Conference Session

Graduate Student Experience

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krystal S. Corbett, Louisiana Tech University; Galen E. Turner III, Louisiana Tech University; Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Narate Taerat, Louisiana Tech University; Nichamon Naksinehaboon, Louisiana Tech University; Oneka Tiwanna Cummings, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Student

reflect positively on their university. The conference would allow graduate students topractice presenting their research as well as gain exposure to other research conducted at theuniversity. The conference would also provide an atmosphere for socializing or networking withother students as well as faculty outside the confinement of the classroom or lab walls. Creatingan atmosphere of a social nature has been shown to increase collaboration and quality of work 3.Additionally, having a college wide conference could provide an opportunity to show newgraduate students the wide range of research being conducted. Typically new graduate studentsdo not have the knowledge of what research they are interested in1, by having a conference thestudents could

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Trends and Tools

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron P. Wemhoff, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

disadvantages of applying the three problem-solvingapproaches: experimental, theoretical, and computational. Experimental approaches can be tooexpensive or require too much lead time, and in some cases the use of experiments is not alloweddue to legal or political reasons8. Theoretical approaches may oversimplify problems byapplying invalid approximations and assumptions to make it analytically solvable. Likewise,computational approaches may inherently contain simplifications that may not reflect reality.Furthermore, computational approaches can often provide solutions that theoretical approachescannot feasibly solve, but the risk of a poor computational setup will result in poor answers. Forthis reason, software users must recognize these limitations

Conference Session

New and Innovative Ideas

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue Ph.D., Towson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and students might use video cameras asteaching and learning tools in their elementary classrooms at all; and still fewer position camerasas tools for evidence-based reasoning in these contexts. This is quite apart from researcherscollecting and using video data,5 or for teachers using video data to reflect on their teaching.6 Some published studies provide relevant insights, including articles in which digital stillcameras have been used to support children’s science education. For example, Davison wroteabout how her second graders developed inquiry questions prior to a trip to the zoo (e.g., “Howdo the animal cages look like animal habitats?), and then took digital pictures while at the zoo ofevidence to help them answer their

Conference Session

Projects in Instrumentation and Control

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Hossain, Purdue University, Calumet; Tanima Zaman, Purdue University Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

interactionbetween the user and the machine/process in automation industry, a good HMI display makesthis interaction flawless and smooth. On the contrary, a poor HMI design makes it difficult forthe operators to have a clear understanding of the machine/process and contributes to reducedsystems performance, significant amount of production loss, or even accidents/fatalities at worst.In the process industry, high performance HMI display design focuses on providing maximumamount of effective information related with a machine/process. There is a misconception thatincorporating more raw data means providing more information. In real sense, providing usefuldata with proper presentation is reflected as information while designing an efficient HMIdisplay. Well

Conference Session

New Research and Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly J. Cross, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

disidentificationproposed by Steele, Osborne defines identification with academics as “the extent to whichacademic outcomes affect self-esteem.”10, p. 731 More broadly, it reflects individuals’ sense ofbelongingness in a domain and the degree to which they value success in that domain as ameasure of self.The primary research methodology associated with identification with academics is quantitativesurvey data using validated instruments to measure identification as construct, followed bycorrelational data analysis between the construct and varying measures of academic success.Studies have examined both secondary and college students in a range of institutional settings,though in general the studies focus on identification with academics broadly and do not

Conference Session

Lessons learned

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ibrahim F. Zeid, Northeastern University; Ramiro g Gonzalez, Boston Arts Academy High School; Cassandra Wallace, Boston Arts Academy High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Founded in 1998, Boston Arts Academy (BAA) is the city’s first and only high school forthe visual and performing arts [1]. It was founded on the conviction that academics and the artsare equally important to student development and achievement. The arts are integratedthroughout the academic curriculum motivating students with a variety of learning styles tosucceed in high school and pursue higher education. BAA is committed to providing a rigorousarts and academic education to urban youth who seldom have the opportunity to focus on thearts. Its 405 students reflect the diversity of the seventeen Boston neighborhoods from whichthey come: 49% are African American, 29% Latino, 17% Caucasian, 3% Asian, and 2% self-identified as Other. Nearly

