Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mrinal Saha, University of Oklahoma; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Bipul Barua, University of Oklahoma; Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University

from the National Science Foundation under theCCLI program through the grant number DUE#0837747REFERENCES[1] Bonwell, C.C. and Eison, J.A., Active Learning: CErating Excitement in the Classromm” ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report Number 1, The George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development, Washington, DC. 1999[2] Davis, C. and Wilcock E. Teaching Materials using Case Studies, UK center for Materials Education, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH[3] White, H.B., To Improve the Academy, Richlin, L. (Ed), Vol. 15, pp. 75-91, Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press and the Professional and organizational Network in Higher Education.[4] Chubin, D. E., May, G. S., and Babco, E

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics of Materials & General Mechanics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Anderson, Texas Tech University; Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

. Thesetags are: - bold font, - italic font, - subscript, - superscript, - paragraphbreak, and - symbol font. Up to two random variables named var1 and var2 may beinserted anywhere in the question statement. The random variable minimum value, maximumvalue, and step size dictate the range and division of the random variables and are entered in theappropriate fields of Figure 4. The axis system (2- or 3-dimensional) is determined by entering 2or 3, respectively, in the Axis field. The minimum number of the various graphical objects isthen entered into appropriate fields. Acceptable units, separated by #’s, are entered in the Unitsfield. Point deductions for major and minor errors are entered into their respective fields. Thetitle for the graphic

Conference Session

College-Industry Partnerships: Bringing Industry into the Curriculum Development and Design Cycle

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Jiabin Zhu, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

College-Industry Partnerships

). Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and employing America for a brighter economic future. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Available online at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html.6. Graham, R., Crawley, E., & Mendelson, B. R. (2009). Engineering leadership education: A snapshot review of international good practice. Bernard M. Gordon MIT Engineering Leadership Program.7. Farr, J. V., Walesh, S. G. & Forsythe, G. B. (1997). Leadership development for engineering managers. Journal of Management in Engineering, 13(4), 38-41.8. Torr, S. R., & Ofori, G. (2008). Leadership versus management: How they are different and why. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 8(2), 61-71.9. Bowman

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elsa Head, Tufts University; Adam Carberry, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, J. S., & Newman, S.E. (1989). Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, writing, and mathematics. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, Learning and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser (453 - 494). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.7. Lave, J. (1991). Situating Learning in Communities of Practice. In L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine, and S. D. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition (63 - 84), Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.8. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.9. Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situate Cognition and the

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Post, Bradley University; Shankar Seetharaman, Bradley University; Sree Abimannan, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Benson, T., 1997, Interactive Educational Tool for Classical Airfoil Theory. AIAA-1997-849.6. Hepperle, M., 2008, JavaFoil, http://www.mh-aerotools.de/airfoils/javafoil.htm7. Allison, J., Bidaiah, S., Colwell, D., DeFranco, R., Findley, M., Hall, E., Miller, B., and Kemper, B., Universityof Colorado Design/Build/Fly 2008 - 2009: A Guide to Designing a Stable Flying Wing Aircraft. AIAA.8. Boyer, L., and Peck, C. AC 2009-1346: AIAA Design, Build, Fly Project Highlights. ASEE 2009.9. Arena, A., Experience with the Student Design/Build/Fly Contest at Oklahoma State University. 6th AIAAAviation Technology, Integration and Operations Conference. AIAA 2006-783310. Broughton, A. An Approach to Integration of Academic Studies with Practical Applications

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian Belu, Drexel University; Darko Korain, Desert Research Institute

