Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yingqian Zhang; Jiabin Zhu

development of graduate and undergraduate students. For her work on the cognitive development of Chinese engineering doctoral students in U.S. institutions, she received the 2013 Doctoral Thesis Award from the School of Engineering Education, Purdue University. Dr. Zhu has chaired multiple projects from the Humanities and Social Science Program, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Program and others. She currently serves as an associate editor for Journal of Engineering Education and IEEE Transactions on Education. She also serves as a board member for the Research in Engineering Education Network. She obtained a Ph.D. in Engineering Education and a M.S. in Biomedical Engineering from Purdue

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Delahanty, Bucks County Community College; Vladimir Genis, Drexel University; Susan Herring; Tracy Timby, Bucks County Community College

we market at these events? 5. Continue with successful recruitment events at Bucks such as field trips for 6. For lower grades hold yearly assemblies sponsored by the College. Students will grow up knowing Bucks and what we offer! Conclusion Our grant team expects that fulfillment of the goals of this grant will help to addressgrowing and urgent industry needs by better preparing students for the workforce, and increasethe number of engineering technicians both in our region and nationally. We are disseminatingsuccesses and challenges of this project locally and at conferences nationwide throughpresentations, synergy sessions, Professional Learning Communities (PLC

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandeep Langar, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Arti Daga, SVKM's NMIMS University, Mumbai, India; Rachel Mosier, Oklahoma State University; Sanjeev Adhikari, Kennesaw State University

; Conservation in 2016. Arti has 15 years of teaching experience with different architecture colleges and management institutes in India in varied capacities. She has industry experience of a decade working with Architects and Developers. She then started her own professional practice and simultaneously took to being a passionate academician. Project Management and Sustainable Architecture are her core areas of interest and research.Rachel Mosier (Associate Professor) Rachel Mosier is an Associate Professor at Oklahoma State University and a licensed as a professional engineer in Construction Engineering with 7 years experience as a structural engineer. Mosier worked 6 years in municipal government public works. Mosier researches

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Shepard, University of St. Thomas

surveyed in their first year and thenagain in their senior year. Further, it is unclear how long students will recognize the need tomode switch upon completing the assignment. Finally the use of the Cech [5] survey allowedlimited conclusions regarding the impact of the empathy module. An empathy-specific measure,such as the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, is being considered for future studies.AcknowledgementsThe author thanks Dr. Sochacka for her assistance and encouragement in the development of theempathy lesson and assignment. The assistance of the introduction to engineering and fluidmechanics instructors who surveyed their students for this project is also appreciated. Finally,the author is grateful to the Kern Family Foundation for

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Developing Lab and Research Skills for BioE/BME Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Casey Ankeny, Northwestern University; Amy Adkins, Northwestern University; David O'Neill, Northwestern University

Harris Manchester Colleges, was College Lecturer for New College and a Senior College Lecturer in Engineering Science for Keble College. Current projects and interests include implementing mastery-based grading schemes, and how cognitive load can be affected by vertical curricula and the level of synopticism throughout the biomedical engineering degree path . © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comImpact of Two Reflective Practices in an Engineering Laboratory Courseusing Standards-based GradingIntroduction:Typically, traditional summative-based grading simply shows students point deductions, oftenfailing to provide a link

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 10: Empathy and Human-centered Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ardeshir Raihanian Mashhadi, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico

.4.3.272[34] J. W. Osborne, "What is rotating in exploratory factor analysis?," Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 2, 2015, doi: 10.7275/hb2g-m060.[35] J. W. Osborne, A. B. Costello, and J. T. Kellow, "Best practices in exploratory factor analysis," Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1-9, 2008, doi: 10.7275/hb2g-m060[36] M. Tavakol and R. Dennick, "Making sense of Cronbach's alpha," International Journal of Medical Education, vol. 2, p. 53, 2011, doi: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd.[37] G. Guanes, L. Wang, D. A. Delaine, and E. Dringenberg, "Empathic approaches in engineering capstone design projects: student beliefs and reported behaviour," European

