Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Harb, Brigham Young University; Richard Rowley, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University; Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

International

. Page 12.788.5Recommendations:• Provide regular meaningful opportunities for faculty and staff to strengthen personal leadership characteristics, and gain increased understanding of how to effectively teach leadership principles and skills.• Provide opportunities for each student to receive instruction about, and practice in, leadership through leadership workshops and retreats, student organizations, capstone courses, team- based projects and classes, and seminars.• Develop and offer an engineering course focused on leadership, character, and enhancement of global and cultural awareness.• Develop a website for faculty, staff, students and alumni to provide leadership resources including reading lists, discipline specific leadership

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khosrow Farahbakhsh, School of Engineering, University of Guelph; Warren Stiver, University of Guelph

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

understanding, better retention of concepts, increasedinterest on the subject matter among the students, and stronger problem solving skills. Severalapproaches have been practiced by educators to ensure meaningful participation of students inlearning including problem-based learning1, “learning by doing”2, and “project-orientededucation”3 to name a few. All these approaches emphasize a “learner-centered approach” and amove from a “content-based” to a more “context-based” education4.In addition to sharpening student’s laboratory skills, most undergraduate lab-based courses areused to promote some type of hands-on learning. In conventional laboratory course students areprovided with detailed instructions on how to perform the work and, in many cases, how

Conference Session

Unique Laboratory Experiments and Programs Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manar Shami, University of the Pacific; Ed Pejack, University of the Pacific; Ravinder Jain, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

AC 2007-2315: DEVELOPMENT OF AN INNOVATIVE STRUCTURAL TESTINGLABORATORY TO ENHANCE EXPERIENTIAL LEARNINGManar Shami, University of the Pacific Manar Shami, Ph.D., PMP., is a Faculty at the School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California. Professor Shami received M.Sc., M.Eng., and Ph.D. degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley. He did extensive research and consulting in project management in the U.S. and internationally. He was a Faculty at the University of Cincinnati. He was also a senior aviation engineer with ATAC Corporation in Sunnyvale, California working on NASA and DOD projects. He provided executive project

Conference Session

Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education - I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zbigniew Czajkiewicz, Robert Morris University; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Ozden Uslu, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. The RP/RM education at RMUis very effective, enhancing a healthy combination of theory and practice. A successfulstudent completing the ENGR 4801/5810 course gains invaluable information on thesetechnologies, and is able to operate all related hardware and software tools that include SLAtechnology, Reverse Engineering tools, and CNC technology. This knowledge and skill set isthen applied in his/her CARES Research or Engineering Projects or Integrated EngineeringDesign assignment (Capstone Course Project). Being competent in these areas make thestudent employable by CARES during his/her education and by the local industry. Students’response and feedback on these courses show their satisfaction in the learning process. It isnot uncommon to see

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 Mathematics Education with Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Celina Bochis, University of Alabama; Steven Hsia, University of Alabama; Pauline Johnson, University of Alabama; Karen Boykin, University of Alabama; Sandra Wood, University of Alabama; Larry Bowen, University of Alabama; Kevin Whitaker, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Award in 2006. Dr Johnson is Co-PI on the NSF-EMAP project described in this paper and also co-founder and faculty adviser of the University of Alabama Chapter of Engineers without Borders.Karen Boykin, University of Alabama Dr. is the Assistant Director of the University of Alabama's Environmental Institute and a Research Engineer. She has broad experiences in environmental engineering and science. Dr. Boykin's personal research interests involve the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic sources. Prior work included modification of EPA landfill emission model to include applications for soil amendments to cover systems. Efforts have also

Conference Session

Teaching Strategies in Graphics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Dean, Old Dominion University; Moustafa Moustafa, Old Dominion University; Julie Moustafa, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

gather real world ill-structured problems for students to solveusing the skills developed in their graphics courses applied to their upper levelengineering principles courses will satisfy all the requirements of industry for students topresent ideas with written, oral, and visual means in their senior capstone courses such asMET 435 senior design project. This capstone course requires the student to synthesizeall their knowledge from beginning drafting to advance engineering design principles tosolve a real world ill structured problem.Undergraduate Survey1) Are you currently employed in the engineering field? Yes NoIf you answered yes to question one, please go to the next question. If you

