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Displaying results 301 - 330 of 521 in total
Conference Session
Research on Design Learning
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Laura Sánchez-Parkinson, University of Michigan ; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; James Paul Holloway, University of Michigan; Amy J Conger, University of Michigan; Kathleen H. Sienko, University of Michigan; Lorelle A Meadows, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
afford, which is nice. A lot was just making it up, trying it out, and seeing what worked and what did not work.” (Hayley)Richard and Hayley’s ability to engage led them to learn new ideas and perspectives on how todesign.Invested & CommittedOur framework also highlights invested and committed student designers. In the context of ourframework, this category captures personal commitment to social justice and the sustainability ofthe design and processes. At the novice sophistication level, a student approaches design as asingular task without intention to apply what has been learned to a new situation. An awarestudent has a developing sense of social responsibility and ethics. They begin to explore theimpact of the design in the social
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kijung Park, Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University; Gül E. Okudan Kremer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sadan Kulturel-Konak, Penn State Berks; Abdullah Konak, Penn State Berks ; Ivan E. Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University, Media
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
individuals in team projects. In Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Information technology education, Newark, NJ, USA.12. Van Duzer, E. and McMartin, F. (2000). Methods to improve the validity and sensitivity of a self/peer assessment instrument. IEEE Transactions on Education 43(2), 153-158.13. Shuman, L. J., Clark, R. M., Besterfield-Sacre, M., and Yildirim, T. P. (2008). Work in Progress - Ethical Model Eliciting Activities (E-MEA) - extending the construct. Piscataway, NJ, USA.14. Sindelar, M., Shuman, L., Besterfield-Sacre, M., Miller, R., Mitcham, C., Olds, B., and Page 26.1160.11 Wolfe, H. (2003). Assessing engineering students
Conference Session
The Philosophy of Engineering and Technological Literacy
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Heywood, Trinity College, Dublin
Tagged Divisions
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering
can see this worked out in Kallenberg’s [22] approach tothe teaching of ethics to engineering students, and we can also see that by substation of theengineering examples it is a more general application of design as knowledge. As both Kallenburgand Koen point out in any area of thought and practice that is ‘messy’ heuristics are valuable.Exercise 3. Student activity in relation to teaching decision making and its outcomesI had neither of these things in mind when I asked my students to design and implement a lesson toevaluate the merits of Wales and Stager’s design/problem solving heuristic for teaching decisionmaking. This heuristic was widely discussed by engineering educators in the nineteen seventies (Eckand Wilhelm, 1979 [23]; Heywood[24
Conference Session
Assessment of Engineering Leadership Skills
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto; Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto, ILead; Robin Sacks, University of Toronto
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development Division
Education in Engineering (ILead) at the University of Toronto. Her research interests include engineering leadership, engineering ethics education, critical theory, teacher leadership and social justice teacher unionism.Dr. Robin Sacks, University of Toronto Dr. Sacks is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering at the University of Toronto teaching leadership and positive psychology at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. Robin also serves as the Director of Research for the Engineering Leadership Project at the Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering which aims to identify how engineers lead in the workplace
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer I
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Devshikha Bose, Boise State University; Krishna Pakala, Boise State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
order to solve problems we don’t even know are problems yet.”-Richard Riley, Former Secretary of EducationThis project is aimed at achieving mastery of the subject matter through development of key skillssuch as: Page 26.1641.18 • Oral and written communication • Critical thinking and problem solving • Professionalism and work ethic • Applying technology • Project management The table below lists three projects and their due dates. Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 CHs. 1, 2, 3 CHs. 4, 5, 6 Chs. 7, 8Due
Conference Session
Aerospace Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Masoud Rais-Rohani, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
in the course, they are introduced to otherimportant aspects of engineering such as teamwork, communication skills, time management,personal responsibility and ethics. Details of the individual experiential learning activities andthe resulting outcomes are presented and discussed.1. IntroductionExperience shows that when students are engaged in activities that integrate both cognitive andsensory systems, they are more likely to maintain focus and have better retention of the subjectpresented. There is anecdotal and scientific evidence to support the positive impact ofexperiential learning that many experienced teachers know to be true through personalinteractions with students.The continuing interest in active, collaborative, cooperative