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Demos and Interactives

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Ngo, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Emily Welsh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Benita Comeau, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Nicholas Fang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; John Liu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Kachina Studer

allows students to project the simulated SEM on top of or next tothe physical SEM. This facilitates an intuitive understanding of the scale of the electron beamand movement of the stage better than a non-augmented experience could provide.2.4 Application DevelopmentThe Unity engine, a platform for 3D app and game development, was used to develop theapplication because of easy deployment to both Android and iOS devices. We used the VuforiaAR engine, an augmented reality software development kit (SDK) for mobile devices with Unitycompatibility. Unity’s multi-platform build capabilities allowed for very seamless testing andquick release of initial design concepts. Simple user interface (drag and drop functionality)removed the barrier for design

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 1: Experiential Learning in Fluids, Structures, and Course/Lab Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Sizemore, Mesa Community College

Paper ID #37072A Sequence of Laboratories for Beginning Statics ClassesJim Sizemore (Professor) Jim graduated from Washington State University with a B.S. and Stanford with a Ph.D. in engineering. He worked in the semiconductor industry for many years on a wide variety of projects such as ion-implantation, oxidation, diffusion, metal- semiconductor contacts, device physics, CCDs, LEDs, electronic noise, high voltage devices, radiation-hardened devices, thermal management, statistical analysis of yield, statistical process control, plasma process, IC materials adhesion and fracture, software, etc. He turned to

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

binbin shao, Zhejiang University; Wei Zhang, Zhejiang University; Liang Wang

studies have focused on the impact of entrepreneurshipcompetitions on EI. The ways in which engineering students specifically can beinfluenced through entrepreneurship competitions have not been fully exploredthrough systematic research. Engineers could have valuable opportunities to manageentrepreneurial projects if, in addition to their engineering expertise, they learned toplan, develop their creativity and innovation, deal with uncertainty, and evaluatebusiness opportunities [3]. Thus, it is important to analyze the EI of engineeringstudents and take appropriate measures to develop it. Given the interest of highereducation institutions in involving more engineering students in entrepreneurshipcompetitions, the current study explored the

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Elzomor, Florida International University; Piyush Pradhananga; Rubaya Rahat, Florida International University

Paper ID #37020Infusing 3D Printing into Construction ManagementCurricula to Educate Future Workforce of its ApplicationPiyush Pradhananga Piyush Pradhananga is a Ph.D. Candidate in Civil and Environmental Engineering at Florida International University (FIU). Piyush holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Tribhuwan University (TU). Following his graduation in 2016, he joined a leading real estate corporation in Nepal as a site engineer working on a multi-million project. He later joined a research firm based in London where he worked as an Engineering Graduate Researcher. Piyush is currently a Graduate Research

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in Mechanics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College; Lee Singleton; Todd Haskell; Kathryn Rupe, Western Washington University

developed and reviewedfor accuracy, relevance and validity as part of another project developing mechanicsConcepTests (CTs) for the Concept Warehouse [25]. In addition to selecting an answer choiceand writing a brief explanation, students gave a confidence rating for each response on a scale of1 = substantially unsure, 2 = moderately unsure, 3 = neutral, 4 = moderately confident and 5 =substantially confident. Table 3 summarizes the results for the MCE questions. Table 3. Multiple-choice plus explain (MCE) response results. F20 Intervention Section W21 Control Section CT Pre Post Pre Post Activity Topic IDs %COR CONF

Conference Session

ERM: Lessons Learned from COVID (COVID Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diana De La Rosa-Pohl, University of Houston; Catherine Horn

Banning (2001), the students’understanding of the built environment was grounded in a recognition of spaces that createdsafety and inclusion (e.g., the library) and evolved to one that recognized space as a conduit forinvolvement (e.g., the student center, the wellness center) and that served as basis for communitybuilding.Similarly, findings reinforce Wu et al. (2021) in their identification of flexibility, functionality,and openness as particular high-value conditions present in meaningful space. Those sameconditions also align with Hoffman et al. (2002) and others who recognize the function of spacein facilitating meaningful interactions with peers and valued involvement. Taken together, theresults of this project add important nuance to the

