Conference Session

Wireless Technology

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

● Room (e.g. BL 266A) ● Instructor (e.g. “Jack H”)In the application, these columns are renamed to standard titles and new columns are added. Theprogram has been written in a modular format to allow easy substitution of titles. The outputspreadsheet is shown in Figure 2. In addition to renaming the columns, a few basic calculationshave been made. This includes changing the time from AM/PM to military formats. The timedurations have been calculated. This requires some correction for academic practices such as 50minutes = 1 hour and a 3-hour laboratory might be 2 hours and 45 minutes. It is worth notingthat the durations of ECET 452 and EE 311 are not an even or half and the times for thesecourses will need to be adjusted. The weight reflects

Conference Session

Work-In-Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel D. Anastasio, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Elizabeth R. Morehouse, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

post-activity reflection takes approximately 40-50 minutes to complete.Initial Implementation and Next StepsThis activity was completed with a class of 67 chemical engineering seniors in the Fall 2018academic term. During the activity, students seemed engaged with their groups, and each groupcompleted the tasks set before them successfully. The pre-class survey was completed by 66students, while the post-class survey was completed by all 67 students. The averaged results ofstudent self-evaluation of confidence in each area on an eight-point Likert scale (where 1 is leastconfident and 8 is most confident). In the initial run of the activity, data was collectedpredominantly to assess if students were appropriately engaging with and reflecting on

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 11: Leadership and Collaborations in Engineering

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmen Maria Lilley, University of Illinois, Chicago

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

selected to gain a broadrepresentation of the engineering disciplines (bioengineering, computer science, chemicalengineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanicalengineering) and age (millennials with a mean age of 22.1 years). The social groups used toidentify the students reflected diversity in self-identified gender (15 female, 15 male, and 2transgender) and race/ethnicity (9 Asian, 9 White, 4 Black/African American, 7 Hispanic/Latino,and 3 multiracial students). As mentioned above, students were asked open ended questions onattributes of leaders and the findings presented in this paper focus specifically on 10 questionsrelated to prototypical attributes of leaders. Samples of these questions

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Postcard Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer H. Choi, University of California, Davis

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

-pre) in Likert scores across all participants for each theme.Error bars represent +/- standard deviation.Implications and ConclusionsStudents’ perceived level of understanding and confidence in the needs finding process increasedfrom the start to end of the summer internship. This may suggest that actively undergoing theneeds-finding process helps to solidify understanding and increase confidence in this early stageof the engineering design process, as similarly reported by other programs6. Informalconversations with participants indicated that participation in the BMEA was the first time theywere exposed to entrepreneurial/business concepts, which may be reflected in the reportedincrease in understanding and confidence in these areas at the

Conference Session

M2C: Learning by Design 2

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Bonnie S. Boardman, University of Texas, Arlington; Martin Kendall Wallace, University of Texas at Arlington; Morgan Chivers, UTA FabLab

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

choice,and research existing systems and/or technologies. They were asked to advance one of thosesystems or technologies in a small way, consider the feasibility of their concept, and explain howit would add value to the world.The most popular among students was the FabLab project. It required students to not onlydesign, but also build an object. Students had to learn about the equipment available to them,decide which equipment they wanted to use for their project, design a UTA branded item, learnhow to use the equipment required for their project, and then actually create the item. Studentsturned in a blog of the design and build process. They were also required to include a section intheir blog reflecting on lessons learned. The full

Conference Session

M3C: Mentoring into the profession

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Roger J Marino P.E., Drexel University; Rosie Sullivan, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Dionne Gordon-Starks, College of Engineering, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

attend an event on campusand write about their experience at the event. The reflection paper included the requirement toelucidate how attending the event may help the student to build their network at the University.In addition to this assignment, course instructors were focused on building in additional groupactivities and in-class assignments that encouraged students to share ideas with peers, thusbuilding their in-class peer network. A final group project was replaced with a final reflectionpaper.undeclared studentsThe greatest adjustment to the delivery of this course was the increased focus on supportingUndeclared Engineering students. During AY 1718 Undeclared Engineering students wereintegrated into sections that were major-specific. The

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

P.L.Stephan Thamban; Dani Fadda P.E.

