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Displaying results 34291 - 34320 of 43018 in total
Conference Session
Experiential Learning in ECE
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth V Noren, University of Idaho, Moscow
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
analysisof the circuits used in the experiments. The experiments are assigned as part of the homeworkproblems. The laboratory is in effect, integrated into the class and lectures. The lecture materialdid not change from the previous time the class was offered. Only a laboratory component wasadded to the class to reinforce the topics discussed in the lectures. This was used as a test to seeif the approach could be used in other senior level courses.In the Spring Semester of 2011 it will be tested in a junior-level electronics course and futureplans are to test it in a freshman -level course. The overall aim is to see if a curriculum-wideadoption of the board will be beneficial to the students.There is a project similar to the Digilent board known as
Conference Session
Innovations in Computing Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tao Xing, Tuskegee University; Legand L. Burge Jr., Tuskegee University; Heshmat A. Aglan, Tuskegee University
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
pilot activity for integrating Blackboard Mobile Learn (BML) into an introductory level FluidMechanics course in the Fall semester of 2010 was undertaken. The BML can be used to provideclassroom announcements, group discussions, exam solution keys, grades, blogs, class roster,journals, media, and tasks. The BML was used in the classroom when the instructor interactedwith the students during the lecture time such as review of homework and exams and use ofimages and video clips to enhance students’ understanding of course concepts. Outside theregular class time, students can use the BML as their portable 24/7 classroom with on-timeaccess to course materials and tools.Development and implementationThis study is supported by a project that started
Conference Session
Research and Models for Professional Development
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Meagan C. Ross, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
engineering to K-12 teachers & counselors so that they can inform and advocate this important career to their students. Her research interests include gender equity in the K-12 Classroom, assessment of K-12 engineering education, curriculum development, and teacher professional development. Page 22.1171.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Preparing Counselors to Advocate STEM Careers: A Professional Development model for K-12 Counselors U.S. Department of Labor workforce projections for 2018 highlight that nine of the 10fastest-growing
Conference Session
Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hui-Hui Wang, University of Minnesota; Tamara J Moore, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Gillian Roehrig, University of Minnesota; Mi Sun Park, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
,building an engineering project can also serve as a pedagogical strategy where to combineproblem solving, creative thinking and presentation skills in other STEM subject as well5-6, 9-11. Although integrating engineering into science and mathematics teaching and learning hasmany advantages, engineering rarely receives attention in K-12 classrooms. Many researchsuggested that the majority of K-12 science and mathematics teachers lack knowledge andexperience of engineering, and how to utilize engineering to connect other STEM subjects12-13. Page 22.1469.2Therefore, science and mathematics teachers have many difficulties in implementing
Conference Session
WIED Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jorja Kimball, Texas Engineering Experiment Station; Margaret Hobson, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
awards, such as the NSF CAREER. Dr. Kimball has a BBA and MBA from Texas A&I University and a Ph.D. from Texas A&M University in Educational Administration (Dissertation: A Study of Engineering Student Attributes and Time to Completion of First Year Required Course at Texas A&M University). She was with the College of Engineering at Texas A&M University- Kingsville, A Hispanic Serving Institution, for eight years before her employment with TEES. There she was a Principal Investigator and held a number of leadership positions on projects related to engineering education, such as the $30 million NSF Foundation Coalition for Engineering Education. She also has extensive experience with undergraduate and
Conference Session
WIED Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Silvia Carreno-Castillo, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
whole class that they didn’t have to have this o that knowledge, so they could stay. I remember that one of the students complained that her team was excluding her in the development of the class projects because she was studying industrial engineering… they set a meeting time and suddenly it was changed without notice, etc.” Page 22.1572.5Three of the ten teachers interviewed perceived that most teachers, who teach theory classes,underestimate the laboratory area, considering that what is taught in the laboratory is lessimportant than the theoretical base. Eight out of ten teachers feel that some of their new studentsare often
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Muhsin Menekse, Arizona State University; Glenda Stump, Arizona State University; Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Michelene T.H. Chi, Arizona State University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
