Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Connor Needham; Jeremy Kacher; Mathias Boyle; Robert Hutchins; Susan Woodard

Susan Woodard Roger Williams University Roger Williams University Roger Williams University Bristol, RI, United States Bristol, RI, United States Bristol, RI, United StatesAbstract—The team at Roger Williams University is working increase wind speed. This increase in speed is generated bywith CBC LLC creating a new design for a horizontal axis wind using eight wing shaped stationary stators that direct the airturbine known as HIPS WECS as a senior capstone project. This into the center of the 30 foot diameter housing structure. Thisnew turbine is designed to fit into an urban environment where a 30 foot

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Jose Valdovinos; Cheng Chen; Abbyanna Davis; Amelito Enriquez; Wenshen Pong

). From the COMETS collaboration stemmed the Capstone Design Project,which provided the opportunity to participate in a year-long senior design project at SanFrancisco State University to four current community college students.The civil engineering student Abbyanna Davis was selected to help on this research through thisinternship the student was able to work with simulations and allowed her to put the knowledgeshe has acquired through her academic pursuits to test, as well as acquire new knowledge such asthe use of MatLab Simulink in order to simulate the fluid viscous dampers and the ability to giveher an experience of upper division course work and research. Three main tasks include inputtingthe data, running simulations and analyzing the

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Manoochehr Zoghi; Hernan Maldonado; Syreeta Martinez

capstone projects, etc. Some of recent reforms urged nationally such as emphasis inteamwork, communication skills, and interdisciplinary design have been integrated throughoutthe curricula. Furthermore, a close partnership has been developed between LCOE and LylesCenter for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (LCIE) to promote entrepreneurial endeavors withinvarious disciplines. Four full time faculty members in Civil Engineering, ConstructionManagement, Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, have been awarded thedesignation of the Coleman Entrepreneurship Fellows. The Coleman Fellows are engaged indeveloping either new courses in their disciplines related to entrepreneurship and/or revisingexisting courses to integrate entrepreneurship

Conference Session

Engineering as a Professional Calling

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia D Thompson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mel Chua, Purdue University; Cole Hatfield Joslyn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

. Soc. justice Crit. Explor. Oppor. 85–109 (Springer, 2013). Page 24.491.103 Halsmer, D. et al. Exploring connections between engineering and human spirituality. in ASEE Annu. Conf. Expo. Conf. Proc. (2010)4 Hatchell, K. et al. Engineering That Makes a Difference: A Faith-based Approach to Community Development in the Ulpan Valley of Guatemala. in CEEC Conf. Proc. (2013)5 Bulanon, D. et al. Engineering Capstone Design Course with Integrated Christian Mission Service Projects. in CEEC Conf. Proc. (2013)6 Christian Engineering Education Conference (CEEC)- Available at: https://sites.google.com/site

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Carolyn Jean Sher-DeCusatis; Casimer DeCusatis

produce more instructional England (2010) http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mas90/MOOSE/dwh-diss.pdfmaterials, and add a capstone course solely devoted to [21] R. Cannistra, B. Carle, M. Johnson, J. Kapadia, Z. Meath, M. Miller, D. Young, C. DeCusatis, T. Bundy , G. Zussman, K. Bergman, A.Software Defined Networking (SDN) where students could Carranza, C. Sher-DeCusatis, A. Pletch, R. Ransom , “Enablingwork on full term research projects. autonomic provisioning in SDN cloud networks with NFV service

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Shervin Zoghi; Eric Liguori; Manoochehr Zoghi; Fariborz Tehrani; The Nguyen

different from what it used to be even four to fiveshort years ago. There are fewer, but riskier and more complex projects. The prevailingdifficulties of last several years have made it extremely challenging to succeed in the globaleconomy. It is anticipated, however, that the global construction output will recover to grow 70percent by 2025 – to $15 trillion.10 In view of aforementioned challenges and globalization, andin light of emerging construction technologies, the Construction Management (CM) Program inthe Lyles College of Engineering at Fresno State has recently revamped its curriculum to betterprepare future leaders of the construction industry. Accordingly, the CM program hasincorporated leadership and entrepreneurship development as an

