Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nabila Shamim, Prairie View A&M University; Anh Nguyen, Prairie View A&M University; Sheena Reeves, Prairie View A&M University; Ariful Bhuiyan

Design for the Class Project An undergraduate research assistant working with the principal investigator uses theFused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology to conduct a preliminary study on therepeatability performance using PLA and ABS plastic filaments for two types of 3D printers.ABS and PLA filaments are widely used today in both education and industry. However, eachfilament has its strength and weakness, including stiffness, durability, chemical resistance, andheat resistance. Although PLA filament is one of the most accessible materials, it only fits intohobbyist applications due to its poor heat and chemical resistance. On the other hand, ABSfilament is lighter and more durable [15]. It is used in more practical applications

Conference Session

Novel Pedagogical Techniques II: Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Jo Pinkelman, Technische Universität Darmstadt; David J. Dixon, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Manfred J Hampe, Technische Universität Darmstadt

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

internationale Ansätze zur Erfassung von Ingenieurkompetenzen. Competence in Higher Education and the Working Environment. National and International Approaches for Assessing Engineering Competence. Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien: Peter Lang (Vocational Education and Training: Research and Practice).28. Atman, C. J.; Bursic, K. M. (1998). Verbal protocol analysis as a method to document engineering student design processes. In: Journal of Engineering Education 87(2):121-132.29. Atman, C. J.; Cardella, M. E.; Turns, J.; Adams, R. (2005). Comparing freshmen and senior engineering design processes: An in-depth follow-up study. In: Design Studies, 26:325-357.30. Atman, C. J.; Adams, R. S.; Cardella, M. E

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Ruhala, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Page 14.1006.2process. For universities with graduate programs and significant research endeavors, seniorcapstone topics can often be identified as those that, although have merit, are perhaps not largeenough in scope for a graduate student. Regardless the size of a school’s research activities,local industries can be a wonderful source of design topics. It’s a win-win situation since youcan get a terrific topic for your students and they can get free engineering; but sometimes it canbe difficult for a faculty member to meet these engineers and tap their design problems,especially if the faculty member is new to the area.Perhaps the best way to contact the industries is through the program advisory boards, butbeyond that it definitely requires

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Ajay Agrawal; Zahed Siddique

foster life-long learning The program supports the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET)Criterion 3 – Program Outcomes and Assessment. According to ABET, engineering programsmust demonstrate that their graduate have:(a) ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering(b) ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data(c) ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs(d) ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams(e) ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems(f) understanding of professional and ethical responsibility(g) ability to communicate effectively(h) broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David MacNair, Georgia Institute of Technology; David Edward Torello, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey A. Donnell, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

problem-solving mission of the class, it was important for us to emphasize thatthe procedural component of a measurement project serves the user’s thinking process, but is notthe learning goal of the project. This approach was developed intuitively, but we found that italigns nicely with the refinements offered by recent research on teaching and learning in thesciences.All lab instructors are aware of the impact Graduate Teaching Assistants can have on students’motivation and learning, and Velasco’s argument for training the teaching staff to engage withstudents reinforces our approach to the important role TAs play [4] in student learning.Specifically, lab staff, usually TAs, is best positioned to interact with students at critical projectpoints

Conference Session

Work in Progress: Hands-on Activities

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Negar Beheshti Pour, University of California - Berkeley; David B. Thiessen, Washington State University; Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University; Kitana Kaiphanliam, Washington State University; Aminul Islam Khan, Washington State University; Prashanta Dutta, Washington State University; Olivia Reynolds, Washington State University; Katelyn Dahlke, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Olusola Adesope, Washington State University; Olufunso Oje, Washington State University; Jacqueline Gartner Ph.D., Campbell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the Electrophoresis.Mrs. Olivia Reynolds, Washington State University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Paper ID #30913 Second year chemical engineering doctoral student pursuing research on the development and dissem- ination of low-cost, hands-on learning modules displaying heat and mass transfer concepts in a highly visual, interactive format. Graduated from Washington State University with a B.S. degree in chemical engineering in 2017 and with an M.S. degree in chemical engineering in 2018.Katelyn Dahlke, University of Wisconsin - Madison Katelyn Dahlke received her B.S. in

