463 ­ Alternative Energy Systems and Applications   MTH 201 ­ Calculus I   MTH 202 ­ Calculus II   MTH 203 ­ Calculus III   MTH 302 ­ Linear Algebra and Differential Equations   PHI 102 ­ Ethics   PHY 230 ­ Principles of Physics I   PHY 234 ­ Engineering Physics   STA 315 ­ Design of Experiments   WRT 150 ­ Strategies in Writing   Another important note is the nature of the cooperative education system. Each student is placed with an employer that provides exposure to their processes, systems, and expectations. The result is that many, but not all, students have had training and use of systems like FMEA
Conference Session
Practices for Student Learning Engagement
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aditya Akundi, University of Texas, El Paso; Amit J Lopes, University of Texas, El Paso
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
year may provide a foundation that will solidify and integrate student’s education [8].III. Redesigning ‘Foundations of Engineering’ Course As evident from the literature review teaching should combine theoretical knowledge with practical skills, while understanding its social, cultural, and ethical implications on learning. This philosophy involves going beyond classroom-type, lecture- based education, and emphasize practical skills in real world projects. In general, first year engineering students are fascinated by how industrial products are made and are curios regarding novel methods for making products. Exposure to advanced manufacturing technologies and the need for integration of technologies from several
Conference Session
Design & Development Projects and Practices
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhenhua Wu, Virginia State University; Laban K. Rutto; Shahzad Akbar, Virginia State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
ethics, effective communication, and team-work to enable them tobecome successful engineers.From that, also linking the class with the ABET requirement, the following learning outcomeswere proposed for the course: 1. The ability to apply the knowledge and tools learned in the undergraduate curriculum. 2. The ability to use constraint based engineering design process to generate design options. 3. The ability to design and conduct engineering experiments in support of design or development using literature search. 4. Ability to select appropriate tools. 5. The ability to form a team and to participate effectively, communicating clearly, and managing a task oriented project. 6. Effective individual and team communication
Conference Session
Student Learning Assessment Methods
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Hua Li, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Kai Jin, Texas A&M University, Kingsville
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Criteria & Supporting Documents.https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/ (accessed on 12/01/2019)[2] Mamaril, N. A., Usher, E. L., Li, C. R., Economy, D. R., & Kennedy, M. S. (2016).Measuring undergraduate students' engineering self‐efficacy: A validation study. Journal ofEngineering Education, 105(2), 366-395.[3] Newberry, B., Austin, K., Lawson, W., Gorsuch, G., & Darwin, T. (2011). Acclimatinginternational graduate students to professional engineering ethics. Science and engineeringethics, 17(1), 171-194.[4] Li, H., Jin, K., & Zhang, Y. (2018). A Curriculum Innovation Framework to IntegrateManufacturing related Materials and Quality Control Standards into Different Level EngineeringEducation. The 2018 Annual
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary and Capstone Experiences in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Todd Myers, Ohio University; Peter Klein, Ohio University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
overview, organizations missions, strategies and tactics, competitiveness, and productivity • Product design: value analysis, legal, ethical & environmental issues, standardization, life cycles, concurrent engineering, design for X. • Product documentation including: product structure, bill of materials (BOM), item master and part numbering systems, product costing. • Project management: • Supply chain management: • Inventory management: • Materials requirements planning (MRP) and enterprise resource planning (ERP): • Just-In-Time (JIT & Lean Operations).In addition to the above lecture content, student team present lectures on various topics
Conference Session
Pedagogical Issues in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jitendra Tate, Texas State University-San Marcos; Vedraman Sriraman, Texas State University-San Marcos
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
helped others as well. They wereasked to write paper in their own words and refrain from cut-copy-paste. They were urged tomention each and every reference, which is part of professional ethics. They were advised to useample visual information (pictures, figures, tables, and charts) in the PowerPoint presentation. Itwas expected that each student would talk about 10 minutes. Students were advised to prepare atleast 15 slides.Research Paper – Second Progress ReportAs a second progress report students were asked to bring one page abstract, introduction,conclusions in bulleted form, and references. It is observed that students were more inclined to writein detail about manufacturing processes but were applying fewer efforts in
Conference Session
Integration of Manufacturing and Society
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technological University; Bonita Barger, Tennessee Technological University; Ersel Obuz, Celal Bayar University; S. Murat Bagdatli, Celal Bayar University; Ismet Anitsal; Meral Anitsal
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
and Turnitin software tools so that students learned fundamentals of work ethics and plagiarism. • One objective of the course was to increase the students’ skills in critical thinking, creativity and real world problem solution, the essential components of university QEP direction. The deliverables of the course had these QEP elements in lecture, laboratory and project phases. Course evaluation results will be given in the upcoming section. • The student team learned to run a team-based research project. They developed a disciplinary action policy and individual assignments based on the Myers&Briggs test findings. • The team focused on the development of an environmentally friendly, healthy
Conference Session
Sustainable Product Development and Manufacturing
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Devi K. Kalla, Metropolitan State College of Denver; Aaron Brown, Metropolitan State College of Denver
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