. of students could agree but only 30% and 15% could agreeHowever, when used intentionally, the pause helps to strongly to our statements. This survey was taken about aestablish a break from the voice of the professor, which can week after the last lecture session in the semester andbe monotonous in a long lecture regardless of the students had to rhetorically reflect back on the lectureprofessor’s enthusiasm and interest in the engineering portion of the course and comment on these

Conference Session

Key Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Ressler P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Thomas A. Lenox Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

through March2018, the ultimate goal of the initiative was to change state licensure laws, such that a master’sdegree or equivalent would become the academic prerequisite for licensure as a professionalengineer in the U.S. [1]During this period, the RTB initiative made substantial progress, as reflected in the followingaccomplishments: • In 2004, ASCE published the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge (CE-BOK)—a landmark document that, for the first time ever, articulated the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for entry into the practice of civil engineering at the professional level [2]. • In 2008 [3] and 2019 [4], ASCE published CE-BOK updates that improved the document’s usability and addressed changes in

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel B. Oerther, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

developed by the Internal Council on Systems Engineering is usedthroughout the course, and sustainable development reflected by a balanced appreciation forpeople, planet, and prosperity is utilized as a common theme.Course Delivery. This course includes: a blended format; a flipped classroom; mastery learning;and a buffet of optional summative assessments used to assign a final grade13. Briefly, contentdelivery via both online digital media and via face-to-face lecture is known as a ‘blendedformat’, and some of the benefits include accommodating diverse learning styles (i.e., listeningor reading) while improving student satisfaction with content delivery14,15. A ‘flippedclassroom’ enhances the opportunity to use inductive learning strategies (i.e

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bahar Memarian, University of Toronto; Sasha Gollish, University of Toronto; Kimia Moozeh, University of Toronto ; Darlee Gerrard, University of Toronto; Deborah Tihanyi, University of Toronto; Stacy A. Costa, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Student

exam may not have been worthwhile, the exammay be largely viewed as a gatekeeping practice or milestone, rather than a pedagogical tool.Further research will seek to identify how CQ exams might be administered to provide additionalclarity of purpose and to be reflective of the research of the department and institutions of whichthey are a part.References[1] P. G. Altbach, “Doctoral education: Present realities and future trends,” College and University, vol. 80, no. 2. p. 3, 2004.[2] Y. F. de Valero, “Departmental factors affecting time-to-degree and completion rates of doctoral students at one land-grant research institution.,” J. Higher Educ., vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 341–367, 2001.[3] A. Kelley, “Layers of consciousness: An

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizzie Santiago, West Virginia University; Anika Coolbaugh Pirkey, Mid-Atlantic Technology, Research and Innovation Center; Mustapha Alao Animashaun, West Virginia University; Melissa Lynn Morris, West Virginia University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Engineering Education, 2019 Critical Thinking Skills in First Year Non-Calculus Ready StudentsIntroductionCritical thinking is defined as self-reflective thinking[1]. Critical thinking requires the use ofcertain skills and disposition to evaluate thoughts and ideas with the purpose of refining them [2,3]. Critical thinking involves an in depth evaluation of events, problems, ideas, and artifactsbefore accepting or framing a conclusion or opinion [4]. Engineers are trained to becomeproblem solvers and critical thinking is essential for problem solving. Many educators believethat critical thinking skills are important and should be promoted in schools and universities, butthey feel unequipped to teach those skills[5, 6].The purpose of this

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Courtney S. Smith-Orr, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University; Walter C. Lee, Virginia Tech; Courtney June Faber, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Alexandra Coso Strong, Florida International University; Erin McCave, University of Houston

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

of the previous year, we completedreflections on what impact we would like to achieve within our positions and the degree to whichwe believed we achieved this impact. We also reflected on strategic actions we took to achieveimpact. In this work, we leveraged the framework developed by London [8] that defines impacton the basis of scientific, contextual, and societal components.Using an emergent analysis approach, we identified impacts and strategic actions that werepresent across our positions and institutional contexts. We subsequently developed a quantitativesurvey instrument to more broadly investigate the impact and strategic actions of other earlycareer engineering education faculty. This also involved investigating influencers such as