Conference Session

International Developments & Collaborations

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Donald Harby; Yuyi Lin

ethical responsibility;5. Students are able to engage in life-long learning necessary to advance professionally through continuing education and training;6. Students can succeed in graduate studies in mechanical engineering or a related field if pursued.Some of these objectives may be emphasized to different degrees depending on the program,for example, the importance in an undergraduate program to prepare its undergraduate studentsfor graduate study. However, all of these qualities are obviously desirable for graduating studentengineers to have. The authors will first examine current practices that may be helpful orproblematic for achieving these educational objectives. Potential solutions will be presentedwith each identified problem.In

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susannah Howe, Smith College; Mary A. Moriarty, Smith College; Apurva Errabelli

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

for enabling student and team reflection, particularly at the end of a capstonedesign experience. The purpose of the study was threefold: (1) to determine if a transferreflection activity and map and associated analyses are a useful ways to facilitate reflection aboutlearning/transfer, (2) to identify perceived knowledge and skills transferred from a capstonecourse, and (3) to determine how feedback about transfer can be used to improve capstoneeducation. The study used a qualitative research design to explore the impact of transferactivities on students in the capstone course. Consistent with the qualitative methods, researchparticipants were chosen using purposeful sampling. Johnson and Christianson27 definepurposeful or purpose sampling as

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa K. Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; James J. Pembridge, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Yosef S. Allam, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Systems Engineering and a Ph.D. in Engineering Education. Dr. Allam’s interests are in spatial visual- ization, engineering design education, diffusion of evidence-based teaching practices, the use of learning management systems for large-sample educational research studies, curriculum development, and fulfill- ing the needs of an integrated, multi-disciplinary first-year engineering educational environment through the use of active and collaborative learning, real-world application and examples, problem-based and project-based learning, classroom interaction, and multiple representations of concepts. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Faculty Pre and Post Reflections

Conference Session

International Developments & Collaborations

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

A.K.M. Abdul Quader; Shamsuddin Ilias; Franklin King; Keith Schimmel

in Environmental Remediation under the AirForce FAST Center and are also a part of the 20 million dollar NSF Science & TechnologyCenter on Environmentally Benign CO2 Solvents and Processes. Drs. Ilias and Schimmel aredesignated Lucent Tech Industrial Ecology Faculty Fellow for their work on membrane-basedseparations in pollution prevention and waste reduction. Since 1997, the department has offeredan undergraduate/graduate elective in pollution prevention. Thus, it is logical for NCA&TSU touse its faculty experience in helping BUET with faculty development in the area of pollutionprevention and collaborative research in pollution prevention.III. Partnership AchievementsThe two-year project to establish a linkage program in

Conference Session

Self-Advocacy, Sense of Belonging, Measuring Authentic Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, and Construction Management Education Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Winifred Opoku, The Ohio State University; Jameka Wiggins, The Ohio State University; Monica Farmer Cox, The Ohio State University; Kaitlyn Harper

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

. As a rising engineering education scholar, she aims to use her research to provide tools to design more inclusive and supportive learning spaces for students from diverse backgrounds.Jameka Wiggins, The Ohio State University Jameka Wiggins is a graduate student at The Ohio State University, pursuing a Ph.D. in Engineering Ed- ucation with a specialization in Organizational Change in Higher Education and Industry and a Master’s in Engineering Management. As a scholar and advocate, she seeks to amplify the voices of underrepre- sented groups in engineering by exploring their experiences, encouraging student and faculty engagement through critical questioning, and supporting these groups both personally and

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wallace T. Fowler P.E., University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

a practicing systemsengineer, Lisa Guerra, to UT Austin to assess the possibility of introducing SystemsEngineering(SE) into both graduate and undergraduate engineering curricula. The NASAengineer developed learning modules for a three semester-credit-hour introduction to systemsengineering course. A significant number of the modules were included in the fall 2007capstone spacecraft-mission design course. The results were less than optimal. The addition ofthe SE modules to the design requirements overloaded the students. The resulting designs werebetter structured from a SE point of view, but most were technically less mature than before.The decision was made to offer the three semester-credit-hour SE course as an elective in spring2008 and