, capstone design, and introductory materials engineering. His research interests are evaluating conceptual knowledge, miscon- ceptions and their repair, and conceptual change. He has co-developed a Materials Concept Inventory for assessing conceptual knowledge of students in introductory materials engineering classes. He is cur- rently conducting research with NSF sponsored projects in the areas of: Modules to Promote Conceptual Change in an Introductory Materials Course, Tracking Student Learning Trajectories of Atomic Structure and Macroscopic Property Relationships, and Assessing the Effect of Learning Modes on Conceptual Change.Michelene T.H. Chi, Arizona State University Micki Chi is a Professor in the
Conference Session
Integration of Research and Education in ECE
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yuen-Yan Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Wai Yin Ng, Chinese University of Hong Kong
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
AC 2012-5411: COLLABORATIVE INQUIRY INTO FOUNDATION KNOWL-EDGE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING: A CASE STUDY IN HONG KONGDr. Yuen-Yan Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong Yuen-Yan Chan is with the Department of Information Engineering at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. She possesses a dual background in educational psychology and engineering. She is responsible for teaching a first-year refreshment course and is keen at implementing and evaluating novel pedagogies in her teaching. Chan is the principle investigator and key member of several inter-regional student learning projects. She founded the IEEE Education Society Hong Kong Chapter and is the current Chair. She is also the first NAE CASEE New Faculty
Conference Session
ETD Design I
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Austin B. Asgill, Southern Polytechnic State University; Jeffrey L. Ray, Southern Polytechnic State University; Thomas Reid Ball, Southern Polytechnic College of Engr and Engr Tech
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
. Ray, Southern Polytechnic State University Jeffrey L. Ray, Ph.D., is Dean of the School of Engineering Technology and Management at Southern Polytechnic State University (SPSU) in Marietta, Ga. Prior to joining SPSU, he was the Director of the School of Engineering at Grand Valley State University. Ray’s attraction to engineering technology is the applied, project-based nature of the discipline and the needs of employers who need engineers to hit the ground running in their organizations. He holds both B.S. and M.S. degrees in mechanical engineering from Tennessee Technological University and a Ph.D. from Vanderbilt University. Ray has been a member of ASEE since 1994, active in many activities including publishing
Conference Session
Capstone Courses
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Vipul Laddha, Kettering University; Sualp Ozel P.E., Autodesk, Inc.; James Herzing
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
one end of a freightcar or a commuter car used in railway industry. Usually, they consists of several pieces ofsteel tubes and other steel members welded together to form a rigid frame structure. Froma safety perspective, the car-truck stands are to be designed carefully, but at the sametime due to their possible large volume of production, this structure needs to be optimizedfrom strength and cost perspectives besides other parameters such as long life, etc. Thepurpose of this paper is to conduct virtual experiments for the optimal design of adifferent car-truck stand structures using Autodesk Simulation program as a CAE tool.The idea is to include this work as a part of final project in a traditional finite elementanalysis (FEA) course
Conference Session
Construction Curriculum Development
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, University of Texas, San Antonio; Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio; Pardis Pishdad-Bozorgi, University of Texas, San Antonio; Jude W.P. Patin, University of Texas, San Antonio
Tagged Divisions
Construction
  proposal presentation skills,     (4) ability to demonstrate comprehensive  Page 25.448.6 written/oral proposal presentation skills.   Review of each category is accomplished through the assessment of student work from selectedcourses (multiple courses for some categories) and includes assessment of homeworkassignments, class projects
Conference Session
Computers and Simulation
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xiaobo Peng, Prairie View A&M University; Blesson Isaac, Prairie View A&M University; Richard T. Wilkins, Prairie View A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
nanotechnology has nowbrought urgent challenges to undergraduate engineering education: How to integrate theemerging nanotechnologies into classroom teaching? How to prepare our students fortomorrow’s highly competitive global job markets? And how to maintain the US’s leadershipand dominance in science and technology in an era of globalization?Funded by Department of Education, a project is carried out to integrate nanotechnology into theundergraduate science and engineering curricula through a sequential preparation approach fromintroductory freshman to the advanced senior level. The curricula are reinforced by innovativecomputer simulations and state-of-the-art nanomaterials laboratory experiments anddemonstrations. The work presented in this paper is
Conference Session
Research on Engineering Design Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