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering 2

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Edwin Lim, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

model, pre-lecture online modules were shared with students and to be completedprior to lecture. Lectures were focused on discussion and activities built upon the materialsintroduced in the pre-lecture modules. The final component in this model is post-lecture problemsolving sessions. Maalouf and Putzeys3 mixed traditional classroom lectures, pre-recorded videolectures and activity sessions together. Holdhusen4 and Sangree5 combined pre-recorded videolectures that needs to be watched prior to attending class sessions to complete active learningexercises.For the blended teaching method considered in this project, the instructor provides 57 pre-recorded videos uploaded to a learning management system (LMS). These videos discussconcepts

Conference Session

Communications and Ethics

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Claire Lynne McCullough, High Point University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

andprofessional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed judgments,” 1 thecourse is also used to assess both outcome 3, “an ability to communicate effectively with a rangeof audiences,” 1 and outcome 7, “an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, usingappropriate learning strategies.”1 Further, the class includes a team-based project on a topicrelated to diversity, equity, and inclusion, and so can also be used to demonstrate outcome 5, “ anability to function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership, create acollaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks, and meet objectives,” 1 andto address expected changes to Criterion 5 for the 2023-24 accreditation cycle: “a

Conference Session

Curriculum Development 2

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

George A. Hazelrigg, Mechanical Engineering Department, George Mason University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

as 500 miles from the site of the pyramid. The base of thepyramid is aligned with the cardinal directions accurate to 0.067 degrees. The Romans built asystem of aqueducts that supported a city of over one million, supplying over 500,000 cubic metersof water daily2. The ancients also designed and built immense ships. The Syracusia3, 180 feet inlength, had a capacity of 1940 passengers and a crew of 200. It featured a library, gymnasium andbathroom, and could carry a cargo of 1,600 to 1,800 tons. These are achievements that modernengineers would be proud to have made.But the engineers of these early projects did not have the science, mathematics, computingcapabilities or machinery to simplify these tasks. Instead, they were trained as

Collection

2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Alexis Capitano; John Cook; Kathryn Johnson

to apply in theworkplace. The reason identified by the professors stemmed from the content of the course beingoutdated compared to industry standard. When the students lack a clear understanding of the“why” behind the concepts learned in the classroom, there is a much larger gap to overcomewhen adjusting to the profession. An example of this problem and a solution is described in thepaper by Heckman et al. [12], where students were tasked to work on a software project that wasover ten years old. The technology was outdated and had many bugs and complications that werepreventing the students from having a productive learning experience. By completelyoverhauling the software and beginning routine updates to the program, the teachers were able

Collection

2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Randy Hurd; Dustin Grote

physics labs using smartphone sensors [16][17][18][19];these prior examples were designed to help students learn fundamental concepts in physicsclasses. Only one other study that we found used smartphone sensors to teach measurementtechniques in an engineering context [8]. The purpose of this project was to create two new labsthat students can perform at home using their smartphones, that mimic the traditional labexperience on campus as much as possible.Before completing the assignment, students were given some in-class training on how to usetheir smartphone to collect lab data. This provided an opportunity for the instructor to avoidsome common errors such as students downloading the wrong app, misunderstanding appoperation, and relying on

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meredith Kirkmann, University of Maine; Rachel Mosier, Oklahoma State University

Paper ID #36522Can Soil Mechanics laboratory courses use tools and lessonsfrom online learning to enhance in-person laboratoryexperiences?Meredith Kirkmann (Assistant Professor) Assistant Professor of Contstruction Engineering Technology at the University of Maine. Meredith was a Senior Project Manager in the Highway Department at the MaineDOT before joining UMaine, and is a geotechnical engineer.Rachel Mosier (Associate Professor) Rachel Mosier is an Associate Professor at Oklahoma State University and a licensed as a professional engineer in Construction Engineering with 7 years experience as a structural

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Whitney Gaskins, University of Cincinnati; Samieh Askarian, University of Cincinnati; Keri Eason

Paper ID #37247Black is Gold: The Importance of Racial Identity to BlackUndergraduate Students in EngineeringWhitney Gaskins (Assistant Dean of Inclusive Excellence and CommunityEngagement)Samieh Askarian Samieh Askarian Khanamani is a Ph.D. student at the Department of Engineering Education, University of Cincinnati. She has 10 years of experience as Vice-Principal in elementary school in Iran. She has a bachelor's degree in project management Engineering from Payamnoor university and a Master's degree in Civil Engineering from Azad University. Her research area of interest lies in informal preK-12 education to

