Conference Session

Effective & Efficient Teaching Skills

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

June Marshall, St. Joseph's College; John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

in the course and which reflect the amount and nature of theinformation that must be learned will go a long way to promoting academic success.Question #7 - Learning Strategies: What types of learning strategies do my studentsneed? Will they need to collaborate with others in small or large groups? Will studentsneed to listen, maintain their attention for long periods of time, or take extensive notes?Application of the Theory:Students often need to be shown how to learn in class, how to work effectively in a group,how to engage in a discussion or debate, how to take notes, or even how to ask questions.Do not simply assume students know how to learn in your class.Doyle concludes that after asking these seven questions, you will find yourself

Conference Session

Manufacturing Education Innovation and Assessment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Qualters, Northeastern University; Jacqueline Isaacs, Northeastern University; Thomas Cullinane, Northeastern University; Ann McDonald, Northeastern University; Jay Laird, Metaversal Studios

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

students to experience the ramification of materials processing decisions, i.e.,technological solutions on the triple bottom line through an educational format designed toappeal to the generation labeled as millennial.The decision to use a game methodology reflected, in part, a response to the current educationalconcerns around the millennial generation of students and their impact on higher education2. Thedifferences in learning styles of the millennial student are already having an impact on learningand teaching in higher education3-5. Given the technological context in which children are raisedin the U.S., the standard lecture and textbook homework assignments may not be the best methodfor teaching and communicating new ideas. It is our belief

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; Dom Acciani, Rowan University; Jennifer Courtney, Rowan University; Chenguang Diao, Rowan University; Roberta Harvey, Rowan University; William Riddell, Rowan University; Bernard Pietrucha, Rowan University; Paris von Lockette, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. Divergent inquiry by contrast “often seems to conflict with theprinciples and values that are at the core of the predominantly deterministic, engineering science Page 11.359.3approach.”10 These observations are reflected in the outcome of the fall 2003 and 2004 offeringsof the Sophomore Engineering Clinic, which are described in the next section.The Hoistinator ProjectIn the fall 2003 and fall 2004 semesters, the semester-long project was a crane design projectcalled the Hoistinator.11 This section describes the project itself and discusses outcomes fromthese first two offerings of the project.The student teams were provided with a substructure and

Conference Session

Program Delivery Methods and Real World Concepts

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leroy Cox, University of Missouri-Rolla; Susan Murray, University of Missouri-Rolla; David Spurlock, University of Missouri-Rolla (ENG)

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

thing inexchange for another. Subjects were asked as to the leader’s communication of what everyoneneeds to do to complete assignments, his or her making agreements about what is expected fromeveryone, and their specification as to what are expected levels of performance – the questionsdid not address a tangible award that was supplied by the leader in exchange for followerperformance. These behaviors reflect the aspect of contingent reward that speaks to theclarification of roles and task requirements. The reward aspect of this exchange is probablyexpressed more so by the professor of a particular course. Jarvenpaa and Leidner, in their studyof global virtual teams, and using student subjects, specifically mentioned that having the projecton

Conference Session

Defining Technological Literacy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; David Ollis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

assessment: did student learningresult in achievement of the desired outcomes? Four sample student learning objectivesare provided at a level of detail suitable for assessment and evaluation. These aresummarized below. While some commonality exists, the diversity of student learningobjectives is appreciable, reflecting lack of an accepted definition for “TechnologicalLiteracy.” It is expected that recent NAE and ITEA technological literacy standards maypromote convergence on this issue. Page 11.1239.11Student Learning Objectives (four examples) 1. Technology and the Human Built Environment (K. Vedula) Students will develop: ‚ an

Conference Session

Software Engineering Teaching Methods and Practice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Durant, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

Case(s) Do not reflect primary Appropriate in scope, but Purpose of the UC is clear UCs are clear and present a 15% 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 business events superficial in detail, not and there is sufficient detail to solid basis for requirements, providing enough information support clear Rs, but some without specifying design. for design. Or, the UCs key items are missing. UCs

Conference Session

Course-based Approaches to Entrepreneurship Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Doug Abbott, MT Tech of the U of MT; Lance Edwards, MT Tech of the U of MT; John Evans, MT Tech of the U of MT; Leo Heath, MT Tech of the U of MT; Mike Johnson, MT Tech of the U of MT; Timothy Kober, MT Tech of the U of MT; Mary North-Abbott, MT Tech of the U of MT; Roger Oldenkamp, MT Tech of the U of MT