Conference Session
Civic Engagement and Volunteerism in Engineering
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shoba Krishnan, Santa Clara University; Tonya Lynn Nilsson P.E., Santa Clara University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
/IEC 27002 Information technology – Security Techniques – Code of practice for theinformation security management, as published by the International Organization forStandards.18Student ReflectionsThe experience for undergraduate students to work on a project where they determine and definethe constraints based on regulations and client demands is important to their growth as engineers.To help students recognize the value of the experience, they are required to write reflections onCommunity Partnerships, Civic Engagement, Societal and Ethical Impact, and Overall LearningGains in reference to their projects. Students are provided a short description on what reflectionsshould contain and what the focus should be. For the reflection on civic
Conference Session
Studying Engineering Education Research & Institutions
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Corey Owen, University of Saskatchewan; Debora Rolfes, University of Saskatchewan
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
Paper ID #12357Communication Class Size and Professional IdentityDr. Corey Owen, University of Saskatchewan Corey Owen received his PhD in English from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada in 2007. Since then, he has been teaching in the Ron and Jane Graham School of Professional Development in the University of Saskatchewan’s College of Engineering. His research focuses on issues of rhetoric, identity, and learning theory, as well as medieval ethics and literature.Prof. Debora Rolfes, University of Saskatchewan Debora Rolfes is an assistant professor in the Ron and Jane Graham School of Professional
Conference Session
Revitalization of Manufacturing Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Derek M. Yip-Hoi, Western Washington University; Jeffrey L. Newcomer, Western Washington University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
MATH 224 MultiVariable Calculus and Geometry I 5 EE 352 Introduction to Automation and Controls 4 PHYS 162 Physics with Calculus II 5 PCE 372 Introduction to Composites Materials and Processes 5 MFGE 333 Design for Manufacture 4 Fall ENGR 214 Statics 4 Fall MFGE 491 Project Research, Planning and Ethics 4 MATH 204 Linear Algebra
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
ZhongLi FU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies (CNSSS) In National University of Defense Technology (NUDT).; Huang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology; Lini ZHOU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Tong Wu, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Zhao Zhao, National University of Defense Technology; Changfang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology
Tagged Topics
International Forum
research on engineer- ing education as a visiting scholar in Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHKUSTin 2013. His research interests are in Engineering Educationincluding adult education and distance learning prac- tice. He is the member of the International Association for Continuing Engineering EducationIACEE. He holds Bachelor of Engineering from College of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, and Master of Military Science from College of Information System and Management, both of them are in NUDT.Dr. Huang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology Zhang Huang is a Lecturer in the National University of Defense Technology. His main research interests include global engineering education, ethics
Conference Session
Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Capstone Design Projects
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Morteza Sadat-Hossieny, Northern Kentucky University; Mauricio Torres, Northern Kentucky University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
courses that:  Accumulate project knowledge  Transmit project knowledgeFor social implications – important concepts are those that:  Promote and safeguard the health and safety as well as the welfare of the public;  Demonstrate an awareness of the consequences any negative impact;  Follows a code of ethics that promotes integrity and engineering professionalism.Students that adhere to this process are expected to work on different aspects of their seniorprojects as they take classes that deal with the above concepts in a gradual but interactive format[18].ConclusionThe senior project course EGT417 outcomes are mapped according to the ABET accreditationcriteria [1], as depicted in table 2. Similarly all other MMET program courses are
Conference Session
Computers in Education Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amber Shanice Solomon, Clemson University; Sekou L Remy, Clemson University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
to modern problem solving andprogramming methods using C. Students use appropriate tools and discuss ethical issues arisingfrom the impact of computing upon society. Topics in this course include Unix; representation ofinteger, floating point, and character data; declarations; loops and conditionals; functions andparameter passing; searching and sorting; structured data types; and pointers. The students usedIaaS to implement one of the three programming assignments during the course.The learning objectives for this class are as follows: 1. To demonstrate understanding of the basic problem solving process of implementing a computer program to solve a problem. 2. To write and run simple computer programs using C 3. To appreciate