Conference Session

FPD 4: Peers and Perceptions

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Pow, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, RIT; María Helguera, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Pieri, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology; Sadie Wolters; Michael Glynn Augspurger, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology; Briana A. Neuberger, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology; Victoria Scholl, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Bondi, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #9492The Use Of Peer Evaluations In A Non-Traditional First Year System DesignClassMr. Joseph Pow, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, RIT Joe Pow is the Associate Director of the Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science at the Rochester Institute of Technology. He was the designer and first instructor of a new non-traditional project-based course for incoming Imaging Science freshmen which has had a transformational impact on the Cen- ter. Prior to his arrival at RIT, he was a project manager for the Department of Defense, where he was responsible for the development and production of a wide

Conference Session

Diversity Redefined: Nontraditional Views in Traditional Environments

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard R Harris, Northeastern University; Lauren Machunis, Northeastern University; William Tiga Tita, D'Amore-McKim Business School, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

to develop beta-testing, inunder-developed countries like Cameroon, of culturally designed products/solutions, fromengineering senior capstone projects or with products launched thru “Engineers for the GreaterGood (EGG)” entrepreneurship competitions.Additionally, we are looking to recruit and expand this opportunity by inviting students from theNortheast LSAMP Alliance to participate. This will bring students from University ofConnecticut, University of Rhode Island, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, University ofMassachusetts Amherst and Northeastern University, all members of the NELSAMP, to providethis global experience to a larger number of underrepresented minorities across the three-statealliance.In conclusion, this culturally

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip J. Parker P.E., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Ben Bocher, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Austin Polebitski, University of Wisconsin Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Paper ID #8972Assessing Student Writing Competencies in Environmental Engineering CoursesDr. Philip J. Parker P.E., University of Wisconsin, PlattevilleDr. Ben Bocher, University of Wisconsin, Platteville Over the past ten years, Ben’s work in environmental engineering has focused on anaerobic biotechnolo- gies. His projects have included studying the effects of anaerobic digester configuration on methane pro- duction rates, examining digestion of secondary residuals from brewery wastewater to enhance bioenergy generation, investigating the relationship between microbial community structure and digester perfor

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University; Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University; Paymon Sanati-Mehrizy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Ali Sanati-Mehrizy

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

fundamentals of analog and digital wireless communications. Includes baseband and bandpass, analog and digital signaling techniques along with appropriate mathematical background in Fourier transforms, probability and random variables. Introduces both software and hardware designs.19. ECE 4800 Computer Engineering Senior Design Project Prerequisite: ECE 3740 Description: Serves as a project-oriented capstone course for computer engineering majors. Emphasizes major hardware and software design. Includes identification and completion of a suitable design project to be mutually selected by the faculty supervisor and student. Requires weekly written and oral presentations as well as a final written project report and an oral

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Hong Li; Ashwin Satyanarayana

. . REFERENCES[1] BUTKUS, M.A., AND KELLEY, M.B. 2004. Approach for integrating professional practice issues into undergraduate environmental engineering design projects. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 130:3, 166-172.[2] CATALANO, G.D. 2004. Senior capstone design and ethics: a bridge to the professional world. Science and Engineering Ethics 10:2, 409-415.[3] CHUMER, M.J. 2002. Towards An Understanding Of User- Centeredness Within Information Technology Diffusion: A Self- Ethnography. Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey. Advisor: Ronald E. Rice.[4] CSTB99: Committee on Information Technology Literacy, National Research Council 1999. Being Fluent with

Conference Session

California on the Move: A Robust Array of Student Success Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nick P Rentsch, Cañada College; Amelito G Enriquez, Canada College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

upper-division courses orsenior design capstone courses at San Francisco State University.For the 2010-2011 academic year, the civil engineering student participated in the design andconstruction of a timber bridge. The mechanical engineering student participated in a project onMaterials and Manufacturing. Both the computer engineering and the electrical engineeringparticipated in projects on Microelectronics. For the 2011-2012 academic year, the civilengineering student participated in the design and construction of a concrete canoe. For fall 2011,the mechanical engineering student participated in a Linear Systems Analysis Lab while thecomputer engineering and the electrical engineering students participated in projects onMicroelectronics. For