Conference Session

FOCUS ON EXHIBITS: Welcome Reception & NEW THIS YEAR! 2018 Best Division Paper Nominee Poster Session Sponsored by Engineering Unleashed

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D Ford P.E., Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Headquarters

veterans currently comprise 4% of Americancollege students [6]. ACE credit recommendations have changed to reflect these shifts inmilitary training and academic content. This paper discusses the extent to which changes inmilitary training, specifically that provided by the United States Army, have affected ACE’scredit recommendations at the undergraduate level.IntroductionThe American Council on Education (ACE) is based in Washington, DC. A contractor for theDepartment of Defense, ACE oversees academic evaluation of military courses. According totheir website: “ACE has provided a critical link between the U. S. Department of Defense and higher education and in this role helps our nation’s military members and veterans gain access

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Tech; David B. Knight, Virginia Tech; Michelle Soledad, Virginia Tech, Ateneo de Davao University; Homero Murzi, Virginia Tech; Natasha Smith, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, Virginia Tech, Ateneo de Davao University Michelle Soledad is a PhD candidate in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. Her research interests include faculty development and data-informed reflective practice. Ms. Soledad has degrees in Electrical Engineering (BS, ME) from the Ateneo de Davao University (ADDU) in Davao City, Philippines, where she continues to be a faculty member of the Electrical Engineering Department. She also served as Department Chair and was a member of the University Research Council before pursuing doctoral studies. Prior to joining ADDU in 2008, Ms. Soledad was a Senior Team Lead for Accenture, where she worked on and managed systems maintenance and enhancement projects.Dr

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Barger, National Science Foundation ATE Centers (FLATE); Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida; Mori Toosi

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, educators also applied cognitive indicator levels to eachcompetency. These levels on a scale of 1-8 reflect the level of complex thinking from simpleknowledge to decision making and problem solving. The ultimate goal is to refine the programcontent and appropriate cognitive indicator level of these competencies that industry expect fortheir manufacturing and production technician workforce.BackgroundThe Lumina Foundation has supported research and projects to improve the validity, clarity andimplementation of competency based post-secondary education for many years. Competency-based education can provide many benefits to technical education programs primarily byproviding students a platform for self-paced learning with facilitation by an educator

Conference Session

Faculty Development Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Jane Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Emily L. Allen, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Constituent Committee

with the faculty engagement model proposed by Kathrin as well as the faculty feedback, allT&L Academy events have both academic and social emphasis. A typical agenda for SummerWorkshop includes one featured presentation or training session led by invited speakers that helpour faculty to gain new knowledge, skills or insight, plus multiple social activities that fosterconversation, reflection, and shared-learning among participants. The topics of the summerworkshop and the forums are solicited through a faculty survey to make sure that the contents ofT&L events are aligned with the faculty interest. In addition to face-to-face meetings, a Moodlesite for the T&L Academy has been established to share workshop and forum presentations

Conference Session

The Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge, 3rd Edition: Preparing the Future Civil Engineer

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman D. Dennis Jr. P.E., University of Arkansas; Decker B Hains P.E., Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

only way a particular level can be attained.Motivation for Assessing Outcomes in the Affective DomainThe 2006 ASCE Summit on The Future of Civil Engineering - 2025 [14] portrayed the engineerof the future to be knowledgeable, skillful, and one who embraces attitudes conducive toprofessional practice. While the first two attributes are conveniently measured in the cognitivedomain, attitudes most often are a reflection of one’s value system and, as such, outcomes relatedto attitude should be measured in the affective domain. Additionally, the U.S Department ofLabor’s Engineering Competency Model [15] describes the Tier I: Personal EffectivenessCompetencies in terms such as: shows sincere interest, maintains open communication, values aninclusive