Conference Session
Pipeline and Performance in BME Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Megan F. Campanile, Illinois Institute of Technology; Norman G. Lederman, Illinois Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
its complications. Students participating in thesummer program were supported by two different mechanisms: 1) The National ScienceFoundation (NSF) REU program (EEC-1157041, EEC-0852048, and EEC-0552896) whichprimarily supports students from off-campus. 2) Institutional funding that only supportedstudents from within the institution. All students were paired with an engineering faculty member from the host institution.Over the 10 weeks they performed an engineering research project focused on the study ortreatment of diabetes or its complications. In addition to research activities, undergraduates tookpart in ethics training, weekly seminars and a K-12 outreach activity. While the activities werethe same for students in both programs
Conference Session
First-year Programs Division Technical Session 8: Project-based Learning and Cornerstone Courses
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James A Middleton, Arizona State University; Stephen J Krause, Arizona State University; Kendra Rae Beeley; Eugene Judson, Arizona State University; John Ernzen; Ying-Chih Chen, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
instructor focus on students learning as opposed to presenting material. 2. In ethically responsible ways, instructors share decision making about learning with students. Teachers control less, but students are involved more. 3. Content is used to build a knowledge base, to develop learning skills and to foster learner self-awareness of their abilities. Teaching approaches account for students’ learning modes and strategies. 4. Instructors and students, together, create learning environments that motivate students to accept responsibility for learning. 5. Assessment activities are used to promote learning and to develop self and peer assessment skills, not to evaluate performance primarily. In a recent meta
Conference Session
Virtual Instruction and Collaboration
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Pilar Pazos, Old Dominion University; Nina Magpili
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
undergraduatecourse is Ethics in Engineering and the graduate course is a systems analysis class at the graduate Page 26.754.7level. Both courses have a team project that accounts to approximately 50% of the total coursegrade.Next, we describe the samples used to test the hypotheses.Control group: baseline data collection using the same courses and projects as the treatmentwithout using the collaboration platformUndergraduate n=40, Graduate n=24Treatment group: students enrolled in the same selected courses participating in the same type ofprojects without using the collaboration platformUndergraduate n=33, Graduate n=40We analyzed the impact of the
Conference Session
Introductory Experiences in Chemical Engineering
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alexander Vincent Struck Jannini, Rowan University; Mary Staehle, Rowan University; Joseph Francis Stanzione III, Rowan University; Christian Michael Wisniewski, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
, 2012.[10] J. M. Basart, M. Farrús and M. Serra, "New Ethical Challenges for Today Engineering and Technology," Telematics and Informatics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 409-415, 2015.[11] A. Refern and P. Snedcker, "Creating Market Opportunities for Small Enterprises: Experiences of the Fair Trade Movement," International Labor Office, Geneva, 2002.[12] International Labor Rights Forum, "Cocoa Campaign," International Labor Rights Forum, [Online]. Available: http://www.laborrights.org/industries/cocoa. [Accessed 28 November 2014].[13] L. E. Nagle, "Selling Souls: The Effect of Globalization on Human Trafficking and Forced Servitude," Wisconsin International Law Journal, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 131-162, 2008.[14] S. LaFraniere, "Africa's
Conference Session
Design as a Social Process: Teams and Organizations
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University; Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
reason that reason for considered factor (as opposed to schedule, living to contribute: skill set, person was selection proximity) work ethic Individual requested 1 = hang out 5. PAL: Friendship Level 0 = were not 0.1-0.9 = degree to which students spend social time together ‘nearly
Conference Session
Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
MD B. Sarder, University of Southern Mississippi
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
Is Flat, refers "to a twenty-first centuryworld that will be very different from the one in which we were educated. To survive in a new,globally competitive world, today's children will need creativity, problem-solving abilities, apassion for learning, a dedicated work ethic and lifelong learning opportunities. Students candevelop these abilities through instruction based on Best Practice teaching strategies." [2].Best practice in graduate instruction focuses on dependable collaborations between graduateunderstudies and workforce, underpinned by staff [3]. Best practices are not always the bestdepending on timing and locations. According to DiBella (2001), "a practice that is valued in onesetting will be valued differently in another setting