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Hill, U.S. Military Academy; Fred Meyer, U.S. Military Academy

without incurring additional faculty resources. A specifictechnique linking student grades to the assessment of program outcomes has been usedsuccessfully in two civil engineering courses with good success. This paper presents a revisedprocedure that serves to address previously expressed concerns related to mathematical processeswithin the assessment technique.The assessment technique is constructed within a spreadsheet and is easy to modify for use inany course. Inherent to this assessment technique is a mapping of specific student activities,whether as part of a project or other graded assignment, to specific program outcomes. Themapping involves the assignment of a number between one (weak mapping) and five (strongmapping) by experienced

Conference Session

Novel Measurement Experiments

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seyed Allameh, Northern Kentucky University; Tom Ogonek Ogonek, Northern Kentucky University; Paul Cooper, Northern Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

relatedcourses are in the filed of robotics, construction management, and nanotechnology. Most of thesecourses require students to complete a project. While undergraduate research is emphasized toreplace or complement capstone project course such as EGT-417, course projects serve well inexposing students to innovative, developmental work that can benefit them in future practicalapplications. The outreach programs that target young high school students as well as adultlearners can also benefit from hands-on projects that combine innovation, creativity andanalytical skills. It is desirable to incorporate new ideas, innovative schemes and application-based learning into manageable projects that can be carried out by students on different levels

Conference Session

ChE: Bioengineering, nanotechnology, and systems engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Marlin, McMaster University; Andrew Hrymak, McMaster University; John MacGregor, McMaster University; Vladimir Mahalec, McMaster University; Prashant Mhaskar, McMaster University; Christopher Swartz, McMaster University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

policy systems. Whilethe opportunities are unlimited, PSE is initially introduced with examples of greatest importanceto chemical engineering undergraduates, with course projects and enrichment readings providingextensions to other applications. The decision support methods we include in PSE are modeling (first principlesfundamental and data-based), simulation, process control, applied statistics, optimization,synthesis and design. These topics overlap with many existing courses in engineering,operations research and applied mathematics, so that much excellent teaching and learningmaterial is available. However, a great challenge exists in teaching them at the appropriateundergraduate level, linking to practical engineering applications

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard Evans, National University; Shekar Viswanathan, National University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

student programs. He has published and presented widely in areas of surface science, electronic materials and processes, project management, and industry/university relations. He holds 4 patents and has received awards for excellence in technical innovation (IBM), technical authorship (IBM), teaching (University of Colorado), and scholarship (National Science Foundation).Shekar Viswanathan, National University Dr. Viswanathan is a Professor and Chair of the Department of Applied Engineering and Lead Faculty for Engineering Management and Homeland Security and Safety Engineering. He is the Lead for six full time and fifty two adjunct faculty members. His department offers three

Conference Session

Teaching Design in Manufacturing Curriculum II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

ofroller coasters at amusement parks, and automated robotic welding lines in the automobileindustry.Traditionally, engineering courses have covered only selected automated assembly line designconcepts, usually in the context of teaching some other topic. For example, in industrialengineering, workstation design, assembly line design and line balancing are covered in courseson production systems. In mechanical engineering, design of devices such as material handlingtrays are covered in mechanical design courses. There is typically no single course thataddresses automated assembly design issues.Education on the big picture of system integration is typically accomplished via capstone coursesor senior design projects1. In this type of instruction

Conference Session

Assessing Entrepreneurship Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Blessing, Milwaukee School of Engineering; John D. Gassert, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Lawrence J. Schmedeman, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Larry Fennigkoh, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

solving problems. It has a 10-course2 design sequence that starts in the freshmanyear and culminates in a capstone design project in the final year of study. This course design,combined with a willing faculty, made BE an easy choice for our initial effort.In order to make effective use of university resources and have an immediate impact on the BEcurriculum, the plan for teaching entrepreneurship was to break up the topics into educationalmodules which each focusing on one particular aspect of business. This modular approachallows existing content from business courses to be used as new content in the engineeringcourses, thus addressing the faculty workload issue (challenge #2). Modules are being1 John D. Gassert, et. al., “Converting