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Lianjun Wu, Mercer University; Arash Afshar, Mercer University; Dorina Marta Mihut; Belle Lin; Melanie L McElroy, Mercer University ; Jordi Riera Shephard, Mercer University; Michael James Norenberg, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

, comfortable, and aesthetically pleasing –must be addressed in future innovations. Thisresearch project aims to design, fabricate, and characterize actuators for prosthetic devices. Theultimate goal is to utilize this technology to create a functional, lightweight, affordable, andsocially acceptable prosthetic hand. The objective of this paper is to present the progress madetowards developing such a prosthetic hand at Mercer University. This project aligns with MercerUniversity's "Mercer on Mission" program, which focuses on providing prosthetics to underservedpopulations. By connecting this research to a real-world application, we aim to enhance theeducational experience and motivate students to understand the societal impact of

Conference Session

LEES 5: Preparing and Practicing Culturally and Ethically Sensitive Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Franz Newland, York University; Raghad El-Shebiny, York University; Olivia Alsop, York University

; and better student experience,covering mental healthiness, a design for all learners, etc.The world needs empathetic engineers, technology stewards [11], people who are aware of thechallenges the world faces, the multitude of voices needed to tackle the challenges in the worldtoday. There are several studies showing growing challenges for graduates entering theworkforce (e.g. [14],[15], and with regards to practical and communications-related skills insoftware engineering, [19],[20]), and with the global recession from COVID-19 [16], studentsneed to come to the job market with a more well-rounded engineering education. In curricula, wehave often sidelined the graduate attributes related to the so-called “soft” skills ofcommunication

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

David F. Ollis

; it was best to add additional stations, so all students would have an opportunity forhands-on manipulation.Overview of Lab Uses to DateEach format above formats work, albeit with impacts increasing with the time of commitmentavailable to the lab. The lab is cost efficient primarily because the activities are self-powered:the lab manual and student curiosity combine to provide directed, student driven inquiry.Manpower for the day-to-day operation is provided from a resident student population offormer lab students. A PhD graduate student trains the new student assistants prior to eachsemester during the academic year (11 sections/week for the integrated semester course), andundergraduate and graduate TAs have manned the summer minority STP

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Conrad, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; William Heybruck, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Daniel Hoch, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Martin Kane, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Peter Schmidt, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Frank Skinner, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Linda Thurman, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, the project provides the sponsoringcompany the opportunity to review the talent pool of soon-to-be graduating engineers while atthe same time benefiting from the student research. However, there are times when a companydoes involve student teams in projects that are on a critical path and the project’s outcome mayhave an impact on the direction a company chooses to take in the future. For this reason, it isessential that the intellectual property rights of the project be clearly defined during thedevelopment of the statement of work.Research Agreements and Non-Disclosure AgreementsOne of the most challenging aspects of soliciting sponsors for Senior Design projects isdetermining the ownership of the Intellectual Property (IP). Since many of

Conference Session

Discussions on Research Methodology: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sang Eun Woo, Purdue University; Qin Zhu, Purdue University; Kavitha D Ramane, Purdue University ; Neha Choudhary, Purdue University Programs

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

in Engineering Education department. Her research interest includes graduate studies, global engineering, design for community services. Page 26.442.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Defining and Assessing Global Engineering Competency: Methodological ReflectionsIntroductionResearchers face manifold challenges as engineering education continues to grow and evolve asa distinct field of scholarly activity. For instance, discussions about criteria for evaluatingengineering education research have intensified, including through published

Conference Session

Values in Engineering: Ethics and Justice-Oriented Engineering

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kassandra Fernandez, University of Florida; Sindia M. Rivera-Jiménez, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

an adjunct professor of Microbiology at a Hispanic-serving community college in Miami, Florida. As an educator, they utilized equitable teaching practices and encouraged student agency to ensure positive learning outcomes. Their doctoral research focuses on so- cial responsibility in science and engineering, with special emphasis placed on the importance of science communication and policy advocacy. They are also interested in the intersection of institutional culture and transformational change towards cultivating more inclusive and equitable access for underrepresented minority students in STEM fields. Outside of their research, they are the President of the Policy Advocacy in Science and Engineering (PASE