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

accomplished by creating interesting research assignments that are short, yet appropriate to the topic under discussion.Reflection : Feedback helps towards thoughtful evaluation of the changes implemented. Only reflection can provide a tool for continuous improvement. Feedback must be scrutinized and summarized and used as part of continuous quality improvement. Most instructors do conduct an evaluation of the course at the end of the semester. Additional questions should be included to find out how the students react and reflect to the course delivery methodology.Nurture

Conference Session

Technical Session 4: Modulus Topics 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raquel Landa, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Lorena B. Martinez Elizalde, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Cristina Verónica Gonzalez Cordova, ITESM

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

being able to work in a context more similar to real life, collaborating actively with software developers to achieve a final product in common.● It was observed that, in most cases, the students of DASWMD developed music libraries much more extensive and varied than those requested (at least) by their teacher to assign a grade in the project. They showed greater interest in providing quality elements for the benefit of the final product than in obtaining a grade for it.● Students in general showed greater interest in performing in a better way since they reflected more commitment and felt part of a bigger project in which they were responsible for a greater job that would impact the peers of the other subjects.With regard to the

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebekah J. Hammack, Montana State University; Tina Vo, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

more likely to create drawings of white, male engineers who areworking alone than drawings of women, minorities, or people working in groups [13]-[17]. DAEstudies also indicate that children often have a narrow view of the work of engineers, oftendrawing them as laborers who build and fix things [14]-[18].The development and use of a Draw-An-Engineering-Teacher Test could provide pre and in-service teachers with the opportunity to capture their mental images and reflect on what theybelieve engineering does or would look like in their classrooms. These depictions could aideeducation faculty and professional development providers in identifying these potentialmisconceptions and give participants the opportunity to reflect upon how they can

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Gammon-Pitman, Ohio State University; Paul E. Post, Ohio State University; Lin Ding, The Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

discouraging motivations are competitive classroom environments andgrades [14]. While grades are an evaluation of student learning inferred by the instructor,students’ grades have been interpreted by students as a measure of success and achievement.Students with lower performance or grades, therefore, become less motivated and doubt theirabilities to be successful in the engineering program. Other educational factors reported asdiscouraging to students’ motivation were time commitment on course tasks and the quality ofteaching with large effects for female than male students [14]. Although grades reflect students’competence and indicate growing opportunities, how students interpret the grades to impact theirmotivation and persistence in

Conference Session

Track: Special Topic - Evaluation & Grant Writing Technical Session 13

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Cara Margherio, University of Washington; Emily Alicia Affolter, University of Washington; Emily Knaphus-Soran, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Special Topic: Evaluation & Grant Writing

communication” means different things to different people, and what you have in mind might not be possible with the budget you have. ii. Full disclosure includes talking about any problems or challenges you encounter—and not just reporting on your successes. The evaluator can help you turn a challenge into a positive result. Acceptance of the dissonance that comes with sharing problems is useful for improving the project because it helps motivate change. b. DEI Expectations: Expect your evaluator to advocate for DEI values, accept that there will be dissonance in the DEI work, and commit to self-reflection when

Conference Session

Special Topic: Safe Zone Session 2

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Robyn Sandekian, University of Colorado, Boulder; Tiago R. Forin, Rowan University; Alisha L. Sarang-Sieminski, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Special Topic: Safe Zone

. 20Reducing Bias Reducing bias takes ongoing and timely attention and effort. Bias is reduced by mindful vigilance and practice. To limit microaggressions try to be self- aware and listen to your language. If you make mistake, apologize, correct it, and move on. Challenge the behavior, not the person! 21LGBTQ+ ExperiencesClimate OverviewSTEM ClimateClimate Climate is reflected in: Chilly Climate  structures, policies, and An environment that practices; dampens individuals’ self

Conference Session

PSW Section Meeting Papers - Disregard start and end time - for online paper access only

Collection

2019 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Deborah Won, California State University, Los Angeles; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Gustavo B Menezes, California State University, Los Angeles; Adel Sharif, California State University, Los Angeles; Masood Shahverdi, California State University, Los Angeles; Ni Li, California State University, Los Angeles; Arturo Pacheco-Vega, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Pacific Southwest Section Meeting Paper Submissions

