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Displaying results 39211 - 39240 of 40428 in total
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Mark Cutkosky; Christopher Richard; Allison Okamura
-based dynamic simulations being used for pedagogical purposed 1,4,9. But even with these aids,concepts such as eigenvalues, instability, and time constants can seem mysterious to studentsencountering them for the first time. Haptic interfaces, which allow a user to feel a virtualenvironment, are promising tools for helping students obtain an understanding of these physicalphenomena.1.1 The Field of HapticsThe word haptic means relating to or based on the sense of touch. It can refer to a human orrobot’s ability to sense the world via touch, or the display of a virtual environment throughtouch. Words often associated with this concept are haptic display, force feedback, and forcereflection. All of these are technologies that allow computers to
Conference Session
Faculty Development II: Building Community Among STEM Educators
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jana Bouwma-Gearhart, Oregon State University; Ann Sitomer, Oregon State University; Kathleen Quardokus Fisher, Oregon State University; Christina Smith, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
and is pursuing her Ph.D. also in chemical engineering with an emphasis on engineering education. Her research focuses on how the beliefs of graduate students around teaching and learning interact with and influence the environments in which they are asked to teach.Prof. Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University Milo Koretsky is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Oregon State University. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from UC San Diego and his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, all in Chemical Engineering. He currently has research activity in areas related engineering education and is interested in integrating technology into effective educational practices and in promoting the use of higher-level cognitive skills in
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 2B: Strategies for Writing and Communication Courses
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wendi M. Kappers, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Paper ID #14751Through the Lens of the Reviewer: Information Literacy, an LMS, and PeerReviewDr. Wendi M. Kappers, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach Wendi M. Kappers has a Ph.D. in Instructional Technology from the University of Central Florida (UCF). Her thesis work explored how educational video game effects upon mathematics achievement and mo- tivation scores differed between the sexes. During her tenure at Seminole Community College working as a tenured Professor and Program Manager of the Network Engineering Program, she was Co-PI for the CSEMS NSF grant that explored collaborative administration and
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rachel Funk, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Jim Lewis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Leilani Pai, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Johan Benedict Cristobal, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Brittany Rader
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
(STEM CONNECT) project to supportlow-income, first-generation, women, URM, rural, and transfer students (“Scholars”) who arepursuing a career in mathematics and computing-intensive fields in Nebraska. STEMCONNECT is funded by the National Science Foundation’s Scholarships in Science,Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics program (S-STEM). The S-STEM program awardsinstitutions funding to “adapt, implement, and study evidence-based curricular and co-curricularactivities that have been shown to be effective supporting recruitment, retention, transfer (ifappropriate), student success, academic/career pathways, and graduation in STEM” [26].Consequently, STEM CONNECT engaged Scholars in several activities known to supportstudent success. The
Conference Session
Materials Division (MATS) Technical Session 1
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacob Kelter, Northwestern University; Jonathan Daniel Emery, Northwestern University
Tagged Divisions
Materials Division (MATS)
engineering education: A survey of trends and needs,” JOM, vol. 61, no. 10, p. 12, Oct. 2009, doi: 10.1007/s11837-009-0142-3.[3] K. Thornton and M. Asta, “Current status and outlook of computational materials science education in the US,” Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 13, no. 2, p. R53, 2005, doi: 10.1088/0965-0393/13/2/R01.[4] National Science and Technology Council, “Materials Genome Initiative Strategic Plan,” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.mgi.gov/sites/default/files/documents/MGI-2021- Strategic-Plan.pdf[5] S. P. Brophy, A. J. Magana, and A. Strachan, “Lectures and Simulation Laboratories to Improve Learners’ Conceptual Understanding,” Adv. Eng. Educ., vol. 3, no. 3, 2013, Accessed: Nov. 04, 2018
Conference Session
COED: Spotlight on Diverse Learners
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel A. Tillman, University of Texas, El Paso; Wei Yan, Texas A&M University; Song An, University of Texas, El Paso; Jeffrey Liew, Texas A&M University; Kien H. Lim; Lisa Garbrecht, University of Texas, Austin; Philip B. Yasskin