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

thefoundation of engineering and exposing students to the entrepreneurial side of things is a major piece ofthe puzzle," says Evans. "Historically, Montana Tech graduates were quite adept at the technical side ofthings, but they needed a broader background in the ability to synthesize engineering data from a businessperspective," continued Evans.History of Entrepreneurship Education at Montana TechEntrepreneurial education at Montana Tech came about with the start of a movement by theschool to diversity into programs that reflected the technologically based role and scope of theinstitution. The school has long enjoyed a heritage deeply rooted in engineering and particularlyengineering in the extractive industries. Currently the school would be

Conference Session

Computing Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Price, DeVry University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

that all the various labels and descriptors for cognitive style could be grouped into twoorthogonal and bipolar dimensions: information processing and information coding. Commondescriptors along the information-processing dimension include Riding’s wholist/analytic,Allinson and Haye’s intuition-analysis, Kirton’s adaptor-innovator, and Witkin’s fielddependence-independence divisions of cognitive style. Each refers to the preferred way anindividual processes information 11. The second dimension identified by Riding is the verbal-imager dimension. This dimension reflects how individuals perceive or mentally codeinformation. Both dimensions are mutually exclusive and position on one dimension does notaffect position on the other.Differences

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Techniques in Mechanics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Everett, University of Texas-El Paso; Arunkumar Pennathur; Elsa Villa, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

. Page 11.1280.2Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors anddo not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Support was also from the PACE program(www.PACEpartners.org) and the authors gratefully acknowledge their support.Introduction Student enrollment in the College of Engineering at the University of Texas El Paso is veryhealthy. With student demographics in excess of 70% Hispanics and large class sizes, UTEP isone of the largest producers of undergraduate Hispanic Engineers. UTEP graduates can be foundin the nation’s top graduate schools, in the upper echelons of the nation’s leading corporations, inNational Laboratories and as entrepreneurs. In

Conference Session

Elementary School Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. David Burghardt, Hofstra University; Krowles Christine, Plainview School Distict

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

) help students construct meaning. Further, when Page 11.587.3students are encouraged to create artifacts (Appleton, 2000), they both reflect and enhancestudent understanding.The particular design strategy used was based on the informed design cycle (Burghardt andHacker, 2003). It is iterative and allows, even encourages, users to revisit earlier assumptionsand findings as they proceed. Figure 1 shows the overall cycle. A key differentiating factor inthe informed design process is in the Research and Investigation phase. The use of Knowledgeand Skill Builders (KSBs) provides structured research in key ideas that underpin the designsolution

Conference Session

Computer ET Projects and Applications

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jai Agrawal, Purdue University-Calumet; Omer Farook, Purdue University-Calumet; Chandra Sekhar, Purdue University-Calumet; Michael Segura, Purdue University-Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

of a phototransistor, aclass IIIa 650nm > 3mW semiconductor laser module, and a LM 50 National Semiconductortemperature sensor. The LM 50 sensor, 0P802WSL 5mW/m2 phototransistor, Laser module withautomatic power control, plastic lens with anti-reflective coating, beam has an adjustable focus,runs off 3V, draws about 45mA, and has a divergence of < 2.0 mrd. LM50 semiconductortemperature sensor operates off of 4-10VDC, measures temperature between the ranges of - 40°Cto +150 °C at 10mV/°C. 0P802WSL 5mW/m2 phototransistor: has an Ee = 5mW/m2, asensitivity spectral bandwidth starting at 310nm to 1030nm in wavelength; 850nm being thehighest sensitivity peek.Communication board in Fig. 2 houses the connectors and chips needed for

Conference Session

Faculty Development Toolkit

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerry Samples, University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

assessment of learningIdentify student learning styles Identify and address student’s conceptual difficultiesGood organization and planningTable 1. Responses to “What is good teaching?”How is it accomplished?The simple answer is through a combination of the two dimensions of Lowman’s model:intellectual excitement and interpersonal rapport. The responses in Table 2 are cumulative overthe workshop series but reflect a good understanding of the need for engineering faculty toutilize both dimensions. Most of the workshops focused on intellectual excitement, yet allincluded elements of interpersonal rapport. It is refreshing that the faculty who participated inthe process identified these