Conference Session

Innovations in Materials Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harovel G. Wheat, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Materials

future corrosion issues, and begin to think about and propose (ifpossible) solutions based on changes in material choices and/or system design. The groupdescriptions of renewable energy sources/energy related issues varied slightly, but some ofthe major corrosion problems are briefly summarized below.Solar Corrosive effects on solar panels Degradation of metallic reflective coatings and/or reflective substrate materials Corrosion associated with the metal connectorsWind Atmospheric, uniform and crevice corrosion of wind turbine blades Degradation of zinc or zinc/aluminum alloy coatings for corrosion protection Corrosion from extreme marine environments in offshore wind farmsBiofuels Stress corrosion cracking in pipelines

Conference Session

Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shamsnaz Virani, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley; Iris B. Burnham, Da Vinci School for Science and the Arts

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, Understanding by Design (UBD).This format begins with clear objectives for student outcomes using Bloom’s Taxonomy; aMotivational or Student Engagement Component; an array of delivery methodologies includingteam work, lecture, project-based learning and inquiry-based learning; concluding with self-reflection exercises and formative assessment of the objectives. The specific artifacts of the UBDincluding the mission goals, essential questions and the objectives are included in appendix. Acore group of science, math and technology teachers, and the school superintendent wereinvolved in the development of the UBD artifacts customizing the curriculum to Da Vincischool.For example, the Framework in the 9th grade begins with Engineering & Me. The

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Constans, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Hong Zhang, Rowan University; Bonnie Angelone, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

testing will be conducted to assess a) change in retention between courses and b)change in student problem-solving and design skills.BackgroundMany sources have made the case for reforming engineering education to reflect modern trends.Most notably, a recent National Academy of Engineering (NAE) report found that2 Engineering education must avoid the cliché of teaching more and more about less and less, until it teaches everything about nothing. Addressing this problem may involve reconsideration of the basic structure of engineering departments and the infrastructure for evaluating the performance of professors as much as it does selecting the coursework students should be taught.The report also stressed the importance of teaching

Conference Session

Design Spine

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Constans, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Krishan Kumar Bhatia, Rowan University; Hong Zhang, Rowan University; Tom Merrill, Rowan University; Bonnie Angelone, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

knowledge retention. Page 25.814.2 2. A large-scale design project requiring tools from many courses improves student problem-solving and design skills.By integrating five semesters of the mechanical engineering curriculum into a cohesive whole,this project has the potential to transform the way undergraduate education is delivered. Beforeand after testing will be conducted to assess a) change in retention between courses and b)change in student problem-solving and design skills.BackgroundMany sources have made the case for reforming engineering education to reflect modern trends.Most notably, a recent National Academy of Engineering (NAE

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Denson, Utah State University; Chandra Y. Austin, Auburn University; Christine E. Hailey, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

ground theory approach to analyze the focus groupresults. The grounded theory approach yields themes that are formed from the grouping of codesaccording to conceptual categories that reflect commonalities among coded data.10 In this study,researchers looked for emergent themes formed from the focus group participants’ responses.This was done by looking at the transcribed recordings and notes that were taken during eachinterview session. Initial data examination was done independently by each researcher prior tocoming together to discuss the themes that were prevalent. Individual researchers reviewedcollected responses and gradually went from coding to categories, and eventually theory buildingwhich lead to the development of activity components

Conference Session

First-year Programs Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Worley, University of North Dakota; Jeremiah J. Neubert, University of North Dakota; Naima Kaabouch, University of North Dakota; Mohammad Khavanin, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

confident” in their mathematical abilities,“somewhat prepared” to take calculus, and “somewhat confident” in their ability to succeed inengineering after taking the summer bridge course. One student reflected a feeling of “veryconfident” in mathematical abilities, “very prepared” to take calculus, and “extremely confident”in ability to succeed in engineering after taking the summer bridge course.Engineering retention ratesAlthough student records have not yet been received to determine enrollment patterns in mathand engineering courses and academic major selection following bridge course completion, wereviewed student responses to questions about intent to take math and engineering courses, aswell as identification of intended major. This line of