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

principle of operation of fuel cells and designprinciples of hybrid power systems. The topics covered include the need and benefits of AEDG,modeling of wind and PV power generation, energy storage devices, power electronicinterfacing, and principle of operation of fuel cells as well as hydrogen production7-18. The Page 15.414.4benefit of such broad coverage is to give the students a broad view of the various components ofAEDG. Each student picks one area to explore further by studying and presenting one or tworesearch paper(s) to the class as well as doing an end-of-term project developing a written reportand presenting the results of their work to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock LaMeres, Montana State University; Carolyn Plumb, Montana State University; Fred Cady, (Retired) Montana State University

consent form at the beginning ofthe semester indicating that their answers could be used in this project.The introductory microprocessor course used in this project contains 11 laboratory exercises.Online quizzes were given after exercises 3-7 to collect information on the student understandingof the learning objectives. The following table gives the topic and order of the 11 laboratoryexercises conducted in our microprocessor course. The table shows, for each lab session, theassessment tool used and the targeted objective(s) measured. Table 1. List of laboratory experiments, targeted objectives, and assessment tools used. Laboratory Experiment Objective(s) Assessment Tool(s) 1 Introduction to

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zhang, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Distributed systems: concepts and design. Addison-Wesley,second edition, 1994.[7] J. Farley. Java: distributed computing. O’Reilly and Associates, 1998.[8] S. P. Amarasinghe. Multicores from the compiler's perspective: a blessing or a curse? Keynote Speech,International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO), San Jose, CA, March 2005.[9] S. Carr, J. Mayo and C-K Shene. ThreadMentor: a pedagogical tool for multithreaded programming. InACM Journal on Educational Resourses in Computing, Vol. 3, Issue 1, March 2003.[10] C. Shene and S. Carr. The Design of a multithreaded programming course and its accompanyingsoftware tools. The Journal of Computing in Small Colleges, Vol. 14 (1998), No. 1 (November), pp. 12 - 24.[11] Homepage of MIT 6.189

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles

15.690.9Students expressed that they would have really liked to be able to use the calculator that isdesigned in the final class project earlier in the quarter to learn about unsigned and signednumbers and 2’s complement arithmetic. While we have previously included a first experiencewith the FPGA board, based on student recommendations we are replacing the ping-pong gamewith the binary calculator. The ping-pong game and other designs will be available for studentsto download and experiment with outside of class.As we have continually evolved the experiments some quarters we included a project related toDeMorgan’s theorem and in other quarters we did not. In the quarters it was included studentsdemonstrated a much better understanding of DeMorgan’s

Conference Session

POTPOURRI

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University; Kirk Love, Utah Valley University; Paymon Sanati-Mehrizy, University of Pennsylvania; Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

Page 15.1020.121. A Companion to Science and Engineering Indicators 2004, National Science Foundation Report. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c0/c0s1.htm#c0s1l4, Retrieved on March 2005.2. National Science Foundation Statistics on Women, Minorities and Persons with Disabilities in Science & Engineering, http://www.nsf.gov/statstics/wmpd/sex.htm, accessed on Jan 2010.3. Freeman, C. E., Trends in Educational Equity of Girl s and Women: 2004. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/equity/Section9.asp.4. Bentz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1986). Applications of Self-Efficacy Theory to Understanding Career Choice Behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 279-289, 1986.5. Beyer, S., Rynes, K., Perrault, J., Hay, K

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering - Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Harris, Northeastern University; Carrie Boykin, Northeastern University; Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

, extracurricularactivities, and recommendations by school officials.”In the mid 1990’s the Ujima Program was impacted by the University’s emphasis on “smallerand better” campus recruitment and the overall size of the student body. As a result, the criteriafor admissions was modified for the Ujima Scholars Program by the Admissions Office in 2000in direct response to the University’s call for Colleges to raise the SAT threshold. The minimumSAT was increased from 750-800. Students with SATs between 750 and 800 with a strong highschool GPA were considered. Also students with a GPA below 2.0 and a SAT score of 950 orhigher would receive consideration if extenuating circumstances could be substantiated. TheUjima Scholars enrollment pattern remained steady until 1996