Conference Session

LEES 1: Critical Humanities and Serious Play

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Livingston, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Richard House, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

person with an engineer's mind should be an engineer”Hidden Figures (2016) depicts African-American women working as “computers” at NASA’sLangley Research Center in the early years of Project Mercury, the first United States humanspaceflight program. Before electronic computers supplanted women’s labor, NASA and otherorganizations held spaces in which computation was women’s work, a fascinating reversal fromour contemporary situation. The central characters of the film—engineer Mary Jackson,programmer Dorothy Vaughan, and mathematician Katherine Johnson—encounter persistent andovert discrimination, but nevertheless enjoy a degree of professional opportunity and prestigeunusual for black women in the South. Their experiences provide some insight

Conference Session

Computers in Education 5 - Modulus 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pradeep Radhakrishnan, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Alexander Galvan, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David Brown, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Haofan Zhang (BS, CS ’20), Trevor Dowd(BS CS ’20), Robert Dutile (BS CS ’20), Milap Patel (BS/MS ME/CS ’20), Michael Taylor (BSCS ’19), Griffin Cecil (BS CS ’19), Dimitrios Tsiakmakis (BS CS ’19), and Praneeth Appikatla(BS CS ’19), who worked on this software as part of their capstone projects. We would like tothank the students in various courses at WPI who participated in testing the software and providingvaluable feedback. We also would like to thank Prof. Nicholas Bertozzi at WPI for his efforts intesting and utilizing the software in the Unified Robotics I (RBE 2001) course.References[1] “Working Model 2D,” Working Model 2D - 2D Kinematics & Dynamics Software - Engineering Simulait. [Online]. Available: https://www.design

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Perez, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Faye Wachs, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Harmony Nguyen, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Deanna Miranda Barrios; Lily Gossage, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Brooke Jones

project explores the efficacy of TASI for arange of engineering courses, this paper focuses on Statics courses: Engineering Statics (CE),Applied Statics (ET), and Vector Statics (ME).RESULTSOverall, we found sense of belonging was improved by TASI participation, and TASIparticipation did improve course performance. Analyses of course GPA data revealed that URMstudents’ final course grades were consistently lower than that of their non-URM counterparts, asidentified by previous research [15]. This pattern was evident each semester from SP2019 toSP2020 for all three courses with the exception of Spring 2020, in ET when the grades wereequivalent. See tables 2-4 below.Table 2 course grades and enrollment in Mechanical Engineering Statics

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Hedayati Mehdiabadi, University of New Mexico; Elizabeth Moschella-Smith, University of New Hampshire; Mala Htun

comments or comments that make other people visibly uncomfortable” Discrimination 36 49.3 “Unfair treatment based on some property” “The act of singling out somebody” “Excluding people from study or research groups” “Not getting proper recognition or proper praise, for coming up with an idea or running a project” Disrespectful 32 43.8 “Being mean and humiliating" Behaviors “Being rude for no reason” “Making fun of someone" “Belittling

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gurupriya Ramanathan, Salisbury University; Sara Hagenah

research assistant at Boise State University where she contributed to a variety of projects investigating early childhood STEM education, as well as, providing instructional coaching for teachers to implement high-quality practices in their classrooms. Her current research interests revolve around high quality early childhood STEM practices, supporting teachers in implementation of early STEM education, as well as Makerspaces in Early Childhood.Sara Hagenah Science and STEM teacher educator, interested in teacher and student identity © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comInfluence of Peer Perseverance on Students' Engagement

Conference Session

Issues Facing STEM Programs at Rural Two-Year Colleges

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, University of Cincinnati; Dustin Grote, Weber State University

the authors plan to expand the Markov models to complete curricula.To continue refining our Transfer Student Structural Complexity model, we are currently in themidst of a project to collect more face and construct validity for our measures by solicitingfeedback from transfer stakeholders, including faculty, advisors, administrators, and studentsthemselves. We aim to contextualize a broader theory of Transfer Student Curricular Complexityto complement the instructional complexity in Heileman’s [2] framework. Moreover, we plan tocollect more plans of study to explore the variation in the measures provided here.Finally, we have an alpha version R package that we are using to conduct the analyses that weplan to make available to the community