Conference Session

Feedback and IT: Improving Student Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Ledlie Klosky; Decker Hains, U.S. Military Academy; Jason A. Evers, U.S. Military Academy; Jared B. Erickson, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

propagate to the point of becomingubiquitous, the nature of communication, both formal and informal, is undergoing a realtransformation. This transformation is reflected within the student bodies of colleges across thenation as text messaging, live personal video and internet voice communication become moreevolved technically and entrenched in the psyche of our students. Student comfort levels withinstant messaging, documented by these authors in previous papers, is only one sign of thecoming wave of communication tools and attitudes which will truly blur the line betweenactually there and virtually there.In this paper, the authors document their experiences with instant messaging, video-based one-on-one student instruction and internet telephony

Conference Session

Incorporating Projects into the Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Choate, Western Kentucky University; Kevin Schmaltz, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

semester.Actual performance by students as team members was stronger. To address student perceptions,this topic will be introduced into Sophomore Design, ME200, with the intention to bring studentsto a professional competency by their senior year.Over the three-year history of the course, instructor-based evaluation of the outcomes has risenslightly, with the greatest gains in Outcome 1, reflecting the increased exposure to theProfessional Component that is been developed. Student self-assessment has also risen sharplywith Outcomes 2, 3 and 4 over this time period, where students are gaining confidence in theirabilities to execute projects.Individual course assessment is integrated for overall Program Outcome assessment at a PeerReview of Course

Conference Session

FPD8 -- Systems, Nanotechnology & Programming

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen Burn, University of Michigan; James Holloway, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Page 11.1450.4important when they view them as connected to their sense of self. For example, engineeringstudents will believe a task is important if engaging in the task reflects on their identity as anengineering major. Gender and racial identity become salient when talking about attainmentvalue because tasks offer opportunities to demonstrate aspects of one's self-conception, such asmasculinity or femininity or connection with cultural heritage.Intrinsic value pertains to the enjoyment a student gains from doing a task and relates to interestand intrinsic motivation. Interest has been shown to be course specific. And although studentsmay not be interested in a course at a global level, an individual course or topic within a coursecan

Conference Session

Software and e-learning in the ME curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Fisher, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

engineering students.8,9 For example, student learning styles have beencharacterized according to the following five dimensions: sensory vs. intuitive, visual vs. verbal,inductive vs. deductive, active vs. reflect, and sequential vs. global.10 While student learningstyles can be expected to vary within a given class, the average college instructor is likely to bedescribed as an intuitive, verbal, deductive, reflective, and sequential learner.11 This is reflectedin the stereotypical “chalk-and-talk” teaching style prevalent in engineering education.However, a number of studies have shown the benefits of inductive teaching methods (such asproblem-based and project-based learning) and active learning (engaging students in activitiesother than listening

Conference Session

Retention Issues

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phyllis Tedford, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi; John Fernandez, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Islander Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic American Indian or Alaskan Native 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001Figure 5. Percent of CS Baccalaureate Degrees Awarded to Minorities: 1992 - 2001recruiters. One important consideration in hiring the recruiters was to create a team thatwould accurately reflect the diversity of the population in south Texas. By the end ofOctober 2003, six recruiters had been hired. These recruiters not only reflected thediverse population of the area, but also represented a range of interests in the field ofcomputer science running the gamut from the more traditional computer

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade for Teaching II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Malicky, University of San Diego; Ming Huang, University of San Diego; Susan Lord, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

learning is often not made in the literature, although it is helpful to distinguish them when trying to determine which pedagogy is most appropriate for a given instructor and course. The most common implementation of project-based learning in engineering is for capstone design courses.• Inquiry-Based Learning: The organizing principle for inquiry-based learning is the scientific method; as such inquiry learning is most commonly used in labs. Students observe a carefully selected phenomenon, develop a hypothesis about that phenomenon, develop an experimental procedure to test their hypothesis, perform their experiment, evaluate their results, and reflect on their learning. Learning is again student-centered, interactive

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Sumpter, Purdue University; Deborah Follman, Purdue University; Mica Hutchison, Purdue University