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Hamid Khan

Mechanical Design, and CAD/CAM/CAE/and RP. His researchinterest is focused on the above as well professional development of Professional Engineering andTechnology Managers to integrate teaching for practice. Dr. Khan has a BS in Mechanical Engineering, anMS in Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, an MBA in Production Strategy and a Doctoratein Management Education. Hamid is a Registered Professional Engineer. He is active in the ASEE’sEngineering Technology Division, Educational Research and Methods Division, and Computers inEducation Division. He is also active in IEEE/Frontiers in Education conferences. He has published andpresented about twenty-five papers in their annual proceedings and conferences. Hamid has served as areviewer for

Conference Session

Broad Perspectives on the Chemical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Watson L. Vargas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá; Oscar Alvarez P.E., Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá; Jorge Mario Gomez, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

students whoare still in the process of learning how to generate ideas for product design, since it is a strategythat allows students to ensure that their innovation ideas are quickly followed by implementationusing resources close at hand.The final project in this design experience is the Graduation Project (a compulsory requirementfor graduation), conducted during the senior year, with emphasis in research or applications. Theindependent work to be developed in this project aims to provide students with a space forcarrying out the integration of knowledge and skills necessary to properly perform a veryspecific task which involves components of either Product and/or Process Design. Depending onthe level of complexity, such project can be

Conference Session

Student Teams and Teamwork

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jutshi Agarwal, University of Cincinnati; P.K. Imbrie, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

Paper ID #39604Team dynamics and cultural competency in a first-year engineeringclassroomDr. Jutshi Agarwal, University of Cincinnati Jutshi Agarwal is a Post Doctoral Fellow with the Department of Engineering and Computng Education at the University of Cincinnati. She has a Doctoral degrree in Engineering Education and a Master’s degree in Aerospace Engineering from University of Cincinnati, and a Bachelor’s degree in Aerospace Engineering from SRM University, India. Her research areas of interest are graduate student professional development for a career in academia, preparing future faculty, and using AI tools to solve

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Frederick Orthlieb

markets. Such grants offer faculty and their students theopportunity for a more traditional, extended research experience, with adequate time to reflect on alternativeapproaches, design of experiments, interpretation of data and the technical and societal significance of findings.While undergraduate faculty are at some disadvantage in proposing such research unless their laboratories areparticularly well-equipped by virtue of ongoing graduate research activity, faculty who are willing to pursueresearch on industrially-significant topics that "fall in the cracks" among higher-priority R&D goals can use thesesources to develop a program of specialized, frequently methodological research work as a means of steadysupport for undergraduate

Conference Session

Teaching Communication II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria Vadyak; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Joanna K. Garner, Old Dominion University; Christine Haas, Christine Haas Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

, research, and service. Teaching. With respect to teaching, UTREE mentors teach or assist the teaching ofclass periods about communication and teamwork in several engineering courses. In2013, UTREE taught more than 60 class periods on communication and teamwork. Mostof the students that UTREE teaching mentors instruct are first-year design students, butUTREE also teaches upper level classes and assists in the teaching of graduate studentseminars. Table 1 shows a breakdown of the types of class periods taught. One of the class periods that UTREE mentors teach concerns rethinking the topic-subtopic approach that most engineers and scientists follow for structuring theirengineering presentations. In this class period, the mentors first

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Wayne C. Christensen; Robert B. Roemer; Donald S. Bloswick

safety was noted by 80% of mid-level supervisors as being very important or somewhat important practices for new mechanical 12engineers. Incropera and Fox note that “...design, interpreted broadly provided the best platformfor launching appropriate curriculum changes.” They also note that “Issues such as customer 13requirements, manufacturability, cost, safety/liability...” are to be included. One problem is thegeneral lack of safety, health, and environmental material in design texts. 6Maine and Ward note a lack of safety engineering methods and tools in "classic" design texts