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education Division (COED)
Paper ID #36939Work in Progress: Toward an Augmented Reality (AR) Learning Environ-mentfor Hispanic High School Students to Visualize and Embody STEM SpatialTransformationsDr. Daniel A. Tillman, University of Texas, El Paso Dr. Tillman is an Associate Professor in Educational Technology, working primarily within the El Paso region of the southwestern United States. His research focuses on the implementation and assessment of innovative pedagogical approaches that address STEM inequities.Wei Yan, Texas A&M UniversitySong An, University of Texas, El PasoJeffrey Liew, Texas A&M UniversityDr. Kien H. Lim Dr. Lim’s research
Collection
2016 ERC
Authors
Matt Hourihan
R&D in the FY 2017 BudgetMatt HourihanMarch 8, 2016For the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) EngineeringResearch CouncilAAAS R&D Budget and Policy Programhttp://www.aaas.org/program/rd-budget-and-policy-program Copyright © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science 8/26/15 1 Federal Spending Since FY 2010 Percent change from FY10 levels, constant dollars 5% Base Discretionary
Collection
2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
M. Nazrul Islam
through the journey of learningand for this purpose they need to have proper training, continuing education and research. Butthe main quality requirements for a good teacher are motivation and responsibility. We can onlycome up with some guidelines, but it is the teacher who will develop his/her own style ofteaching. Teaching is a creative work, no matter what you teach whether art or technology. So ahighly knowledgeable person is not necessarily a good teacher. It is also the responsibility of theadministration to ensure the quality of teaching and to provide all kinds of support to motivatethe teachers towards developing an excellent academic environment.The objective of this research is to analyze the reasons for the students not being
Collection
2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Peter Salvatore
both recycle and act sustainably. By taking part in the Benchmarkdivision, WIT has learned there is room for improving the recycling rates in all categories. WITlooks forward to participating in the official competition in 2011 and hopes to see animprovement in overall recycle on campus.Author BiographyPeter Salvatore is currently a senior in the Civil Engineering Technology Program at WentworthInstitute of Technology. He has been a member of the Green Team since 2007. Through GreenTeam, he has gotten involved with many extracurricular activities and sustainability efforts suchas compiling WIT’s first greenhouse gas inventory and being a student member of the 2010Recyclemania Planning Committee.Peter Salvatore177 Randolph StreetSouth Weymouth
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Mohamed Ben Haj Frej; Christian Bach
ASEE 2014 Zone I Conference, April 3-5, 2014, University of Bridgeport, Bridgpeort, CT, USA.Robust Prediction for Intra and Inter Handoff (RPIIH) Process over CDMA2000 Mohamed Ben Haj Frej Christian Bach Computer Science and Engineering Technology Management University of Bridgeport University of Bridgeport Bridgeport, CT 06604 Bridgeport, CT 06604 mbenhaj@my.bridgeport.edu cbach@bridgeport.edu
Conference Session
Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 3
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity
Science & Engineering. She also served as an associate professor and in- terim co-chair in the School of Computing at Clemson University. Her research focuses on the design, implementation, and evaluation of technologies, programs, and curricula to support diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM fields. Currently, through this work, she is the Backbone Director for the Alliance for Identity-Inclusive Computing Education as well as Education and Workforce Director for the Athena AI Institute. Having garnered over $40M in funding from public and private sources to support her collabo- rative research activities, Daily’s work has been featured in USA Today, Forbes, National Public Radio, and the Chicago Tribune
Conference Session
Track 2: Technical Session 1: Pulled In or Pushed Out? Underrepresented Minority High School Students Describe Socio-environmental Factors Shaping STEM Persistence and Post-Secondary Plans
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Alexis Grace Daniels, Johns Hopkins University; Rachel E Durham; Michael L Falk, The Johns Hopkins University; Alisha Nicole Sparks, The Johns Hopkins University; Emily J Yanisko, American University
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
Development from UMBC. She has her Maryland State Department of Education Advanced Professional Certificate in Mathematics for Grades 7 – 12 with an Administrator I Supervisor and Assistant Principal Endorsement. She previously worked at Baltimore City Public Schools in the Office of Enrollment, Choice, and Transfers and taught math at Digital Harbor High School. She also coordinated the summer program for Baltimore Freedom Schools and was the Director of the K-12 Programs at the Center for Women and Information Technology (CWIT) managing several NSF grants there. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025Pulled in or pushed out? Underrepresented minority high school students describe socio