: Affecting a significant fraction of men and women,understanding/ learning was listed by 61.9% male and 40% female respondents. Studentresponses included in this category reflected a student’s ability to comprehend and learngeneral material such as concepts being taught in class, the homework assignments, labs,and projects. A student’s expression of difficulty or ease of understanding certainmaterial being presented was also placed in this category. Student responses included “Iam learning the material.”, “I understand a majority of the concepts in ENGR 116.”, or “Ido have trouble understanding the very difficult problems.”Drive and Motivation: Responses concerning an individual’s ability to accomplishpersonal tasks such as passing the class

Conference Session

Integrating Research Into Undergraduate ECE Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georgios Anagnostopoulos, Florida Tech; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Ken Ports, Florida Tech; Richie Samuel, University of Central Florida; Melinda White, Seminole Community College; Veton Kepuska, Florida Tech; Philip Chan, Florida Tech; Annie Wu, University of Central Florida; Marcella Kysilka, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

constitutethe anchor of an elaborate dissemination plan that is multi-faceted and self-sustained. Moreover,it plans to impact 80 students in a span of 2 years, some of which are members ofunderrepresented groups (in particular UCF and SCC students). Additional, distinctcharacteristics are reflected in the immediate objectives of Project EMD-MLR, which are listedbelow 1. Introduce research into the undergraduate curriculum of many engineering and science disciplines. The number of undergraduate students that will be affected by the project will be 40 per year, 80 in total. 2. Develop educational materials focused on Machine Learning, that will be of value to many academicians, students and professionals with interest in this field, or

Conference Session

Trend in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Haiyan Xie, University of Arkansas-Little Rock; James Tramel, University of Arkansas-Little Rock; Wei Shi, University of Florida; Mei Lu, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Construction

systematic inquiry bycollaborative, self-critical communities of teachers and students, which takes place in schools. Itis pursued out of a desire of need to improve educational knowledge and practices. It isaccomplished through a recursive cycle of (1) identifying a problem area, (2) studying it bygathering data, and (3) reflecting on the data in order to make teaching decisions grounded inevidence rather than in hunches. Taking action is a moral imperative for the action researcherand an integral part of the research.Teachers are action researchers in classrooms. At first, teachers participate in study groups,institutes, and collaborative teams that others led or coordinated. Later they are facilitators ofaction research collaborative. Certain

Conference Session

Evaluation and Assessment of IE Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. Radharamanan, Mercer University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

; commitment to improvement; activelearning; and systems perspective.ISO-9000 standards exist principally to facilitate international trade. The driving forces thathave resulted in widespread implementation of ISO-9000 standards can be summed up in onephrase: “the globalization of business”. Expressions such as “post-industrial economy” and “theglobal village” reflect profound changes during recent decades6. These changes include: newtechnology in virtually all industry/economic sectors; worldwide electronic communication Page 11.1371.3network; widespread worldwide travel; dramatic increase in world population; depletion ofnatural resource reserves

Conference Session

Approaches to Teaching Entrepreneurship

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Minnie Patel, San Jose State University; Anuradha Basu, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

entrepreneurship amongst engineering students. However, this would be atodds with the feedback received from student surveys conducted by us over the past two years,which indicate an interest in learning about entrepreneurship, as discussed in this paper.Alternatively, and more likely, it reflected the difficulties of attempting to persuade students toparticipate in extracurricular events, given that most engineering students have extremely highwork loads (131-138 units required for graduation for various majors in the college ofengineering). Besides, most SJSU students pay their way through university, and hence, juggleschool with part-time employment.These results imply that if we want to foster entrepreneurial skills amongst SJSU engineeringstudents

Conference Session

Integrating H&SS in Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Pinar Menguc, University of Kentucky; Ellie Hawes, University of Kentucky; Jane Jensen, University of Kentucky; Ingrid St. Omer, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

new concepts through virtual companies. Thestudents were divided into six groups of three- or four-persons. They chose their ownfocus areas and established companies in nano-medicine, entertainment, defensivemilitary concepts, energy, arms, and novel materials. Then they explored how they couldimpact society within their choice of a nanotechnology company. They thought about thenew ideas and developments, in a similar vein to James Watt. They considered thepotential impact of the ideas beyond the obvious, reflecting on what the compassachieved. They considered the long-term impact on common people, as was the case inPompeii. Finally, they ventured into the question of “playing god!” We are sure that theygained a solid insight into a new world