Conference Session

FPD4 -- Hands-on & Real-World Studies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Menicucci, Montana State University; James Duffy, Montana State University; Betsy Palmer, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-designed experiment as contributing to their learning, althoughfor this particular lab, students responded on the full range of the scale, with somestudents rating the lab at a 1 and others at a 7. The average rating was 5.6. In the focusgroups, students also disagreed on the value of this lab with one student commenting“[The Student designed labs] took a little bit of extra effort. I think you got more backfrom it, as well, having put so much of ourselves into it. It combined all those skills wegathered throughout the semester.” Other students remarked that the nature of this labmimicked potential future experiences, both in required senior capstone projects and inreal-world work situations. They believed their experiences would be beneficial

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kari Clase, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and Innovation Certificate must complete asequence of 5 courses (15 credits). These include two required core courses, two optioncourses in areas of their choice, and one capstone or project-based course. TheBiotechnology Laboratory I (IT226) course within the Biotechnology program is offeredas an option course for the Entrepreneurial program. Biotechnology Lab forEntrepreneurs (IT226E) provides hands-on experience with the latest biotechnologyequipment via the collaboration discussed above with Bindley Bioscience Center. Thecourse also incorporates guest speakers from biotechnology industries and academia thatshare their experience with the students. For students interested in entrepreneurship, thebiotechnology course provides the

Conference Session

New Trends in Engineering Graduate Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Sanger, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

fitsextremelywell with thetwo semestersenior designengineering Figure 4. The founding partners of the Collaborative represent the principal stakeholders in the healthcare and aging sector of Western North Carolina.project inengineeringandengineering technology curricula. These capstone projects are accomplished by engineeringteams. The constitution of these teams is now being expanded to be multidisciplinary includingentrepreneurship, marketing and health scientists. The curriculum allows for enriched activitiessuch as attendance in a full day Boot Camp for Entrepreneurs seminar provided by Blue RidgeEntrepreneurial Council, one of the Collaborative partners. This building of a businessopportunity from an idea may require one or

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering and Pre-College Outreach Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kauser Jahan, Rowan University; Kathleen Sernak, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Multidisciplinary Design 16-Week Multidisciplinary Design Project—Composition & Rhetoric Project—Public Speaking Junior Product/Process Development or Product/Process Development or Research Research Senior Multidisciplinary Capstone Design/Research ProjectFreshman Clinics expose students to basic engineering skills including problem solving,teamwork fundamentals, engineering measurements and entrepreneurship. Students areintroduced to a variety of activities relevant to engineering measurements5. This is followed inthe second semester by intense study of engineering design through reverse engineering(“dissection”) and

Conference Session

EMD Program Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Gary Teng, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Ertunga Ozelkan, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Yesim Sireli, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Karen Elmore, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

√ √ √ Quality Engineering17 Implementation Experience √ √ √ Systems Design Project I, II Prof. Development & Intro to Engr I, II Systems Engr. Concepts Industrial Capstone Project18 Programming √ √ Comp. Meth. for Sys Engr. I, II Programming for Systems Engineers19 Spreadsheet Modeling √ √ √ Comp. Meth. for Sys Engr. I, II20 Value and

Conference Session

Direct Measures of Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, there are numerouspedagogical approaches for teaching ethics and/or contemporary issues with a wide rangecurriculum implementation strategies including modules, individual courses, integrationthroughout the curriculum, or as part of a capstone experience. This paper will describe anapproach implemented by a private technologically focused University to reinforce ethicalbehavior and to discuss a wide range of contemporary issues associated with the aboveoutcomes. The approach includes offering the course as a hybrid e-Learning course that isstudent learning focused and not instructor focused. Assessment of student learning and theeffectiveness of the hybridization of the course will also be discussed in the paper.IntroductionThe Accreditation

