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Displaying results 39601 - 39630 of 40830 in total
Conference Session
WIP: Classroom Innovations
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Benjamin Miles Phillips, Baylor University; Alexandre Yokochi, Baylor University; Anne Marie Spence, Baylor University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)
Paper ID #41062Work In Progress: Enhancing Thermal and Fluids Laboratory Learningthrough the Integration of the Heat Exchanger Module (HEM)Benjamin Miles Phillips, Baylor University Ben Phillips is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Baylor University, working as a Research Assistant in the Baylor Energy And Renewable Systems (BEARS) Lab. His research interests are in Energy Storage and Renewable Systems, with projects focused in Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy Storage. He aspires to become a lecturer in the field of Chemical or Mechanical Engineering.Alexandre Yokochi, Baylor UniversityDr. Anne
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division WIPS 3: Courses and Curricula
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bradley J. Sottile, Pennsylvania State University; Abbie Canale, Pennsylvania State University; Yu Xia, Emporia State University; Tim Kane, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs Division (FYP)
Includes FYS Objective 4 o Includes FYS Objective 5 • Includes grading information: o Attendance o Participation o Written assignment o Out-of-class assignment o In-class assignment o Project o Presentation o Quiz or exam o Unique grading categories o Number of grading activitiesBesides open-ended questions on the lengths of a syllabus, unique grading categories, andnumber of grading activities, all other components were coded binary with 1 for the inclusion onthe specific item and 0 for its absence.Appendix B Table 2. Non-Student Stakeholder Survey Qualitative Responses Regarding FYS Success Q1. How do you define success in a First
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 6 - Institutional Contexts
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rebeca Petean, Society of Women Engineers; Roberta Rincon, Society of Women Engineers
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering Division (WIED)
. She explores how the integration of school safety strategies with disciplinary practices, often under zero-tolerance policies, blurs the lines between them, suggesting that both are byproducts of the school-to-prison pipeline.Dr. Roberta Rincon, Society of Women Engineers Roberta Rincon, Ph.D., is the Director of Research and Impact for the Society of Women Engineers. She is responsible for overseeing the research activities for the organization, including collaborative research projects with external researchers and dissemination of SWE research through academic conferences, the SWE Research website, and the annual SWE State of Women in Engineering magazine issue. She is the Principal Investigator for the NSF
Conference Session
Computers and Software in Teaching Mathmatics
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cheri Shakiban, University of St. Thomas; Michael P. Hennessey, University of St. Thomas
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
aliens, racetracks for competitions, giant astronomical calendars, maps of theTihuanaco Empire, or to appease the gods. In addition to viewing them in spectacular fashionfrom Cessna aircraft, our focus was on creating mathematical representations of them as aconcatenation of different curve segments using MATLABTM,14 (Table 3), and when viewedfrom different vantage points using projective geometry based on rotation matrices (Table 4). Table 3 The enigmatic Nazca lines (and geoglyphs) The whale, hands, and astronaut Nazca geoglyphs viewed from Cessna airplane (Tyler Edstrom & Benton Garske). The whale geoglyph when viewed “straight The hands geoglyph created in The astronaut geoglyph created in on” and
Conference Session
Active and Inquiry-Based Learning
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University; Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
, thermodynamics concepts, and bioprocess engineering. She is currently also an Associate Dean in the College of Engineering.Dr. Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University Katharyn E. K. Nottis is an associate professor in the Education department at Bucknell University. An Educational Psychologist, her research has focused on meaningful learning in science and engineering education, approached from the perspective of Human Constructivism. She has been involved in collabo- rative research projects focused on conceptual learning in chemistry, seismology, and chemical engineer- ing. Page 22.1510.1
Conference Session
Professional Identity
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific University; Diane Carlson Jones, University of Washington; Joy K. Crawford; Tamara Floyd Smith, Tuskegee University; Donald M. Peter, M.S. P.E., Seattle Pacific University; Elaine P. Scott, Seattle Pacific University; Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Nanette M. Veilleux, Simmons College
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Carlson Jones, University of WashingtonJoy K CrawfordTamara Floyd Smith, Tuskegee UniversityDon Peter, MS,PE, Seattle Pacific University Don has taught electrical engineering at Seattle Pacific University since 1987, specializing in analog and power electronics, Before that he worked as a design/evaluation/diagnostics engineer at Tektronx, Inc. for eleven years. He has been envovled in various consulting projects, including two summers as a NASA Summer Faculty Fellow at the Jet Propulsion Laborary in Pasadena, Ca. He has a BS in Physics from Seattle Pacfic University and an MSEE from the University of Washington. Don is an IEEE senior member and member of the ASEE.Elaine P. Scott, Seattle Pacific University
Conference Session
Assessment Instruments