Conference Session
Communication in the Chemical Engineering Curriculum
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth P. Mineart, North Carolina State University; Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
is the recipient of the 2014 NCSU Outstanding Teacher Award, 2014 ASEE Southeastern Section Outstanding New Teacher Award, and currently serves as the ASEE Chemical Engineering Division’s newsletter editor. Dr. Cooper’s research interests include effective teaching, conceptual and inductive learning, integrating writing and speaking into the curriculum and professional ethics. Page 26.927.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Improving Technical Communication in the Chemical Engineering Classroom via Student-Based FeedbackAbstractOne area
Conference Session
Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Judy L. Cezeaux, Western New England University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering and Public Policy
as they complete theirdesigns. Missing from the discussion of these important public policy issues is the role ofengineers and scientists in the setting of these policies and regulations and how studentsthemselves can participate in the public policy process. We propose to develop a module onengineering and public policy in our sophomore-level Foundations of Biomedical Engineeringcourse, introducing these students to the FDA and the varied role of engineers in the regulatoryprocess. We also propose to expand the module on the use of humans and animals in researchwhich has previously been couched as a study of ethics. We will present additional detail on thedevelopment of the various legislation (National Research Act and Animal Welfare Act
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Entrepreneurship Education in New Contexts
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer A. Mallory, Western New England University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
 Effectively manage projects Character  Discern and pursue ethical practices4. Thermodynamic Course Module4.1 OverviewStudents tackle an iterative, team-based design problem, where they are small start-up companiescompeting to build an electric-generating power plant. The project provides students not onlywith the understanding of how to apply electric-generating power plant theory, but also howdesign is integrated with, and influenced by, economic, socio-political, and environmentalfactors. These are all factors the entrepreneurially-minded engineer must be aware of, and keepin mind, throughout their career.4.2 DetailsThe work proposed here consists of an educational module designed for thermodynamics (a
Conference Session
Division Experimentation & Lab-oriented Studies: Mechanical Engineering and Control
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John E Matsson, Oral Roberts University; Justice Boisselle, Oral Roberts University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
% of the final grade).Furthermore, the students made an oral project proposal (10% of the final grade) and anoral research presentation (5% of the final grade). An overview of the final gradecontribution of the senior design project is shown in Table 1. Evaluation Procedures Oral Research Presentation 5% Written Research Report 5% Oral Project Proposal 5% Written Project Proposal 10% Resume 5% Design Process Quiz 5% Professional Ethics Quiz 5% Oral Project Progress Report 10% Written Project Progress Report
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Heather Annette Sustersic, Pennsylvania State University; Caroline June Klatman, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
displacements. Group A students scored one letter grade higher on thisproblem than did Group B students. However, Group B students performed better overall on thefinal exam than did Group A students. Since both groups received both treatments, however, thefinal exam scores do not provide solid evidence that either instructional method is superior. It isdifficult to ethically separate the class into treatment-only and control-only groups to gaugeindependent behavior due to sample size and frequency of the course offerings.Student Evaluation and SurveysAfter each presentation-quiz module, students were asked to complete a survey to rate perceivedeffectiveness of the presentation that they just viewed. A total of 20 students completed thesurveys; however
Conference Session
Focus on the Classroom: Novel Approaches to Course Delivery
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Peter Vogt, Salt Lake Community College
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
, they must have strong work ethics and be wiling to go above andbeyond what is required of them. This becomes even more difficult when work, family life, or otherimportant commitments compete with time students need to spend on their eduction. However, thequality of education cannot be sacrificed. This is a prime example the SLCC core theme of Accessand Success which targets giving students access to a high quality education while ensuring theirsuccess. SLCC provides students with the opportunity of obtaining an Associate of Pre-Engineering(APE) degree in Chemical, Civil/Environmental, Computer, Electrical, Manufacturing, MaterialScience, and Mechanical Engineering. Unlike a Bachelors of Science in Engineering, the APEdegree given from SLCC
Conference Session
Dynamic Systems and Control