Conference Session

ECE Program Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Timothy Holman, Vanderbilt University; Brian David Sierawski, Vanderbilt University; Robert Reed, Vanderbilt University; Robert A. Weller, Vanderbilt University; Andrew L. Sternberg, Vanderbilt University; Rebekah Austin, Vanderbilt University; Daniel M. Fleetwood, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

variety of settings in spacecraft design and survivability and reliability. He has led programs in experi- mentation, modeling, and simulation of radiation effects in electronic systems. He has been involved with six separate space-based radiation effects experiments over the last 20 years: 1) RadFx-1,-2,-3: A series of CubeSat Based Radiation Effects Testbeds (PI), 2) Microelectronic and Photonics Test Bed (Instrument Card PI), and 3) Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (Investigator), 4) Living With a Star – Space Environment Testbed (mission definition and requirements). As a NASA civil servant, Robert was the lead radiation effects systems engineer for several NASA spaceflight projects, including the

Conference Session

New Course Development Concepts in ET I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Alfredo J. Perez, Northern New Mexico College; Raul R Peralta, Northern New Mexico College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

tables includes: • Exams: midterm or final exams. • Quizzes: in-class or take-home assignments including mostly multiple-choice questions. • Hands-on Labs: activities developed in laboratory; some are performed in groups. • Simulation Labs: hands-on individual activities performed using a software simulator. • Projects: course projects, e.g., the Capstone project. • Homework: assignments that may include not only theoretical exercises but also hands- on exercises with software packages.The IET program relies on hands-on activities to increase the level of attainment of studentoutcomes. Thus, as illustrated in Tables 5-6, the level of attainment of all students outcomes aremeasured with a combination of traditional

Conference Session

Pedagogical Approaches in Construction Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiong Hu, Texas State University, San Marcos; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University, San Marcos; Vedaraman Sriraman, Texas State University, San Marcos

Tagged Divisions

Construction

career in engineering working with companies such as General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Microsoft, she pursued a Master’s degree in Education from Michigan State University. Later, Araceli completed a PhD in Engineering Education from Tufts University. She is also experienced in education policy and prior to joining the Professoriate, she was Director of Educator Preparation - focusing on STEM education projects at the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. In 2013, she was named Director of the Texas State University LBJ Institute for STEM Education and Re- search. Her research interests include studying the role of engineering as a curricular context and problem- based learning as an instructional

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Homero Gregorio Murzi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Greenwood Press: Westport Connenicut. p. 115 - 133.32. Johnson, D., R. Johnson, and K. Smith, Cooperative Learning Returns to College: What evidence is there that it works? Change, 1998. 30(4): p. 26-35.33. Nembhard, D., K. Yip, and A. Shtub, Comparing competitive and cooperative strategies for learning project management. Journal of Engineering Education, 2009. 98(2): p. 181-192.34. Keyser, M.W., Active learning and cooperative learning: understanding the difference and using both styles effectively. Research Strategies, 2000. 17(1): p. 35-44.35. Pimmel, R., Cooperative learning instructional activities in a capstone design course. Journal of Engineering Education, 2001. 90(3): p. 413-421.36. Finelli, C.J., A

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Huettel, Duke University; Michael R. Gustafson II, Duke University; Joseph C. Nadeau, Duke University; David E. Schaad, Duke University; Michael M. Barger, Duke University; Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

thesecourses implemented the EGC framework in a manner appropriate for their course. For example,students in the signal processing course investigated the EGC of “Reverse-Engineering theBrain”, which included a lecture/discussion led by a neuroscientist who uses signal processing,followed by a project assignment that applied spectral analysis and filter design to publiclyavailable data from a brain-computer interface contest. For all courses, baseline data werecollected from the same classes taught by the same instructors in the previous year.Results from the first year of implementation indicated significant benefits for the EGCframework, as well as differences in effectiveness across settings. Each student provided datathat included self-reported