Collection

2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Johannes Strobel

3Jonassen [2] proposed a classification of problems on a continuum between ill-structured andwell-structured problems. For well-structured problems, the parameters of problems are specifiedin the problem statement; they possess knowable, correct solutions that are determined bypreferred solution paths; and they apply a limited number of regular rules and principles that areorganized in a predictive and prescriptive arrangement [2]. The kind of problems most oftenencountered in engineering education programs (except for capstone and assorted designexperiences) is the story (word) problem, which is well structured. When learning to solve storyproblems in engineering, students learn to translate relationships about unknowns into equations,solve the

Collection

2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Deborah Tihanyi; Margaret N. Hundleby

with regard to communication. The Department of Materials Science andEngineering is unique in the Faculty in that it has a significant communication-focused course ineach of years two, three and four of the degree program (see Table 1, next page). Each of thecourses is content-based, and each builds on the skills acquired in the one(s) before it, lookingforward to both the capstone project in the fourth year (thesis or industrial research project(IRP)) and professional practice.In MSE390, each of the deliverables goes through several iterations and receives extensivefeedback from both faculty and peers. Course instructors facilitate class workshops anddiscussion and meet individually with each student as the work progresses, in addition

Conference Session

Entrepreneurial Leadership and Non-traditional Ways to Engage Students in Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wilburn Clouse, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

caféwhere cross-disciplinary learning can take place in an informal environment that is not part ofthe university structure. This case is written specifically for Tennessee Wesleyan College butcould be used elsewhere. The Tennessee Wesleyan College faculty members who are involvedwith this project are expected to use this case and other cases in a capstone Honors program inentrepreneurship during the spring semester of 2005. Other cases may also be used in the Honorsclass. (This case is not in the current Manual and Casebook).Case 9 – Long Lines and Short Tempers (Homeland Security) – This case was written forengineering design classes interested in small device designs for homeland security and terrorismprevention. One of the most pressing

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manuel Jimenez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Ana Nieves, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Cristina Pomales-Garcia, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez; Nayda Santiago Santiago, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; José Vega, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Vilma Lopez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the program top high schools students from all over theisland.Engineering programs at the UPRM are five years long. In the CE program, the first two yearsare primarily devoted to mathematics, science, humanities, Spanish, English, and economycourses. In years three and four, the basis of CE is built with core courses in the areas ofsoftware, hardware, and communications. In the fifth year, students take mostly technicalelective courses. The program is structured to fulfill both breadth and depth of knowledge andconcludes in the fifth year with a major design experience through a capstone course identifiedas the “Design Project in Computer Engineering”.The particular academic setting where participating students were chosen included four

Conference Session

Digital and Embedded System Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Bolding, Seattle Pacific Univ; Dave Van Ess, Cypress Semiconductor

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

core.When designing such a course, the selection of a particular microcontroller is a very importantdecision. The selection should consider not only what microcontrollers are currently popular, butalso the ease of project development using the system, the availability of support to students, thecosts of starting up a lab, and the flexibility of the platform to fit into a course with multipleobjectives. This paper reports on using Cypress Semiconductor’s Programmable System on aChip (PSoC) as the basis for a microcontroller systems design course. The experience ofselecting the PSoC, designing a curriculum around it, designing laboratory exercises andmanaging the course are described. Furthermore, considerations such as the technical andfinancial

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Delivery Modes in Nuclear Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheldon Landsberger, University of Texas-Austin; Janet Ellzey, University of Texas-Austin; Brad Hull, University of Texas-Austin; Jessica Rosinski, University of Texas-Austin; James Wright, University of Texas-Permian Basin

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

it stands now, this course is designed toexamine economic issues regarding energy systems, plants, and processes. Engineering Page 12.513.12Design Methodology is designed to be somewhat of a reverse engineering course inwhich students learn to apply methodology in the design process. This course is listed asa significant writing component since the course will be very project based and willrequire writing of reports, memorandums, or progress updates.The final semester has only one required mechanical engineering course, entitled FinalDesign Project. This is commonly referred to a “capstone” course, in which studentsapply their knowledge in a design or