study were 73 first-year engineering students (65 male, 8 female)enrolled in a single section of a first-year engineering course at a large Midwestern university. Inthe course, taught during the spring 2011 semester, students were introduced to engineeringprofessions, engineering design, problem-solving, teamwork, and other engineeringfundamentals. The students were grouped into 19 teams of three or four, within which they hadworked on course projects and in-class activities for approximately three months. Thoughinnovation was only a secondary learning objective of the course, students were introduced toinnovative designs throughout the semester and presented with a definition of innovationcontaining elements of technical feasibility, economic
Conference Session
Integrating Research
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Karen M. Bursic, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
computing in the freshman engineering program. Bursic has done research and published work in the areas of engineering and project management and en- gineering education. She is a member of IIE and ASEE and is a registered Professional Engineer in the state of Pennsylvania. Page 25.479.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Does the Use of Clickers Increase Conceptual Understanding in the Engineering Economy Classroom?AbstractResponse devices or “clickers” are seeing increased use in many engineering classrooms. Thesedevices allow students to anonymously
Conference Session
Capstone Design I
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Engineering Design in an Exam EnvironmentAbstractOne of the most difficult aspects of engineering is the effective teaching of engineering design.While it is paramount that every engineering student be exposed to engineering design, it can bedifficult to assess the design skills of individual students. Most design assessment is typicallyconducted at the project or team level, and many assessments of design effectiveness only usethe capstone experience. This is clearly inadequate. Instead, what is needed is an effectivemethod that can be used to partially assess the design capabilities of individual students in anexam setting.This article will discuss an approach to assessing design skills in the exam environment
Conference Session
Approaches to Teaching Ethics
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, University of Texas, San Antonio; Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
thatstudents can easily relate to. The example is built on a very simple question of whether thestudent would accept a job offer from a company under certain conditions.IntroductionEthics, social responsibility, and trust are critical issues for all professions in the builtenvironment including design, architecture, engineering and construction. Stakeholders ofbuilding construction projects recognize the importance of these issues through the creation ofthe codes of ethics and professional conduct. These codes are generally defined and enforcedthrough licensing organizations, professional societies or within individual companies or firms.For the built environment professions, the American Institute of Architect’s Code of Ethics andProfessional Conduct
Conference Session
Assessment in Graphics Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Burke, University of Limerick
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
experienceexclusively in solid geometric modeling. Through the paradigm of Project Based Learning, ascaffolded approach encouraging student exploration and experimentation was employedacross the study. Page 25.26.2 Figure 1 - Parametric surface modeling Figure 2 - Freeform Polygonal modelingThe choice of software for each task was based on marketing material analysed from a rangeof software and claims on what they are designed to do, in addition to the researcher’sexperience having had success with both for similar design tasks. The parametric surfacemodeling program chosen for the study was SolidWorks 2011. For the
Conference Session
Remote and Network-based Laboratories
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael E. Auer, Carinthia Tech Institute, Austria; Danilo Garbi Zutin P.E., Carinthia University of Applied Sciences
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
member of the Center of Competence in On- line Laboratories and Open Learning (CCOL) at the Carinthia University of Applied Sciences (CUAS), Villach, Austria, where he has been engaged in projects for the development of online laboratories. In Jan. 2010, Zutin was appointed Secretary General of the International Association of Online Engineering and in the following year Secretary General of IGIP (International Society for Engineering Education). Garbi Zutin is author or co-author of more than 30 scientific papers published in international journals, maga- zines, and conferences. Most of these papers are in the field of online laboratories and issues associated with their dissemination and usage
Conference Session
Ethical Issues II: Academic Integrity and Student Development
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Narciso F. Macia P.E., Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Robert W. Nowlin, Retired
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
, which compares general engineeringprograms in the United States [2]. Examples of universities in this category include HarveyMudd, Swarthmore, Smith College and ASU Polytechnic. Many of these programs try to imparta classical education to their graduates, in a more focused manner that by simply requiring thestudents to take a set of courses in the humanities.At ASU Polytechnic offers a multidisciplinary engineering degree, in which students take thesame coursework during the first two years, and from then on, the student begins to pursue theirchosen area of concentration. In addition, every semester, the students take a three- to 4-semester-hour project course, where they work in teams to design products and solve realisticengineering problems