“an ability todesign a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such aseconomic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, andsustainability” (Criterion #3) [10]. ABET requirements already are addressing the issue ofsustainability in Criterion #3 by listing the word “sustainability” as part of the general criteria forall engineering programs. This should also be considered for engineering technology programs.According to the National Academy of Engineering, the growing environmental crisis meansthat, “Engineering practices must incorporate attention to sustainable technology, and engineersneed to be educated to consider issues of sustainability in all aspects of
Conference Session
Sustainable Product Development and Manufacturing
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
several integrated BS/MS students who didnot have significant work experience other than their summer work and internships. Therecommended textbook for the course was the ever-popular Engineering Economic Analysis byNewnan et al. (11th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2012).2.2 Course MapThe students are introduced to various ideas in engineering economy with the help of theory, in-class exercises including group discussion and problem solving and more detailed case studies ashome work problems. The topics covered in the class are as follows:  Role and Purpose of Engineering Economic Analysis  Decision Making under Risk and Uncertainty  Ethics in Economy  Cost Concepts (e.g. different types of costs such as capital investment
Conference Session
Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
a system, 95.83* component, or process to meet desired needs. Outcome 4 RMU graduates have an ability to function on 95.83* multi-disciplinary teams. Outcome 5 RMU graduates have an ability to identify, 95.83* formulate, and solve engineering problems. Outcome 6 RMU graduates have an understanding of 95.83* professional and ethical responsibilities. Outcome 7 RMU graduates have an ability to communicate 83.07 effectively. Outcome 8
Conference Session
Manufacturing Division Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; John Mativo, The University of Georgia
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
(legal, safety,reliability, biocompatibility, and ethics) concerning the use of biomaterials.Prerequisites: ENGR1610, ENGR2180, and ENGR35103 CreditsENGR 4520 Design and Manufacturing of Biomedical Devices and SystemsThis course details the conception, modeling, analysis, design, manufacturing and assembly ofBiomedical devices and systems. Students select, formulate, and solve a design problem andmanufacture a prototype, as appropriate. Applications include, but are not limited to, diagnosticinstrumentation, prostheses, and cardiovascular devices against the background of ethicalconsiderations, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, and product-liability issues.Prerequisites: ENGR2180 and ENGR35104 Credits
Conference Session
Manufacturing Materials and Processes
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wayne P. Hung, Texas A&M University; Adam Farmer, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
strongly encourage cooperation with industry, c) Maintain closer relationships with industry, d) Has more manufacturing faculty and students, e) Place a greater emphasis on teaching, f) Provide numerous, well-equipped facilities, and g) Produce graduates with more knowledge on materials and processes.Nelson6 analyzed inputs from directors of ABET accredited programs to identify key technicalcompetencies for manufacturing graduates. Among 264 competencies, the highest rankedcompetencies related to quality, communication, and personal ethics. Baird7 proposed a Page 24.1166.3laboratory exercise to simulate mass production environment
Conference Session
Lean and Six Sigma Education
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alan Leduc, Ball State University; Gary Hadley, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis; Mark Ratzlaff, 3M
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
experiments and analyze and interpret experimental data d. Creatively design systems, components, and processes e. Function effectively on teams f. Identify, analyze, and solve technical problems g. Communicate effectively h. Recognize the need for and engage in life long learning i. Understand professional and ethical responsibilities j. Understand the impact of solutions in a professional, societal and global context k. Exhibit commitment to quality, timeliness, and continuous improvementThis general criteria also serves well as criteria for evaluating the capstone experience.Lean Six Sigma Certification varies widely and there is no official certifying body. Historically,certification has been controlled by the consulting industry
Conference Session
State of Manufacturing Engineering Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
speaking, etc.) skills are paramount for success of an individual. It does no matter how brilliant their ideas are if they cannot sell them. ● Communication. Management. Ethics. Morals. Motivation. Leadership. These are all extremely important for the engineering field. Being able to tackle issues both from a technical side AND business side sets individuals apart. ● US costs cannot compete with China (10:1 for tooling and piece price in most assemblies that include injection molded components). Even the importing only costs $6-8,000 per 40' container, door to door. Our only competitive advantage is technology and advanced manufacturing processes. Unfortunately, China is catching us at an alarming
Conference Session
Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education - I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ahmed Khan, DeVry University; Beverly Cronin, DeVry University; Maneesh Kumar, DeVry University; Aateef Mustafa, DeVry University; Pankti Patel, DeVry Univeristy; Joey Socorro, DeVry University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
members to build and test the transceivers andtransponders. Programming classes such as Distributed Computing with Java taught thedevelopment of networked applications in Java. Database Design provided the crucial know-howin developing the online database that connected our hardware and software application. TheTechnology and Ethics course brought up the realization that there are many privacy issuesassociated with this technology, and its regulated use would help set up a positive technology.The project has widened the scope of learning and knowledge in the electronics and computerfields for the team members. The project also helped the group to develop higher levels ofknowledge by learning totally new items that were not covered during the