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert A. Chin, East Carolina University; I. Richmond Nettey, Kent State University; Edem G. Tetteh; Philip Weinsier, Bowling Green State University, Firelands

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, the funds should support travel to present the research findings and page fees for disseminating the findings. Funding is also part of the validation process.• Know when to talk about your accomplishments and when not. Keep in mind, your accomplishments are a reflection and reflect upon the department, college, and institution.• FolioWeb and like portals for managing online electronic portfolios—the future—vs paper portfolios.DiscussionThe topic of tenure and promotion continues to elicit interest and appears to be of value to ASEEAnnual Conference audience members, authors, and presenters. The intent of this paper was toshare the findings of a tenure and promotion panel discussion and forum that was offered duringa

Conference Session

Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jessica Erin Sprowl; Rui Pan, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Melissa Dyehouse, Purdue University; Carrie A. Wachter Morris, Purdue University; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

processes orproducts.21 Within this frame, they argued that the choices an engineer can make are always “acombination between objective criteria and subjective reflection” (p. 182f) and that the bestproduct would be designed “in the sense of care and compassion for the other in a socialcontext”. (p.183)21HumanitarianHumanitarian engineering is “a balance of technical excellence, economic feasibility, ethicalmaturity, and cultural sensitivity”. (p.1)22 It requires engineers to “design under constraints todirectly improve the wellbeing of underserved populations”. (p.2)22 These constraints might be“not just physical and economic, but also environmental, legal, political, cultural and ethical”.(p.2)23Haselkorn believed that engineers should apply

Conference Session

First-year Programs Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Rippon, Arizona State University; James Collofello, Arizona State University; Robin R. Hammond, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

turnout ofmore than 610 engineering freshmen which was a good compromise between our two fears: thatvery few students would attend or that all 1,137 of our freshmen would show and overwhelmboth our facility and our industry partners.In reflecting on the inaugural Freshman Career Exploration Evening, it occurred to us that theevent seemed to have taken place in a vacuum with little actual and deliberate ties to otherlearning and developmental experiences that our engineering freshmen encounter. With this inmind while preparing for the 2011 event, the ASU Engineering Career Center developed amultifaceted freshman career exploration curriculum that plugged into the engineering successcourses starting that fall. The Freshman Career Exploration

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

consisted of thenew educators’ self evaluations of their effectiveness as teachers as shown in Table 1. Thesurveys were administered before and after use of the pedagogical instrument. The secondconfidential survey asked students to evaluate the new educators’ teaching effectiveness asshown in Table 2. Table 3 contains several examples of critical thinking questions used in theactivities showing the core components of critical thinking.ObservationAttention plays an important part in observation. Students are encouraged to look at detailsbecause this is an important skill in all professions. Observation equips us with the materialnecessary for thought, reflection and judgment. Observation is influenced by experience,knowledge and emotion.Students

Conference Session

Research in Assessment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luanna B. Prevost, Michigan State University; Kevin C. Haudek, Michigan State University; John E. Merrill, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

node sizes indicating the morecorrect responses contained these predictive ideas (i.e. reactants, products, energy of products,lower (energy). Correct responses also contained terms in the category delta G while incorrectresponses did not.We also observed more co-occurrences among categories in the correct responses than amongcategories in the incorrect responses web diagram. These co-occurrences are also more frequentas represented by the solid line between the nodes reactants and lower in the correct responseweb diagram. These connections reflect the comparisons made by students giving correctresponses, such as the response ―…with the products having less energy than the reactants‖which contained 3 ideas. In contrast, the fewer or weaker

Conference Session

Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hassan Moghbelli, Texas A7M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

array. The following factors are affected on the performance of a solar cell4: Sunlight and the angle that the sunrays hit the PV cell. Climate conditions such as clouds, fog, dust. The atmospheric layer's absorption and reflection. Temperature of the surroundings. Fig 2. Solar panel configurationsThe equivalent circuit of PV cells can be modeled as a current source in parallel with a diodeand series and shunt resistances4,5 as shown in Fig. 3. The output current I is obtained from:  q ( V  Rs I )  V  Rs I I  I l  I 0  e nkT  1  (1)   R SH