Conference Session

Electrical & Computer Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

L. Brent Jenkins, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

+ I2 = 2.74 mA 12V R2 R3 V3 V1 = 4.59 V — Find: R1, R2, and R3 Is Figure 7: Series-Parallel Circuit The design proceeds as follows: V1 4.59 V Ohm's Law (R1): R1 = = = 389 I s 11.8 mA Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (Outer Loop): V3 = 12 V − V1 = 12 V − 4.59 V = 7.41 V V3 7.41 V Ohm's Law (R2): R2 = = = 2.70 k

Conference Session

Signal Processing Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Santucci, Arizona State University; Tushar Gupta, Arizona State University; Mohit Shah, Arizona State University; Andreas Spanias, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-DSPTonalityDue to the presence of a large amount of noise in the signal, the original tone of the signal mightget masked. Tonality is a measure of the signal‟s tone-like or noise-like characteristic. TheSpectral Flatness Measure (SFM), defined as the ratio of the geometric mean to the arithmeticmean of the power spectrum, is used to compute the tonality for each frame 4. P(k )  Re2[ X (k )]  Im2[ X (k )] (2) GM {P(k)} (3) SFM (dB)  10 log10 AM {P(k)} SFMdB

Collection

2010 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Joshua H. Smith; David Brandes

., and Hollar, K., 2004. A sustained effort for educating students about sustainable development. ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Salt Lake City, UT.14. Bosscher, P. J., Russell, J. S., and Stouffer, W. B., 2005. The sustainable classroom: Teaching sustainability to tomorrow’s engineers. ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Portland, OR.15. Bielefeldt, A., Shannon, D., Shah, J., Summers, R. S., and Ruttenber, J., 2006. Environmental health for developing communities pilot course. ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Chicago, IL.16. Eger, C., Schreier, C., and Pinnell, M., 2006. The Engineers in Technical, Humanitarian Opportunities of Service-Learning (ETHOS) program at the University of Dayton as an

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Amy Fleischer; Aaron Wemhoff; James O'Brien; Ani Ural; LeRoy Alaways

activities were highly rated by the girls, and theirself-assessed abilities in justifying their design decisions and in reviewing their designs forimprovements were high.5.0 AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Air Products and Chemicalsthat allowed this workshop to be presented. We would also like to acknowledge the supportfrom Girl Scouts of Eastern Pennsylvania, particularly Ms. Linda Delenick, who served as theGirl Scout program manager. We would like to thank our other faculty volunteers, Dr. C. Natarajand Dr. S. Santhanam, and our student volunteers: Ian Dardani, Kathleen Bommer, Sarah Bates,Jelena Renic, Ledjan Qato, Ronald Warzoha, Ryan Ehid and Robert Orange.6.0 Bibliography 1. Gibbons

Collection

2010 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Joshua H. Smith; David Brandes

., and Hollar, K., 2004. A sustained effort for educating students about sustainable development. ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Salt Lake City, UT.14. Bosscher, P. J., Russell, J. S., and Stouffer, W. B., 2005. The sustainable classroom: Teaching sustainability to tomorrow’s engineers. ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Portland, OR.15. Bielefeldt, A., Shannon, D., Shah, J., Summers, R. S., and Ruttenber, J., 2006. Environmental health for developing communities pilot course. ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Chicago, IL.16. Eger, C., Schreier, C., and Pinnell, M., 2006. The Engineers in Technical, Humanitarian Opportunities of Service-Learning (ETHOS) program at the University of Dayton as an

Conference Session

Improving Student Entrepreneurial Skills

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Santarelli, Cal State Fresno

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

8 6 4 2 0 t t m s t s

Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle Simmons, University of Utah; Susan Sample, University of Utah; April Kedrowicz, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

environment, where issues specific to each individual team member can beaddressed. Next, teams create a working agreement and submit it for feedback regarding clarity,expectations, consequences, etc. The agreement is assessed and returned with comments,suggestions, and encouragements. At the end of the term, each team member assesses both theworking agreement and the team’s ability to abide by (and, if necessary, revise) the document.To facilitate application of teamwork skills in the classroom, students participate in a role-playexercise. The roles relate to different interpersonal styles and the goal is to encourage students tothink about their own role(s) within the team process. Finally, in an effort to keep in contact witheach team and to