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); M. Eric Carr, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

technologies to enhance Drexel’s Engineering Tech- nology course offerings. Eric is currently pursuing a Ph.D in Computer Engineering at Drexel, and is an author of several technical papers in the field of Engineering Technology Education. Page 24.1091.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014Imaging of Solar Cells:A Gateway to Teaching STEM DisciplinesAbstractIn this project, we are using image processing (both visible, near infrared, and farinfrared) to study various aspects of solar cells including their materials, deviceoperation, defects, variability, and reliability. Laboratory projects

Conference Session

Curriculum & Student Enrollment II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Miguel Bazdresch, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

patterns would be appropriate for a senior design course. Page 24.1299.5AssessmentWe have only started testing the idea of digital design patterns in our courses, and any results arepreliminary. We have two assessment measures at this point. One is indirect, and is the difficultyof the capstone project in a course on hardware description languages. Most students were ableto design and test a craps game simulator on an FPGA-based educational development board.The design included the user interface, the rules implementation and the random numbergenerators. Students implemented a small package of their own with some design patterns, andwere asked

Conference Session

Curriculum & Student Enrollment I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Immanuel Adaikalaraj Edinbarough, University of Texas, Brownsville; Posinasetti Nageswara Rao, University of Northern Iowa; Kanchan Das, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Automation 14.3% 14.3% 35.7% 35.7% 13. Computer Integrated manufacturing 23.1% 15.4% 38.5% 23.1% 14. Project and Organizational Management 16.7% 25.0% 50.0% 33.3% 15. Capstone Projects in manufacturing / Senior 21.4% 14.3% 50.4% 21.4% Design Projects 16. Sustainable manufacturing 22.2% 33.3% 11.1% 44.4% Table 5: The manufacturing engineering technology contents covered by the participating faculty B.S. in

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Shankar Muthu Krishnan, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Page 20.12.3including biomedical electronics, biomechanics and biomaterials, BME capstone projects, design,and BME elective courses as well as courses in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Mechanical Engineering, Math and Physical and Life Sciences. These are often complimented byan array of courses in Humanities and Social Sciences.Students may be offered a choice of tracks, depending on the emphasis to be placed in the BMEprogram. These tracks include biomechanics, bioelectronics, biomaterials, etc. The selectedspecialization will determine which courses are appropriate for students to gain relevant expertise.In order to ensure a well-rounded training, related programs have generally begun to increase thelaboratory, design, and

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Schell IV P.E., Montana State University; Paul J. Kauffmann P.E., East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

industry can provide substantial direct experience in the types of work that mightbe assigned. A prominent example would be serving on selection committees, where theindustry experienced faculty member has likely screened, interviewed, and hired morecandidates than most departments might work with in a decade or longer. Additionally, it isimportant that industry experience candidates look for ways to leverage service into the otheraspects of their appointment. For example serving on an internal research grant or NSF selectionreview panel can provide insight into how decisions are made to fund proposals, while servingon a group to solicit industry capstone projects can potentially lead to research activities andfuture publications.26 Finally

Conference Session

The Interdisciplinary Nature of Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaofeng Tang, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Multidisciplinary Engineering

research includes in-depth case studies of three programs that seek to educateengineers as liberal learners: the engineering program at Harvey Mudd College (“HMC” Page 24.1374.2hereafter), a liberal arts college for engineers, scientists, and mathematicians; the PickerEngineering Program (“Picker” hereafter) at Smith College, the only ABET accreditedengineering program in a women’s liberal arts college; and the program of Design, Innovation,and Society (“DIS” hereafter) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a program that blendsengineering, arts, and critical social studies in design learning.Data for the dissertation research project was collected