Conference Session
Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 4
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
S. Stavros Valenti, Hofstra University; Kevin Patrick Nolan, Hofstra University; Lynn A. Albers, Hofstra University
Tagged Divisions
Faculty Development Division (FDD)
Paper ID #40123Redesigning the Course and Teacher Ratings: Methods, Outcomes, andLessons LearnedS. Stavros Valenti, Hofstra UniversityKevin Patrick Nolan, Hofstra UniversityDr. Lynn A. Albers, Hofstra University Dr. Lynn Albers is an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering of the Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science at Hofstra University. Her previous academic contribution was as one of the founding five faculty/staff at Campbell University, helping the newly formed School of Engineering grow and establish roots in the community. A proponent of Hands-On Activities in the classroom and during out-of
Collection
2021 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Harrison Heinig; Kyle Hohman; Derek Ritterbusch; Stephany Coffman-Wolph, Ohio Northern University; Heath Joseph LeBlanc, Ohio Northern University; Tyler Joseph Horne
followingwhile creating the project.The ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119-3:2013 software and systems engineering software testing ​standard isdefined to create standards for software testing that can be used when testing softwareperformance. This set of codes and standards will be used in this project to determine how theteam will test the software in the implementation testing phase of the project [3].The ISO/IEC TR 24766:2009 information technology standard is used to guide a team in thedevelopment of desirable engineering tools and provides evaluation criteria for the created tools.The team will use the criteria in this code to determine that the project has a long life cycle anddecreases the amount of maintenance costs [3].In the implementation of this project
Conference Session
Enhancing Instruction in Statics, Dynamics, Mechanics
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rania Al-Hammoud P.Eng., University of Waterloo
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
Paper ID #18373Molding the Interactive Flipped Classroom Based on Students’ FeedbackDr. Rania Al-Hammoud P.Eng., University of Waterloo Dr. Al-Hammoud is a Faculty lecturer (Graduate Attributes) in the department of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Waterloo. Dr. Al-Hammoud has a passion for teaching where she con- tinuously seeks new technologies to involve students in their learning process. She is actively involved in the Ideas Clinic, a major experiential learning initiative at the University of Waterloo. She is also re- sponsible for developing a process and assessing graduate attributes at
Conference Session
COED: Issues Impacting Students Learning How to Program
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Petra Bonfert-Taylor, Dartmouth College; Alisan Oeztuerk, German Army; Ben Servoz, Dartmouth College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Paper ID #22183Data-driven Curricular Decisions in Introductory Computing ClassesProf. Petra Bonfert-Taylor, Dartmouth College Petra Bonfert-Taylor is a Professor and an Instructional Designer at the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College. She received her Ph.D. in Mathematics from Technical University of Berlin (Ger- many) in 1996 and subsequently spent three years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Michigan before accepting a tenure-track position in the Mathematics Department at Wesleyan University. She left Wesleyan as a tenured full professor in 2015 for her current position at Dartmouth College
Conference Session
Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Capstone Design Projects
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhenhua Wu, Virginia State University; Nasser Ghariban, Virginia State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
shown at the bottom of this paper. This sheet wasgenerated based on an object selected in the Operation Navigator. If the selected object is agroup, then all objects inside the group are processed. If the selected object is an operation, thenonly the operation is processed. From the sheet, we estimate that the total machining time isaround 181.33 minutes. The machining process is faster than 3D printing of impellers. For the3D models in Figure 4, it took more than 7 hours to print it out.4.5 Outcome evaluationStudents’ evaluation on the course outcome is summarized as Table 1. The items (1a-14) in thistable were generated from the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)program outcome. The lowest grading is 1, which means the
Conference Session
Mathematics Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maizey Benner, Purdue University; Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Behzad Beigpourian, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
Paper ID #25521Analyzing Changes in the Individual Dimensions of a Behaviorally AnchoredRating ScaleMs. Maizey Benner, Purdue UniversityDr. Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University Daniel M. Ferguson is CATME Managing Director and the recipient of several NSF awards for research in engineering education and a research associate at Purdue University. Prior to coming to Purdue he was Assistant Professor of Entrepreneurship at Ohio Northern University. Before assuming that position he was Associate Director of the Inter-Professional Studies Program [IPRO] and Senior Lecturer at Illinois Institute of Technology and involved in