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taylor Martin, University of Texas, Austin; Tom Benton, University of Texas, Austin; William McKenna, University of Texas, Austin; Pat Ko, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tirupalavanam Ganesh, Arizona State University; John Thieken, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

; Ultrasonic sensor; sound sensor - when you talk the robot moves.S2: Q4 - Sense heat Q5 - MotorsStudent 1’s (S1) response to question 5 received a high score for listing a majority of thecomponents needed from the LEGO Mindstorms NXT robotics kits to simulate a desert tortoise,while Student 2’s (S2) response to question 5 received a very low score. In both cases, S1 and S2make references to actions performed by a desert tortoise that cannot be simulated by thecomponents listed in question 5. The lack of a relationship between questions 4 and 5 couldindicate that these students are separating the natural sciences of the desert tortoise and thetechnology of the LEGO Mindstorms NXT robotics kits

Conference Session

Enhancing Environmental Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

TOTAL xx STUDENTS # A B C . . . X Y Z THE CRITICAL THINKING RUBRIC RUBRIC COURTESY OF W. S. U. WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY PULLMAN, WA. 99164. LIKERT SCALE WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION : (1 : Strongly Disagree; 5 : Strongly Agree) 1 Environment: Fundamental Knowledge and Concepts 4 5 3 . . . 4 4 4 4 2 Ability to Address the Consequences Pertaining to Environment 3 4 4 . . . 4 3 3 2 3 Integration with Relevant, Contemporary Environmental Issues 5 4 3 . . . 3 4 5 2 4 Depth of Understanding of the Importance of Environment 4 3 4 . . . 3 3 4 4

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Gerlick, Washington State University; Denny Davis, Washington State University; Shane Brown, Washington State University; Michael Trevisan, Washington State University

issues.An analytic induction approach will be used for data analysis. In general, this entails comparingindividual case studies with existing definitions and hypotheses of a phenomenon (Taylor andBogdan, 1998). Each case is used to either confirm the existing model(s) or serve to reformulatethem.Currently, the first stage of data collection has been conducted. The next section presents resultsfrom this stage, which includes analysis of the first set of individual interviews with teammembers.RESULTSFor the first stage of the study, interviews were conducted with twelve members from the twoparticipating teams. These interviews were analyzed for congruence with the models listed inTable 2. Three representative interviews are presented and discussed

Conference Session

Clearing up Student Misconceptions in Materials

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacquelyn Kelly, Arizona State University; Keith Heinert, Arizona State University; Jessica Triplett, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

weremultiple misconceptions for each student's response to each question. After reading through andmaking note of student misconceptions, similar misconceptions were grouped into categories.These categories were developed through emergent themes from student misconceptions asdisplayed on each Topical Module Assessment. For example, many student misconceptions ofcrystal structure included addition or deletion of atoms in the unit cell. Not all misconceptionsinvolved adding or removing the same atom, but because these were similar misconceptions,hinting at an emergent theme, they were grouped into one category referencing extra or missingatom(s). Each student conception was then assigned categories based on these emergent themes.This categorization

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Underclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kwannin Kuo, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology; Pao-Chi Chen, Lunghwa University Science and Technology; Meei-Ruey Hsu, Ming-Chuan University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

two prior fundamentalchemistry competences needing reinforcement. More importantly, the methods adopted in thepresent study may illustrate an approach to connect industrial demand and academicinstruction.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports provided by the National ScienceCouncil of the Republic of China under grant NSC 97-2511-S-262-008-MY3. Page 15.1327.11REFERENCESCuhls, K. (2003). Delphi method. Technical report, Germany: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research.Faherty, V. (1979), Continuing Social Work Education: Results of a Delphi Survey, Journal of Education for Social Work, 15(1), 12