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chan Ham, Kennesaw State University ; Mohsin Mohammad Taufiq, Southern Polytechnic State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
entirety of theproject, presentations and technical journals for which each member could write down theircontributions were used to check progress of the system development. The technical journalsacted as documentation so that the work of each individual could be observed and be replicated.Proper management enables the group to submit all necessary work on time and illustrates thenecessity of maintaining professional work ethic. This further ensured that the group wouldremain focused and on schedule to finish the ball-and-plate system.This project requires major technical disciplines of mechatronics engineering: structure andmechanism, sensors and data acquisition, actuators and controller, and computer hardware andsoftware. Through the project
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lena B. Gumaelius, KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Per G. Norström, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
explicitly, exists for the other system types. Only oneof the students explicitly discusses collaboration between subjects at length, and that isMadeline, one of the teachers with a background in the social sciences. Madeline andGwladys, the two social-science teachers, are also those who have included the most elaborateexercises regarding ethics and politics. This is taught in the form of debates and discussions,where normative assertions are measured against each other. For the teachers withoutschooling in the social sciences, it may be difficult to see how social and political aspects canbe made relevant in the technology subject, even though this had repeatedly been discussedduring seminars and described in the course’s literature
Conference Session
Innovations in Manufacturing Laboratories
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wayne P. Hung, Texas A&M University; Adam Farmer
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
faculty and students, e) Place a greater emphasis on teaching, f) Provide numerous, well-equipped facilities, and g) Produce graduates with more knowledge on materials and processes.Nelson4 analyzed inputs from directors of ABET accredited programs to identify key technicalcompetencies for manufacturing graduates. Among 264 competencies, the highest rankedcompetencies related to quality, communication, and personal ethics. Baird7 proposed alaboratory exercise to simulate mass production environment. Although such laboratory workwas more difficult to develop as compared to the traditional teaching practice, the benefits of theformer approach were numerous since it would: a) Simulate industry practice, b) Develop specific hard-skill and
Conference Session
Innovative Use of Technology I
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University; Krista M. Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Max Kross, Engineering Education Innovation Center
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
students to theengineering design process while teaching them fundamentals related to problem solving,communication, teamwork, ethics, etc. The first course in the sequence focuses on problemsolving using tools such as Excel, MATLAB, and C/C++. Additionally, students participate indifferent labs each week, each of which highlights a different discipline of engineering givingstudents a place to work in a hands-on environment. Following the labs, students completeabstracts, lab memos, or lab reports on the content of the labs in order to enhance their technicalwriting skills. Some of these assignments are done individually to give students an opportunity
Conference Session
Community Engagement in Engineering Education Projects
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rohit Kandakatla, Student Platform for Engineering Education Development (SPEED); Dhinesh Balaji Radhakrishnan, Student Platform for Engineering Education Development (SPEED); Krishna Vedula, University of Massachusetts Lowell
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
results of SPEEDIndia's efforts in creating a new platform to enhance EE.Keywords: Engineering Education, Water, Infrastructure, Energy, Action Plans. 1.) SPEED India & IUCEE:SPEED is a global, non-profit student organization that functions as an interdisciplinary networkof engineering students who aspire to stimulate change and impact the development of EE and itseffect on society, industry, the environment and local communities. In collaboration withacademia, industry and government [1] SPEED is committed to improving EE by channeling thestudent voice and perspective. Through local and global initiatives SPEED empowers studentsand encourages the development of professional, ethical and social responsibility. Furthermore,through insight
Conference Session
Curriculum and New Course Development in ET
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
ability to identify, analyze, and solve broadly-defined engineering technology problems g. An ability to apply written, oral, and graphical communication in both technical and non- technical environments; and an ability to identify and use appropriate technical literature h. An understanding of the need for and an ability to engage in self-directed continuing professional development i. An understanding of and a commitment to address professional and ethical responsibilities including a respect for diversity j. A knowledge of the impact of engineering technology solutions in a societal and global context k. A commitment to quality, timeliness, and continuous improvementThe four pillars is a common model of the