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Best Paper

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Duncan Davis, Northeastern University; Ciana Winston, Northeastern University

attempts in a row to avoid an undesiredquestion is an acceptable test-taking approach as long as they are able to complete the chosenattempt in one iteration before running out of attempts. This framework is designed to givestudents flexibility to figure out an approach that works best for them. Mirroring the real world,picking your projects carefully can determine your success in a given company or career. Here,we offer students the opportunity to learn how to determine their own success through theirchoices and effort.Throughout the different assessments, we used Canvas’s ‘essay’-type questions frequently. Essayquestions give the student a block of space to write free-response answers. In addition, studentscan make tables, upload files

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 9 - Design Across the Curriculum

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Astrid Layton, Texas A&M University; Julie Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology; Samuel Blair, Texas A&M University; Garrett Hairston, Texas A&M University; Henry Banks, Georgia Institute of Technology

the ability of a modularity analysis to identifyheavily used tools as well as tools not used as often, allowing for visualization of the roles andinteractions of the tools in the network.The survey data from both Fall 2020 and Spring 2021 are impacted by each school’s COVID-19related rules. As a result, the results are not entirely reflective of normal space use as access towas heavily restricted. At School A, students were only allowed to work on class projects with aselect few clubs granted limited access to the space. Personal use was explicitly prohibitedduring this time, although this policy was not enforced particularly strictly. School B, on theother hand, had significantly fewer restrictions than School A. The restrictions that were

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Karlin, Minnesota State University, Mankato; L. James, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Lauren Singelmann, North Dakota State University; Dan Ewert

: achievements of the ELLI project at the TU Dortmund University." Procedia manufacturing 26 (2018): 1349-1360.16. S. Das, D. K. Kleinke, and D. Pistrui, "Reimagining engineering education: does industry 4.0 need education 4.0?." 2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access. 2020.17. C. Terkowsky and T. Haertel. "Fostering the creative attitude with remote lab learning environments–an essay on the spirit of research in engineering education." Engineering Education 4.0. Springer, Cham, 2016. 197-212.18. K. Schuster, K. Groß, R. Vossen, A. Richert, and S. Jeschke. "Preparing for industry 4.0– collaborative virtual learning environments in engineering education." In Engineering Education 4.0, pp. 477-487. Springer

Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #9

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Nelson-Fromm, University of Michigan; Wade Fagen-Ulmschneider, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

, p. 25:1-25:36, Sep. 2019, doi: 10/gkqfnv.[21] T. Nelson-Fromm and W. Fagen-Ulmschneider, “The Grainger Engineering Metro Map.” https://d7.cs.illinois.edu/projects/Grainger-Engineering-Metro-Map/ (accessed Apr. 22, 2022).[22] M. Nöllenburg and A. Wolff, “A Mixed-Integer Program for Drawing High-Quality Metro Maps,” in Graph Drawing, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006, pp. 321–333. doi: 10/c2qppf.[23] C. Hurter, M. Serrurier, R. Alonso, G. Tabart, and J.-L. Vinot, “An automatic generation of schematic maps to display flight routes for air traffic controllers: structure and color optimization,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, New York, NY, USA, May 2010, pp. 233–240. doi: 10/ddxjhk.[24] D

Conference Session

Session 11 - Track 1: "Emotions can hinder Professional Experiences:" Emotional states of first-generation engineering students when introduced to hidden curriculum

Collection

2023 Collaborative Network for Computing and Engineering Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

R. Jamaal Downey, University of Florida; Idalis Villanueva Alarcón, University of Florida; Victoria Beth Sellers

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

majority counterparts? Participants We excluded anyone that identified HC as positive since the scope of our project was tosee how HC is negatively impacting FG students and their intersecting disenfranchised identities(self-identified women, Latino, and Black bodies). Asian identities were excluded from thisstudy since they are statistically overrepresented in science and engineering [22]. An initialround of coding the data revealed that out of n984, n341 answered the emotion question on thesurvey. Of the n341, n157 answered the survey question with either a negative emotion orlacking any memory of HC experiences. The demographics of the n157 participants is listed inthe chart below. Table 1: Participant Demographics