State LA Engineeringmajors. In this course, students learned about codes of ethics and moral frameworks which frameengineering design decisions. The course also provided an opportunity for students to get toknow about the community partners and be introduced to the project. We took field trips to thecommunity partner organizations and students were asked to share reflections on needs theyidentified, and hypothetical case studies were created out of the BOOST projects. The studentsalso learned to communicate and interact professionally with the community partners. Studentswere assigned to project teams and met with the faculty mentors to begin forming team bondsand brainstorming conceptual designs, and discussing potential ethical issues that

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David G. Novick, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the course, reflection on factors that would encourage ordiscourage students from pursuing their projects, and employment status during and after thecourse. The results of the interviews were assessed through thematic content analysis. Theinterviews suggest that (1) that students do not continue with their projects because they cannottake time away from the paying jobs that are supporting their education, (2) that studentscompleting their junior year do not want to take time away from their senior-year studies, and(3) that students completing their senior year do not want to take the risk of pursuing a startupwhen they could instead obtain a “real” job. Additionally, student startups appear to have beendiscouraged by their expectation in the

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Mia K. Markey; JoÜo Carlos Monteiro; Julie Stewart

-actionable problem statement that summarizes the needs centered design and readings on topics such theand insights identified through interviews with healthcare development of medical expertise, types of cognitive bias,professionals. Methods recommended for formulating and clinical decision-support systems. Through individualactionable problem statements include creating a Madlib or reflection and class discussion of the interviews withwant ad. However, such approaches did not resonate with healthcare professionals, the students identify actionableour student group. In this presentation, we describe our problem statements pertinent to health informationexperiences using Twitter as a method for students to

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Hai-Chao Han; Hung-da Wan; Xiaodu Wang

system.were calculated as the weighted total of scores on the key In conclusion, a personalized quantitative facultymeasures. Overall evaluation score was then calculated evaluation metrics and score system is developed andbased the scores in the 3 areas weighted by faculty member’s successfully implemented in our department. It is anefforts distribution in the 3 areas. objective, consistent, quantitative, flexible, transparent, and dynamic scoring system that reflects faculty performance in3. Results three areas (i.e., teaching, research and service). This To

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Sreedevi Ande P.E.

in-1. Introduction class discussions which helped students overcome their Students, who are actively engaged in learning, learn confusion or misconceptions on the topic(s) learned. Theymore [1, 2]. The purpose of a think-pair-share activity is to eventually were able to successfully solve the problem(s)put the teaching and learning into the hands of the students. by taking turns in explaining the concepts and problemResearch has shown that student-led reflection and solving techniques.organized discussion will lead to greater learning outcomes 3.1 Evaluation Results and Conclusionsthan simply

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Student Empathy & Human-centered Design

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marsha Maraj, Imperial College London; Colin Paul Hale; Andreas Kogelbauer; Klaus Hellgardt

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

pressure vessel and the ability to represent these designs usinggeneral assembly drawings.Research QuestionsStudents often have their own ideas of what contributes to an effective learning experience.They are the co-creators of their own learning [30] and understanding their perspective hasbeen shown to influence and enhance reflection-on-action practices [31]; this can allowpractitioners to reflect and review past practice with the purpose of improving futurescholarship. Feedback from student evaluation questionnaires can accordingly imbue thestudent voice with a power and agency to inform reflection-on-action practice which can helpfurther enhance staff development and curriculum review [31].For this reason, we focus primarily on the students

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 13: Student Learning and Contexts

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Pagano, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Leon Liebenberg MASEE, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Molly H. Goldstein, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

describe this by stating, “Involvement maybe reflected in play so much that individuals relinquish basic needs for its sake; highly playfulindividuals tend to become so absorbed that their focus of awareness is narrowed andinvolvement is heighted” [6]. Narrowed focus and heightened involvement parallel a “flowstate”. The variables effecting immersion, engagement and flow were investigated by Hamari etal. in the context of educational game design [7]. They found that games which are challengingcompared to the skill level of the player led to increased engagement and immersion, inagreement with Flow theory.In their systematic review of game-based learning, Bodnar et al. found that of 191 papersconsidered, 54 included a measurement of emotional