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Laura L. Pauley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Jonna M. Kulikowich, Pennsylvania State University; Nell Sedransk, National Institute of Statistical Sciences; Renata S. Engel, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
engineering problems. This construct includes the interpretation of figures,diagrams, and word descriptions that represent engineering- or physics-based principles. There aretwo different skills that are included in this construct: 1. Three-view two-dimensional projection drawing to a three-dimensional perspective drawing. 2. Relating different visual and mathematical representations of unseen quantities such as Page 22.1352.6 velocity, force, pressure, or temperature.Spatial Reasoning Items: Construct S1An example of Construct S1 is shown below in Figure 3. This figure was used with permissionfrom a Mental Rotation Test developed
Conference Session
Experiential Learning in ECE
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mihaela Radu, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Clint S. Cole, Digilent, Inc.; Joe Harris, Digilent, Inc.; Mircea Dabacan, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
target their laboratory experiences to take advantage of thenewest technologies and expose students to the tools and methods employed by practicingengineers, while emphasizing fundamental concepts and principles.Today, university-based educational programs invest heavily in many new tools andtechnologies, often only using them in more advanced or project-based courses. Faculty and staffcontribute large amounts of time preparing new course materials that students need to learn thesenew tools. Because new tools are often far too expensive and complex for use outside of thelaboratory, the vast majority of programs provide only limited access to these technologies in theform of two or three hour weekly lab sessions, constraining the amount of time
Conference Session
New Developments in Teaching Electromagnetics and Related Topics
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yong Xu, Virginia Tech; Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Cortney V. Martin, Virginia Tech; Alan B Overby; Xiangyu Wei, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
EM concepts, using the student-owned LiaB kit.The cliché – seeing is believing – is one of the fundamental principles that underpin the project;visible light-emitting diodes and low-power vertical cavity surface emitting lasers are keycomponents in a number of the experiments that have been developed since his proposal. Theelectronics breadboard serves as a miniature optical table and plastic optical components can bemounted on the solderless breadboard surface and aligned to optoelectronic and electro-opticaldevices with simple optomechanical fixtures positioned in the 0.1” spaced holes on thebreadboard. The students perform experiments that demonstrate basic concepts in EM and seethe application of these concepts using eye-safe
Conference Session
Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula in ECE I
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chen Jia, Kansas State University; Andrew G. Bennett, Kansas State University; Dong-Hai Nguyen, Kansas State University; N. Sanjay Rebello, Kansas State University; Steve Warren, Kansas State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
. Follow-on exams andinterviews will determine whether these updates were successful.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science FoundationResearch and Evaluation on Education in Science and Engineering (REESE)Program under grant DRL–0816207. Opinions, findings, conclusions, orrecommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the NSF. Studies involving human subjects wereconducted with KSU Human Studies Board oversight under protocol #4691.References[1] Warren, Steve, "Optimizing Student Learning and Retention of Time- and Frequency-Domain Concepts Through Numerical Computation Projects," 2005 Annual Conference and Exposition
Conference Session
ETD Design III: Materials and Metallurgy
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jason K. Durfee, Eastern Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
-150 as well as competing trucks from othermanufacturers. Page 22.1604.2As I viewed one of these DVDs I realized that mixed in with the hard-sell-advertising werenumerous examples of how the engineers at Ford had solved their design problems by theparticular materials that they chose. I created a worksheet of questions for the students thatrequired them to watch the videos and then fill in answers on the sheet. I used this worksheetsuccessfully in the Industrial Materials course that I was teaching.How the Video Spots were UtilizedDuring all but the last year that I used this class project I obtained an individual copy of the DVDfrom local
Conference Session
FPD VI: Presenting "All the Best" of the First-Year Programs Division
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chris Smaill, University of Auckland; Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland; Lawrence J. Carter, University of Auckland
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
correct solution to each of thequestions and indicating where marks could be gained and lost. A document camera wasused to project details onto a screen. Typically the marking would take about half theallocated period (about 25 minutes). After marking, scripts would be returned to theirowners, who were asked to check them quickly, before they were collected by the TA. It wasthen the job of the TA to take the scripts away and ensure that each student had participatedcorrectly by providing an adequate script and marking correctly someone else‟s. Thosecompleting the requirements were given the 1% mark. Scripts were returned at the nextweek‟s tutorial, giving an incentive for students to attend that as well. In 2009 a total of 5peer-marked sessions
Conference Session