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Bijan Sepahpour

laboratory components plays a significant role in theenhancement and completeness of the engineering courses and programs. Twelve experimentsare presented for adaptation in undergraduate mechanical and civil engineering programs. Theseexperiments are related to topics in mechanics of materials and dynamics of machinery.Enthusiastic undergraduate students have been participating in the processes of research, designand development necessary for materializing all components of the Model Laboratory. Theirunderstanding of group dynamics and appreciation for cost-effective and superior designs hasenhanced. A comprehensive and user-friendly web site is constructed to provide all necessaryinformation for fabrication and application of these experiments and

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Faculty Perspectives and Training

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene Judson, Arizona State University; Lydia Ross, Arizona State University; James A. Middleton, Arizona State University; Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University; Ying-Chih Chen, Arizona State University; Robert J. Culbertson, Arizona State University; Keith D. Hjelmstad, Arizona State University; Yong Seok Park, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

at Arizona State University. He teaches in the areas of introductory materials engineering, polymers and composites, and capstone design. His research interests include evaluating conceptual knowledge, mis- conceptions and technologies to promote conceptual change. He has co-developed a Materials Concept Inventory and a Chemistry Concept Inventory for assessing conceptual knowledge and change for intro- ductory materials science and chemistry classes. He is currently conducting research on NSF projects in two areas. One is studying how strategies of engagement and feedback with support from internet tools and resources affect conceptual change and associated impact on students’ attitude, achievement, and per

Conference Session

Student Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Galczynski, University of Maryland - College Park

Tagged Divisions

Student

journey through their education to someone preparing for a standard tripin the section below.Before someone starts on a journey they typically consult a map to make sure they know wherethey currently are and where they are planning to go, so that they can chart a course of traveland best prepare for what is to come. Travelling to their specified final destination is madeeasier by having this sort of awareness. The same could be said of college engineering students,as they seemingly begin their education with the goal of becoming a practicing engineer. Theinstructors whose intentions are to teach and guide the students to this destination, have alreadytraveled to the end point of graduation that students wish to travel to. As such, the

Conference Session

Active Learning and Undergraduate Research in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Sudhir Kaul, Western Carolina University; Chip W. Ferguson, Western Carolina University; Paul M. Yanik, Western Carolina University; April Tallant, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

their classmates. More importantly, these contracts can be a part of a researchproject to help advance the faculty member’s scholarship, or a response to industry orcommunity needs, which help solve real-world problems [4]. Benefits of Honors contracts to thestudent include working closely with a faculty mentor, tailoring their education based on theirinterests and take a greater responsibility in their education [5].The impact of the Honors contactsin undergraduate engineering research at WCU has been far-reaching and significant.In this paper, the motivations, practices, and impact of the Honors contracts are examined.Student perceptions and the applications of Honors contracts, in developing an undergraduateengineering research experience

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James J. Pembridge, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Lisa K. Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Yosef S. Allam, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Systems Engineering and a Ph.D. in Engineering Education. Dr. Allam’s interests are in spatial visual- ization, engineering design education, diffusion of evidence-based teaching practices, the use of learning management systems for large-sample educational research studies, curriculum development, and fulfill- ing the needs of an integrated, multi-disciplinary first-year engineering educational environment through the use of active and collaborative learning, real-world application and examples, problem-based and project-based learning, classroom interaction, and multiple representations of concepts. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 The Role of Instructional Coaching

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Al Mestiraihi, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ; Kurt Henry Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

training required. Thestudy's restriction to faculty, alumni, and recruiters at a business school in southern Californiawas acknowledged by the authors as a study drawback. They suggested conducting moreresearch to see if there are any potential discrepancies in issues similar to those raised in thecurrent study [29].The previous studies have confirmed that there is a gap between engineering education andindustrial practices and skills. Much of this gap can be attributed to the lack of the engineeringfaculty's industrial experience, as most universities focus on research [16]. Other reasons for thisgap can be related to differences in the way of thinking and differences in their goals andobjectives, as academics strive for recognition from their