Conference Session
The Transition from Secondary to College Mathematics
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Galen E. Turner III, Louisiana Tech University; Kelly B. Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University; James D. Nelson, Louisiana Tech University; Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
Page 25.165.6attended this series of workshops and became a key target school for the college. For the year‟s 2001, 2002, 2003 AHS was consistently near the f-indices for these years, ranked 4th, 10th, and 8th, respectively. In 2004, three of the authors teamed up to pilot a new professional development program, with AHS, which became the demonstration project for the NSF funded LaTechSTEP2 program. In 2005 and 2006, AHS was ranked 2nd in the number of freshmen entering the college, and AHS remained ranked above the f-index for each year from 2005-06 through 2009-10. AHS is now considered one of our key feeder schools. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Conference Session
Exploration of Trends in Engineering Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mitchell L. Springer PMP, SPHR, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Erin E. Bowen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mark T. Schuver, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
committees. Springer is internationally recognized, has authored nu- merous books and articles, and lectured on software development methodologies, management practices and program management. Springer received his bachelor’s of science in computer science from Purdue University, his M.B.A. and doctorate in adult and community education with a cognate in executive de- velopment from Ball State University. He is certified as both a Project Management Professional (PMP) and a Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR).Dr. Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette Michael J. Dyrenfurth is a professor of industrial technology in the College of Technology at Purdue University. He is a member of the ASEE and
Conference Session
Retention of Women Students II
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christel Heylen, Katholieke University, Leuven; Kathleen Geraedts, Katholieke University, Leuven
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
. in engineering in Aug. 2010 from the Katholieke Univer- siteit, Leuven. She is a member of LESEC (Leuven Engineering and Science Education Centre), where she coordinates one of the four sectors, namely project-based learning.Dr. Ing. Kathleen Geraedts, Katholieke University, Leuven Faculty of Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium Page 25.1278.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 The background and motivation of first year engineering students in relation to gender C. Heylen, K. Geraedts, I. Van Hemelrijck, M. Smet, J. Vander Sloten
Conference Session
Information and Network Security
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alak Bandyopadhyay, Alabama A&M University; Neema Simon Sumari, Alabama A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
Advanced Encryption Standard method isused for both transmitted and received transmissions. However, the data must be checked tomake sure it was sent or received properly. In order to check for errors in the protocols beginsent, a cyclic redundancy checker is used.Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) A cyclic redundancy checker (CRC) is an error detecting hash function code that issometimes referred to as polynomial code. The CRC is generally 16 to 32 bits long and is used tocheck data for any error before and after transmission. CRC’s are most commonly used to checkdata that is being sent over a network. For the solar tracker protocol used in this project, a 32 bitCRC is used to check the data packet being sent over the master/slave network for
Conference Session
New Research and Trends for Minorities in Engineering
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nadgee Mar González García, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Laura Isabel Nieves, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Paola Beatriz Pacheco, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Rosaurelis Joanne Marín, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Aidsa I. Santiago-Román, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
, are not considered mainly because there is no access to them. Therefore, there is aneed to measure the efficacy of ECIs among underrepresented populations to determine itsvalidity and reliability. Traditionally, underrepresented populations score below nations’average on these instruments.5, 6To address this concern, in 2010 the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded a project whoseprimary objective is to test the efficacy of the Concept Assessment Tool for Statics (CATS)among bilingual engineering students from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM)(EEC-1032563). This study is composed of a 3-phase mixed method design, in which eachphase is guided by a specific objective and research question. Also, for this study we havedefined
Conference Session
New Classrooms, New Challenges II: Assessing Non-traditional Approaches
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard L. Zollars, Washington State University; Adam Scott Carter, Washington State University; Christopher Hundhausen, Washington State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