Conference Session

Effective Methods for Recruiting Women to Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manjusha Saraswathiamma, North Dakota State University; Kathy Enger, North Dakota State University; Canan Bilen-Green, North Dakota State University; Achinthya Bazebaruah, North Dakota State University; Bruce Schumacher, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

holds a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from the University of Nebraska, an M.S. in Environmental Science and Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, and a B. S. in Civil Engineering from Assam Engineering College in India.Bruce Schumacher, North Dakota State University Bruce Schumacher is an ABD doctoral student in education at North Dakota State University. Schumacher holds an M.S. Ed. from Northern State University in Aberdeen, South Dakota, an M.A.T in Education and B. A. in History from Augustana College in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Page 15.367.1© American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Innovations in First Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Lewis, University of Louisville; Jeffrey Hieb, University of Louisville; David Wheatley, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

disaster. In defense of their entity, the students createdan opening statement for the defense, called up to three defense witnesses/experts and composeda defense closing summary statement. In addition to defense, students were allowed to cross-examine witnesses called by other defendants and prepared questions in advance. The aim of thecross-examination was for the students to identify and clarify weaknesses in the arguments andpositions presented by other entities and to make sure information given was complete andaccurate.The overall purpose of this mock hearing was to engage the students in critical thinking andanalysis in a fun and relevant manner. The first objective was to identify what technical error(s)occurred and then dig deeper and try

Conference Session

Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bethany Fralick, Purdue University; Jed Lyons, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

feltnegatively towards the assignment initially. Pre/post analysis revealed no significant change inthe freshman‟s negative attitudes. Initially, the juniors expressed positive feelings. However,after designing and performing the experiment, the juniors liked the assignment less. Theirpositive attitudes decreased to match the freshmen. The junior and senior attitudes were similarbefore designing the experiment. However, unlike the juniors, the seniors became more positiveafter the assignment was complete.The unexpected effects of the experimental design experience that occurred with the juniorstudents are of interest. The juniors initially felt they understood how to design an experimentbut after performing it, they did not. On the pre-survey, 95% felt

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel McCarthy, University of Wyoming; Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Jerry Hamann, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

thecourse professor.3 Description of New Lab Exercises3.1 Lab 1: Binary Arithmetic3.1.1 Key ConceptsThe key concepts addressed in this lab are: • converting between the binary, hexadecimal, and decimal number systems; • addition and subtraction of unsigned and signed 2’s complement numbers along with over- flow detection; • an introduction to the Xilinx and ModelSim software packages; and • the simulation of a design using Xilinx and ModelSim software.3.1.2 Pre-Lab Exercises Page 15.1115.5This pre-lab requires students to complete the addition and subtraction exercises shown in Table 1.Students must use the

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

remove dust etc passengers and fluid crewTransmission Recirculated air Method of What has to be for heat balance regulation recirculated? What has to be lost?Exhibit 3. B. T. Turner’s application of a matrix developed by G. G. S. Bosworth to the problem ofaircraft ventilation.27 Detail is obtained by further expansion of the boxes (see exhibit 4). For exampleit can show a family tree of

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering - Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Lorelle Meadows, University of Michigan; David Lorch, University of Michigan; Cinda-Sue Davis, University of Michigan; Guy Meadows, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

undergraduates leave the sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.6. Tobias, S. (1990). They’re not dumb, they’re different: Stalking the second tier. Tucson, AZ: Research Corporation.7. Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago.8. Bain, K. (2004). What the best college teachers do. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.9. Kendall Brown, M., Hershock, C., Finelli, C. J., & O'Neal, C. (2009, May). Teaching for retention in science, engineering, and math disciplines: A guide for faculty. Occasional Paper No. 25. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Research on Learning and Teaching, University of Michigan10. Steele, C. M. (1999). Thin ice