Conference Session

Outreach Activities and Introductory Materials Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Alexander Sterling; Jacquelyn E. Kelly, Maricopa County Education Service Agency; Danny Stehlik, Arizona State University; Omowunmi Isaacs-Sodeye, Arizona State University; Dale R. Baker, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

that instructors shouldpromote and facilitate student reflection so they become more metacognitive learners who candevelop their own expertise by defining learning goals and monitoring their own progress. Infocusing on the first principle, awareness of prior knowledge, it is critical to have an approach toreveal students' prior knowledge and understanding of a given topic in order to developimproved strategies for teaching that topic. In introductory materials science and engineeringcourses, one of the key topics to understanding the basis for the properties of materials is thetopic of crystal structures. An important aspect of instruction on crystal structures is for studentsto develop an ability to visualize two-dimensional projections of

Conference Session

Assessment in Graphics Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Burke, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

. Students did not submit the diaries until one week hadelapsed following each task. This allowed reflection on the task subsequent to its completionin addition to providing the researcher feedback on their thoughts whilst working in their owntime. The diary included questions relating to the difficulty and enjoyment experienced aswell as what they felt might have helped to enable them to perform better at the task.Task 1The first four hour session of Task 1 entailed instruction on surfacing techniques and relevantfeatures in SolidWorks. The session was held in a computer lab where each student had aworkstation running SolidWorks 2011 and the instructor operated SolidWorks from the frontof the room on two large projector screens. A sample design of

Conference Session

Assessment in Graphics Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niall Seery, University of Limerick; Diarmaid Lane, University of Limerick; Donal Canty, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

and the ability to produce analytical solutions with deductive reasoning, andpresent data, ideas and concepts. The role of internal dialogue or dialectic is a more implicitconcept that supports the development of an ability to synthesize ideas, see relationship andsynergies and utilize external representations as a means of refining cognitive process. Thisdialectic approach supports students using graphics as a medium for innovation, evaluation,reflection and enquiry.Assessment and learningAssessment must capture a broader conception of understanding and tacit abilities while stillbeing valid and reliable. To capture what counts as educational attainment becomesincreasingly difficult when we change the nature or construct of what it is that

Conference Session

Assessment in Graphics Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice Y. Scales, North Carolina State University; Terri E. Varnado, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

[p. 2].Figure 2 displays a structure for active learning that shows how the elements of active learningstudents perform creates the building blocks of active learning strategies4.   Elements talking and listening writing reading reflecting ↓ Learning Strategies small groups cooperative work case studies outside speakers discussion teaching problem solving journal writing

Conference Session

Graduate Education in ETD

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell L. Springer P.M.P., S.P.H.R., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Gary R. Bertoline, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology, Graduate Studies

, nor is it to define thediscipline of technology. The intent is to understand and critically reflect on the meaning ofthese two concepts and draw associations between them in an evolving effort to define anddevelop the 21st Century Technologist. It is only through a comprehensive understanding ofthese related concepts that we can draw parallels and capitalize on existing bodies of knowledge.As discussed by Bertoline6, technology is a pervasive feature of our contemporary culture but itis more than that; it is a defining feature of the human condition. Page 25.217.3We know a great deal about technologies in an individual sense, but much less

Conference Session

New Research and Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nadgee Mar González García, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Laura Isabel Nieves, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Paola Beatriz Pacheco, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Rosaurelis Joanne Marín, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Aidsa I. Santiago-Román, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

petroleum institute(experimental group).8 Students’ responses were compared with those from students at apetroleum-engineering program in a US private institution (control group) to determine iflanguage was a factor that influenced students’ performance.8 Results revealed that some of thefactors that can influence students’ performance are the cultural biases of the assessment. Forinstance, many students were familiarized with certain connotations because of the way theywere taught and when the interaction with the scientific language was suddenly changed, it wasdifficult for students to recognize and detect what the question wanted them to reflect on. Also,another difficulty encountered was directly related to the translation of the FCI