Conference Session
DSA Technical Session 6
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University
Tagged Topics
Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA)
Paper ID #41136The Value and Instructor Perceptions of Learning Analytics for Small ClassesDr. Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University Dr. Smitesh Bakrania is an associate professor in Mechanical Engineering at Rowan University. He received his Ph.D. from University of Michigan in 2008 and his B.S. from Union College in 2003. His technical focus area is nanomaterials research. He is primarily involved in educational research with educational app development and instructional tools to engage students, including online learning and instructional video production. ©American Society for Engineering Education
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Deborah B. Kaufman; Hugh Fuller; Richard M. Felder
drawbacks, however.Common concerns are that team members will agree to give one another identically highratings, or give ratings based on gender or racial prejudice, or inflate their own ratings if self-ratings are collected. Some instructors also worry that many students will resent having theirgrades affected by their teammates’ ratings. The objective of this study was to examine thevalidity of these concerns.A peer rating system developed at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology was modifiedand used in two sophomore-level chemical engineering courses. The students completed theirhomework in instructor-formed teams in each course, and an average homework grade wascomputed for each team. At the end of each course the students confidentially
Conference Session
Distance and Web-based Learning in ECE
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brock J. LaMeres, Montana State University; Carolyn Plumb, Montana State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
learning: microprocessors from theory to practice”, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, pp. 459-462, June. 2004.7. B. LaMeres, C. Plumb, F. Cady, “"Improved Student Learning of Microprocessor Systems Through Hands-On and Online Experience", American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference, June 20-23, 2010, Louisville, KY. Page 22.26.16
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: Student Learning 3
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Denise Wilson, University of Washington
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
, comprising 4.15%of the university workforce [11]. In undergraduate engineering courses, TAs performed a widevariety of tasks including lecturing, leading lab sections, conducting review sessions, facilitatingdiscussions, holding office hours, and providing technological support. A study of biologycourses demonstrated that TAs provided a more personalized experience for students that actedas an essential and valuable complement to the more aloof, authoritative, and strict control thatundergraduates perceived of instructional faculty. A similar study of high-enrollment biologycourses at a research-intensive Australian university [12] found that consistent TA-studentpairings were positively associated with gains in student motivation and learning
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
David R. Haws
Sons.DAVID HAWSDavid has received undergraduate degrees in English from the University of California at Berkeley, and in CivilEngineering from the University of Utah. He has completed master’s and doctorate degrees in Civil Engineering atBrigham Young University, and has completed a master’s degree in Instructional and Performance Technology atBoise State University. He is licensed as a Professional Engineer in the states of Idaho, Utah and Mississippi. Hiscurrent “non-engineering” interests are in technical writing and applied ethics. His “engineering” interests are inteaching and structural response to permanent ground failure. He is an Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering atBoise State University
Conference Session
Capstone Design Projects in ECE
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James K. Archibald, Brigham Young University; Doran K. Wilde, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
AC 2011-1225: ROBOTIC LASER TAG: A CAPSTONE DESIGN EXPERI-ENCEJames K. Archibald, Brigham Young University James K. Archibald received the B.S. degree (summa cum laude) in mathematics from Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, in 1981, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from the University of Washington, Seattle, in 1983 and 1987, respectively. Since 1987, he has been with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University. His current research interests include robotics and multiagent systems. Dr. Archibald is a member of the IEEE, ACM, and Phi Kappa Phi.Doran K Wilde, Brigham Young University Dr. Wilde started his career as an electrical engineer in Oregon where he
Conference Session
International Division (INTL) Technical Session #4: Global DEI