Conference Session

Assessing K - 12 Engineering Education Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Barrett, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

questions • Learners evaluate their explanations in light of alternative explanations, particularly reflecting scientific understanding • Learners communicate and justify their proposed explanations. Research also suggests that the quality of the teaching workforce is the single mostimportant factor in predicting student achievement.15 Robert Marzano has conducted anextensive review of the research studies involving factors that impact student achievement andconducted meta-analyses of those studies to determine the effect size of the factors on studentachievement16. He describes three types of factors that impact student achievement: school-level factors, student-level factors and teacher-level factors. What factors can SWEPT/RETs

Conference Session

Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Linsey, University of Texas-Austin; Brent Cobb, U.S. Air Force Academy; Daniel Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin Wood, University of Texas-Austin; Saad Eways, Austin Community College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

determining a student’slearning preference, the VARK test serves as a catalyst for reflection by the student3. Thestudent takes a simple 13-question test that is aimed at discovering how they prefer to receiveand process information.After taking the test, the student receives a “preference score” for each of four areas. The firstarea is Visual (V). This area indicates how much the student prefers to receive informationfrom depictions “of information in charts, graphs, flow charts, and all the symbolic arrows,circles, hierarchies, and other devices that instructors use to represent what could have beenpresented in words.” The second area is Aural (A). This area indicates the student’s preferencefor hearing information. The third area is Read/Write (R

Conference Session

Teaching Innovation in Arch Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stan Guidera, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

outcomes of that were intended to facilitate the student’s professionaldevelopment. However, the professional development opportunity was intended to be a subsetof course experience. Emphasizing the importance of reflection in promoting more broadintellectual development, Van Gyn [10] proposed that "if co-op is only a vehicle for experienceto gain information about the workplace and to link technical knowledge with workplaceapplication, then its effectiveness is not fully developed." To this end, the course was alsointended to draw on the international and cultural experiences associated with the class activitiesto enhance student’s intellectual development in terms of their understanding of architecture andthe global and historical context in

Conference Session

Effective & Efficient Teaching Skills

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Larson, Seattle University; Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

’ achievement of theobjectives (either for a particular question, an assignment, or for the whole course). There are avariety of different ways of measuring student progress. For instance, assessment can be donewith respect to a standard developed by the instructor or it could be done with respect to otherstudents in the course by curving the grades. In either case, great care must be done to make surethe assigned grades reflect the level of understanding of each student.To accurately assess students, it is important to remain fair to all students. Being unfair orinconsistent will often lead to inaccurate evaluations. While almost all educators strive to beunbiased during grading, it is possible to be inconsistent during grading without

Conference Session

Civil Engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luciana Barroso, Texas A&M University; James Morgan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

projects were confusing and ill-prepared. Students had trouble figuring out what it was we were supposed to be doing.” ‚ “The projects were frustrating because we didn’t always know exactly what we were supposed to be doing. I did however learn a lot by struggling through them.”The first comment illustrates how some students are focused on exams and the grade, rather thanon learning the material. The second comment is related to the discomfort most students feelwhen first presented with a realistic and open-ended problem.Mid-term and final course evaluations for this class reflect that, though students find the coursechallenging, they indicate that these are courses where they see how the material relates to thepractice of civil

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanne Mathews, Illinois Institute of Technology; Daniel Ferguson, Illinois Institute of Technology; Margaret Huyck, Illinois Institute of Technology; Abhinav Pamulaparthy, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the additional training scored a mean of 56.4% correct vs. the all teammean of 48% correct, a 16% test score improvement. Those five teams involved in trainingexercises also improved their beginning BOS to end of semester EOS test scores from 48.2% to56.4% correct, a significant improvement if not a satisfactory test score. These same teams arealso engaged in a pilot test of a reflection exercise that also may have contributed to theirknowledge gain.Table 4: Pre- and post- test results for the Learning Objectives (LO) assessment for two IPROteams that participated in the training sessions.Sample of IPRO Teams that participated in LO TrainingIPRO Team Pre-test Average of LO Test (% Post-test Average of the LO Test (%Number