Conference Session

Middle School Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cher C. Hendricks, Georgia Institute of Technology; Barbara Burks Fasse Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2012-2946: THE IMPACT OF A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING LAUNCHERUNIT ON EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION AND INTERESTIN SCIENCEProf. Cher C. Hendricks, Georgia Institute of Technology Cher Hendricks is a Research Scientist II at Georgia Institute of Technology. The focus of her work is on K-12 STEM programs. Prior to her work at Georgia Tech, she was an Associate Professor of educational research at the University of West Georgia (1998-2010) and a special education teacher. In addition to her STEM research, Hendricks is author of the textbook Improving Schools through Action Research: A Reflective Practice Approach. The third edition was released in February.Dr. Barbara Burks Fasse Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology

Conference Session

Innovative Course Developments in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio; Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Construction

one ofthe major expectations in the construction industry. The author is able to include this commentbecause of his personal industry experience and working relationships with the members of theconstruction advisory council in his institution.The complex nature of MEP construction is also reflected in professional developmentopportunities including the Mechanical Electrical Academic Consortium (MEAC). MEAC isestablished under the Associated Schools of Construction structure to focus on MEP education incollaboration with academia and specialty trade associations2. The Consortium delivers a“Mechanical and Electrical Faculty Boot Camp” to address the need and provide hands onexperience in the mechanical and electrical specialties. As another

Conference Session

Design Cognition I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Rowsome, University of Limerick; Niall Seery, University of Limerick; Seamus Gordon, University of Limerick; Diarmaid Lane, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

of specific manufacturing skills and knowledge aboutspecific materials and the properties of such materials are fundamental topics in the syllabus.The skills employed cover the broad range of decorative metalwork skills as outlined in theJunior Cycle Metalwork syllabus [15]. This includes such processes as hot and cold forming ofmetals, i.e. scrolling and twisting, hollowing, planishing, etc. The transfer activities aredescribed in Figure 1.Conducting ActivitiesThe transfer activities were set up to reflect Kolb’s theoretical learning cycle where studentsobserved a demonstration of a skill (concrete experience), reviewed technical details(reflective observation), transferred information into a new design idea (abstractconceptualisation) and

Conference Session

Green Renewable Energy and Engineering Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Zafrul Hasan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Page 25.1377.6 Figure 2. Industry Sponsored ProjectsMicroprocessor / Microcontroller usage:Use of microprocessor or microcontroller has penetrated all fields especially the embeddeddomain. As majority of capstone project falls into the embedded category, such penetration isobvious and is reflected in Figure 3. Figure 3. Percentage of Projects using MP/MCWith gradual increase from 2005, the usage level has reached 100% in recent years. This is Page 25.1377.7healthy as use of microprocessor provides flexibility to the system by adjusting / modifying thecode to suit the changing requirements

Conference Session

Two-year Institutions Help Fill the STEM Pipeline

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Ford, Western Carolina University; Robert Elliot Steffen, Western Carolina University; Robert Wayne Ford, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

facultyand administrators should be especially cognizant of retention rates, and the relationship of SATscores to the successful completion of their programs by their students.A linear regression model to predict an expected campus freshman retention rate was producedusing average campus SAT scores. Initial examination indicates that some campuses have loweraverage freshman retention rates than other campuses due substantially to the level of freshmanhigh school preparation as reflected by Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores. Studentperformance on the SAT is a primary indicator of first year student success, but other factors mayalso influence retention and provide opportunities for faculty and administrators to improveretention rates above

Conference Session

The Transition from Secondary to College Mathematics

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alex Feldman, Boise State University; Doug Bullock, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.References1. http://www.aleks.com/2. Rueda, N.G. & Sokolowski, C. (2004). Mathematics Placement Test: Helping Students Succeed. TheMathematics Educator, 14 (2) (pp. 27-33).3. Cederberg, J. N. (1999). Administering a placement test: St. Olaf College. In B. Gold, S. Keith, & W. Marion(Eds.), Assessment practices in undergraduate mathematics (pp. 178−180). Washington, DC: MathematicsAssociation of America.4. Cohen, E., Friedlander, J., Kelemen-Lohnas, E., & Elmore, R. (1989). Approaches to predicting student success:Findings and recommendations from a study of California Community Colleges. Santa Barbara, CA: Chancellor’sOffice of the California