only material balances but now on areacting system, and one involving material and energy balances on reacting systems withrecycle. At each level there are two problems. The first is a typical problem where students aregiven a description of a process then asked to develop the process flow diagram and theequations needed to perform the material (and energy if necessary) balances. The secondproblem (a critiquing problem) consists of a problem statement, a process flow diagram, and aset of balance equations. The process flow diagram and the equations contain errors. Thestudents are asked to find the errors, explain why they are erroneous, and suggest a way to fix theerror.In order to build a community among the faculty commited to this project
Conference Session
International Engineering Education: Developments, Innovations, Implementations, and Pedagogical Challenges in Engineering Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael E. Auer, Carinthia Tech Institute, Austria; Arthur Walter Edwards, University of Colima
Tagged Divisions
International
related to the integration oflearning and work. 5Data from Australian and Portuguese surveys show that engineers tend to spend the majority oftheir working week (around 60%) engaged in activities which involve interaction with others(meetings, supervision, writing reports, etc.) and only around 40% is devoted to technicalengineering activity. • There are also new organizational aspects in engineering education6:On the one hand, engineering issues, either in industrial products or in engineering projects, arequickly becoming increasingly complicated and most of these issues cross disciplinary lines.On the other hand, the working environment is becoming more and more internationalized dueto the globalization of the world economy. Products are
Conference Session
NSF Grantees' Poster Session
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suhas Ranganath, Arizona State University; Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan, Arizona State University; Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy, Arizona State University; Shuang Hu; Mahesh K. Banavar, Arizona State University; Andreas S. Spanias, Arizona State University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
developed using the Java based AndroidSDK and is compatible with all Android devices. We described the architecture of theapplication and presented the DSP functions in A-JDSP. The current set of functions in theapplication will enable students to perform simulation exercises on convolution, Fourier analysisand filter design. The interface is highly interactive and the block diagrams can be constructedusing a simple space-and-route procedure. Finally, we described our planned assessments inorder to understand the impact of this application in performing DSP laboratories.AcknowledgementsThis project is supported in part by NSF award 0817596, the SenSIP center, and SprintCommunications
Conference Session
Developing Young Minds in Engineering: Part I
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Blair J. McDonald, University of Texas, Pan American
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
attempt to get the new and at risk students to mingle with mature students and facultywithout enrolling them in a "special" program. The program's key objective is to get students toteach each other with mentors available to intervene only when necessary. In the Fall 2011 term,the project was started with virtually no funding. Laboratory space that was only being used20% of the time was made available to students to study in during the unused 80% of the classschedule.The motivation for this program and its objectives are discussed. Data collected following thefirst semester of operation is presented and discussed. Conclusions are drawn regarding theprograms impact on participating students.IntroductionStudents at every academic level are prone to
Conference Session
Recruitment and Retention Matters in Engineering Technology
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brian P. DeJong, Central Michigan University; Dru M. Wilson Wilson, Central Michigan University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Engineering (EGR120)in their first semester of freshman year. EGR120 is offered both semesters and currently has nopre- or co-requisite. Its syllabus covers introductory engineering material such as theengineering profession, disciplines, courses, problem solving, basic electrical and mechanicalconcepts, as well as two team-based design projects. For the first three years (2005-2006 to2007-2008 school years), the course was taught as one section; starting in the fourth year it wasbroken into smaller multiple sections to enhance professor-student interaction and studentlearning.EGR120 consistently draws relatively high enrollment (currently around 170 students per year),with 76% of the students taking the course in the fall. However, only 40-45 of
Conference Session
BIM and Virtual Construction Environments
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Hildreth, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Tagged Divisions
Construction
determine the appropriate prediction methods, • analyze their measured data and develop an appropriate model, and • predict operational performance.Thus, the students were able to demonstrate proficiency at the application, analysis, andsynthesis levels of Bloom’s taxonomy.Learning AssessmentThe course final exam question included a problem that was designed to assess student abilityregarding learning curves in the application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation levels ofBloom’s taxonomy. Students were provided performance data from a prestressed concrete piledriving operation to provide foundational support for a highway bridge. The actual unit cost ofinstalling the piling was provided for 10 bridge bents. During the course of the project