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Education Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland; Jon Down, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

skills to compete in the globalbusiness environment when they meet with international business leaders on their travels abroad.They interact with America’s best entrepreneurs to learn business strategies. They design,implement, and lead a business project that aims to be the best of its kind in the world. They aretreated to guest lectures in the classroom and a year-long series of business workshops held bysome of the Northwest’s most successful business leaders. See Appendix 2 for descriptions ofthe three courses in the E-Scholars program.E-Scholars travel both domestically and abroad to meet business leaders across the globe. Allstudents travel to New York, where they meet with companies, consultants, non-profits andgovernment agencies, to

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Constituent Committee Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian J. Novoselich, Virginia Tech; David B. Knight, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

Paper ID #9063Developing engineers who lead: Are student, faculty and administrator per-spectives aligned?Lt. Col. Brian J Novoselich P.E., Virginia Tech Brian Novoselich is an active duty Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army and currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. His is a former assistant professor at the United States Military Academy. His dissertation research interest is undergraduate student leadership development in capstone design teams.Dr. David B Knight, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education David Knight is an Assistant Professor in the

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sigrid Berka, University of Rhode Island; Walter von Reinhart

Tagged Divisions

International

the Institute for Tool Machinesand continued working for the company’s parent in Wolfach, Germany. When those studentsreturned to URI for their 5th year of studies, they often participated in a capstone design projectwhich was also sponsored by the same company for which they had interned both locally andglobally. Several of them were hired upon graduation by those companies if they did not decideto pursue a master’s degree elsewhere. Again, tying together experiential learning through ameaningful sequence of research and internships during study abroad gives the student acompetitive advantage on the job market.24Undergraduate Research Linked to a Greater CauseIt can also happen that a student’s international research project is part of a

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Zachary Boorman; Richard Freitas; Kristie Kordana; Adam Stanley

, have adjustable settings to ac- stones and deliverables as well as when focus groups would becommodate a wide age range of riders, and be both visually and conducted for testing the product. A carrying case was de-ergonomically appealing for the rider and user. When collapsed, signed and manufactured using the chosen colors of blue andthe device should fit in a backpack style carrying case. Therefore, yellow.the ultimate goal of this multidisciplinary capstone engineering The product called “Collapsible Kid Cruiser™,” con-project is to acquire a patent for a device that meets the afore- sists of five different subsystems. The subsystems include thementioned requirements and develop a fully functional proto

Conference Session

ECE Program Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hui Zhong, Shandong University/Gannon University; Lin Zhao, Gannon University; Yuzhe Zhang

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

-week production practice course in the summer before senior year. Students work in local power plants as interns and are directly involved in the production process. This course gives students an excellent opportunity to apply knowledge learn to the real working environment in Chinese power industry while learning new things in the areas of actual production process and project management. 5. A 16 credits 16-week senior capstone practice course. Students spend 16 weeks working as interns in engineering firms and solve well-defined engineering problems. In general, students also spend the last semester of their senior year working on their diploma thesis at the same firms. This practice course

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division New Ideas Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James V. Green, University of Maryland, College Park; Alyssa E. Cohen Sherman, University of Maryland

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

5% Strategic Analysis 5% Value Curve 5% Team Projects Business Model Canvas 15% Business Plan Evaluation 15% Peer Evaluation 10% Contributions and Discussions 10% The ten weekly individual assignments are a mix of true – false, multiple choice, and numericsolutions that are automatically graded. One or more short answer questions are included withineach individual assignment. These are human graded.The team projects include the “Business Model Canvas” and the

Conference Session

Track 1b - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Mert Bal, Miami University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

. Page 20.5.4Remote Robotics Laboratory Workstation System OverviewThe remote robotic laboratory workstation is an instructional system designed and developedmainly by the students of the program as part of their senior design capstone projects.The system uses World-Wide-Web to enable distance students access an industrial robot armmanipulator located in one of the laboratories on campus. The robot arm manipulator used forthis project is a five-axis Mitsubishi Movemaster RV-M1 robot with 1.2 kg lifting capacity 11.The control device of the robot is equipped with the card containing 16 binary inputs andoutputs. It also connects to a personal computer, using Centronics or RS232 port. Despite itssmall size, the robot constitutes a typical