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mudasser Fraz Wyne, National University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International Division (INTL)
Paper ID #37031Fulbright Scholar Grant: How to Get It and Make It Successful?Dr. Mudasser Fraz Wyne, National University Dr. Mudasser Wyne holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science, an M.Sc. in Engineering, and a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering. He currently serves as a Professor of Computer Science at the National University in San Diego, USA, where he has also held the position of Chair for the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems in the School of Engineering and Computing. In addition, he serves as the Academic Program Director for the MS in Computer Science program. Dr. Wyne has extensive experience in
Conference Session
College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP) Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carolyn Kusbit Dunn, East Carolina University; David L. Batts, East Carolina University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP)
of Types of Industry-Academia Collaboration," in American Society of Engineering Annual Conference, New Orleans, 2016.[3] R. Haynes, E. Keller, D. White and A. Pouraghabagher, "Industry/University Partnerships: Barriers, Success Factors, Key to Innovation," in American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, St. Louis, 2000.[4] M. Connelly, H. Rabin, E. Schurr and D. Barbe, "Maryland Industrial Partnerships: a Model for Academic Industrial Technology Commercialization," in American Society for Engineering Education , Salt Lake City, 2004.[5] K. Bender, "University-Corporate Relations: Best Practices," in Amrican Society for Engineering Education, Arlington, 2007.[6] E. Gregory, "University
Conference Session
Developing New Instrumentation
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford; Greg Cloutier, University of Hartford; Matthew Brown, University of Hartford
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
AC 2007-1319: DESIGNING A PORTABLE SURFACE ROUGHNESS INSPECTIONPROBESaeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford SAEID MOSLEHPOUR is an Assistant Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department in the College of Engineering, Technology, and Architecture at the University of Hartford. He holds PhD from Iowa State University and BS MS and EdSp degrees from Central Missouri State University. His areas of interest are logic design, CPLDs, FPGAs and distance learning.Greg Cloutier, University of Hartford Greg Cloutier is currently employed as a Hardware Development and Research Engineer for JDS Uniphase, an optical solutions company. He expects to graduate in the Spring of 2007 from
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Claire Cynthia Lehman, Bill's Robotic Solution; Mohamad A. Mustafa, Savannah State University; Mir M Hayder, Savannah State University
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
State University Dr. Hayder is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Technology at savannah State University, GA. He received PhD in Mechanical Engineering from McGill University, Canada in 2009. His research interest lies in the areas of fluid-structure interaction, flow-induced vibrations, syngas and blended fuel combustion, nanofluids, concentrating solar power technologies, and flow and structural simulations. Page 26.1024.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Introducing Kinematics with Robot Operating System (ROS)AbstractThe study
Conference Session
Labs & Hands-on Instruction I
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Andrew Phillips, The University of Glasgow
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
Paper ID #14648Inexpensive Hands-On Activities in Solid State LightingDr. Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech Kathleen Meehan earned her B.S. in electrical engineering from Manhattan College and her M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois under the supervision of Prof. Nick Holonyak, Jr. She worked as a member of technical staff at Lytel, Inc., following graduation. At Polaroid, she was appointed a Senior Research Group Leader, responsible for the design of laser diodes and arrays. After leaving Polaroid, she was employed at Biocontrol Technology. She moved into academia full-time in 1997 and worked at the University
Conference Session
Track 2 - Session I - Curriculum Development
Collection
2013 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Olga V Shipulina, Simon Fraser University
Tagged Topics
Invited - Curriculum Development
Paper ID #8380Invited Paper - Virtual Environment: A Tool for Developing Students’ Abili-ties to Apply Mathematics to Real-life ProblemsDr. Olga V Shipulina, Simon Fraser University EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING BACKGROUND SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY, Canada, 2008 –present Faculty of Education Ph.D. (c) in Mathematics Education MOSCOW STATE AUTOMOBILE & ROAD TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, Russia, 2004 Institute for Professional Development, Two year course in ”Engineering Education” TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY, Russia, 2000 Department of Mechanics and Mathematics Ph .D. in Ap- plied Mathematics (Russian equivalent) TEACHING