Conference Session

Improving ME Instructional Laboratories

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel Yang, Troy High; Mariappan Jawaharlal, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Purpose Sensor Board for Mechatronic ExperimentsIntroductionIn the past decade most undergraduate engineering programs have adopted mechatronics in someform into their mechanical engineering curriculum. However, due to their multidisciplinarynature, mechatronics courses1-3 across the programs vary significantly. Some courses focus onmicroprocessors and programming, some on sensors and others on controls. There are alsomechatronics courses based on robotics. There are also mechatronics capstone design projects.At Cal Poly Pomona, mechatronics is offered in all these flavors depending upon the course andthe instructor. Experience indicates that students who are involved in mechatronics projects arethe ones who had some prior exposure in this field

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Minority Engineering Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brad Matanin, Virginia Tech; Tremayne Waller, Virginia Tech; Jean Kampe, Virginia Tech; Cory Brozina, Virginia Tech; Bevlee Watford, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Resources for Engineers). In 2004, the CEED office received a $2million dollar STEP (STEM Talent Expansion Program) grant from the National ScienceFoundation. The goal of the project is to increase the number of students earning degrees inengineering and computer science. One component of the grant activities was the expansion ofASPIRE, marketing it to a larger number of first-year students admitted to the College ofEngineering (COE). The expanded bridge program still operates under the auspices of theCEED and has been named STEP Bridge – Student Transition to Engineering Program.Here, we provide a brief overview/history of ASPIRE and then discuss the transition to, andimplementation of the STEP Bridge program. We will compare the logistics of

Conference Session

Undergraduate Aerospace Design – General Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Christopher Cotting, Virginia Tech; Leigh McCue, Virginia Tech; Wayne Durham, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

AC 2007-93: THE INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND REDESIGN OF ANUNDERGRADUATE-LEVEL, SIMULATOR-BASED COURSE ON 'FLIGHT TESTTECHNIQUES'M. Christopher Cotting, Virginia Tech Chris Cotting is currently a graduate student working on his PhD in Aerospace Engineering at Virginia Tech. Prior to his return to school, he worked for four years at NASA Dryden Flight Research Lab where he was a project chief engineer and flight test lead for several projects. Prior to working for NASA he was employed for four years at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics in Palmdale, California. He has worked on numerous experimental aircraft projects including the X-43A and X-43C, X-35, and X-33. He has an undergraduate and Master’s

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manfred Hampe, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt; Lars Hagman, KTH; Jan Helge Bøhn, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-1830: TRANSATLANTIC DUAL BACHELOR'S DEGREE PROGRAMSBETWEEN TWO EUROPEAN AND AN AMERICAN UNIVERSITYManfred Hampe, Technische Universitaet DarmstadtLars Hagman, KTHJan Helge Bøhn, Virginia Tech Page 12.1501.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Transatlantic Dual Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Mechanical Engineering between two European and an American University AbstractThe ATLANTIS project joins the European Union and the United States of America in an unprecededendeavor to foster international education on the undergraduate level.Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD), Germany, Kungliga Tekniska

Conference Session

Writing and Communication I: Innovative Models for Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech; Lisa McNair, Virginia Tech; Diana George, Virginia Tech; kelly belanger, Virginia Tech; Lisa Norris, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

classroom is student learning anddevelopment. The desired outcome of an engineering design project in the workplace, in contrast,is a product or process the supports the company’s overall profitability and mission. Thus Page 12.1135.3teachers read student writing not because they need to act on the information a given reportincludes, but because they need to determine whether or not the student has mastered the contentand skills the course attempts to teach. In the workplace, managers, clients, and coworkers readreports or listen to presentations to extract information they need in order to perform their jobs.Data from a workplace test becomes the

Conference Session

Direct Measures of Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Sutterer, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; James Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Robert Houghtalen, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, existing assignments did not produceexplicit evidence of achievement of the outcome. For example, one of our outcomes is “Anability to work effectively on teams”. One of the criteria under that outcome is “shareresponsibilities and duties”. If a team of students works together all term on a project, you cantell by the content of the report that the team must have shared responsibilities in order toaccomplish the work. However, the report itself is not explicit evidence that the team membersshared responsibilities and duties. Therefore, that submission of the report by the students wouldfail because the report itself was not direct evidence of sharing responsibilities and duties.The faculty discussed two options to make the data better reflect