A Global Engineer: International and Domestic Engineer
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claudio da Rocha Brito, Science and Education Research Council; Melany M. Ciampi, Safety, Health and Environment Research Organization
Tagged Divisions
International
educators in the process of teaching/learning, the rescue of the intellectual and reflexive of her/his teaching work in a way that it isnot only the deliver of knowledge but mainly the producing of knowledge.The main challenge for the institutions is to form the global engineer, which actions must lead toprovide more opportunities for students to: go abroad for studies and internships; be involved inglobal teams, working in projects, and designs.What is necessary in fact is the global engineering educator to inspire the formation of the globalengineer.References[01] World Development Indicators, 2001.[02] Deba Dutta, Professor, Mechanical Engineering Director, InterPro, College of Engineering; http://www.interpro.engin.umich.edu/[03] Compete to
Conference Session
Teaching Circuit Theory and Electronics
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carl Greco, Arkansas Tech University; James D. Reasoner Jr, Arkansas Tech University; Daniel Bullock, Arkansas Tech University; Carlos L. Castillo, Arkansas Tech University; Patricia S. Buford, Arkansas Tech University; Gill G. richards, Arkansas Tech University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
indicative of the independent nature of these indicators and confirms theprevious analyses based on Kendall's tau. Notice that this 90º relationship existed not only forthe control semesters where each two-member team submitted lab reports but also for the sologroup where each individual student performed the laboratory exercises and submitted their ownlab report. Page 22.544.9Figure 5: Biplot for first control semester Figure 6: Biplot for the second controlrepresenting the data points (x) and variables semester. The data scales are represented by(vectors) projected onto the first two principal the left-hand and bottom axes and the right
Conference Session
High School Engineering Programs, Curriculum, and Evaluation
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David R. Shields P.E., University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Krishna Prasad Kisi, University of Nevada Las Vegas
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
and a project engineer. Page 22.704.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Factors Influencing High School Students to Pursue an Engineering BaccalaureateIntroductionIn the twenty-first century, students have myriad curricula that may be pursued in high schools.Curricula at specialized high schools have been developed for very specific areas of study whencompared to the curricula at most comprehensive high schools. At comprehensive high schools,a general program of study is offered either in a college-preparatory curriculum orgeneral/vocational
Conference Session
Preparing Engineering Students for the Global Workplace, Competency, and a Successful Career
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yi Shen, Purdue University; Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Yating Chang, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
International
programsmake appropriate links and project meaningful pathways for students from the advancement ofcultural orientation to the development of global competency.This study examines the extent of current engineering students’ awareness and potentialacceptance of cultural similarities and differences. We conducted survey assessment using theMiville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale short form (MGUDS-S) to measure and compareorientation toward diversity among four groups of engineering student populations, includingthose entering three different types of global engineering programs and a baseline population offirst-year engineering students. We proposed and tested a set of research hypotheses for multiplegroup comparisons of MGUDS-S results, including
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Bahador Ghahramani; Stephen A. Raper
sensors in some areas. This isespecially difficult in a time that is against expanding public sector activity [4]. When will the automated highway become a reality? Americans think that by the end ofthis year they will have figured out the best way to make it happen with the San Diegoexperiment, and by December of 2001 they will have a fitly tested prototype system up andrunning. Toyota has been working on another version of the automated highway with onevehicle. This vehicle has radar and special video cameras, on a private test track. Toyota is nottalking much about its project and research. However, the developments of its research might bebeneficial to all researchers in the IVHS field [6].CONCLUSIONS The battle over the
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
David Alexander; Ronald Smelser
To Develop Interpersonal Skills," Computers in Human Behavior, 11, 2, pp. 223-239, 1995.3. Doherty, P. B., “Learner Control in Asynchronous Learning Environments,” ALN Magazine, Volume 2, Issue 2,October 1998.4. Fulkerth, R. and Stevenson, W. W., “Teaching For Effectiveness In On-Line Courses,” Submitted for Proceedingsof Syllabus ‘97 Conference, Rohnert Park, California, July 1997, and Published on the WWW at URL:http://internet.ggu.edu/~bfulkerth/syllabus.html.5. Mazur, E., “Peer Instruction: A User’s Manual,” Prentice Hall, 1997.6. Project Galileo, “Your Gateway to Innovative Science Teaching Techniques,” Published on the WWW at URL
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Charles W. Green; John Krupczak
. Page 4.535.10Focus GroupsResults from the focus groups conducted at the end of the course reinforced many of theinterests appearing in the surveys and essays. A summary of some of the major themes is givenin Table 7. New information from the focus group is an appreciation on the part of non-SME&Tstudents for a high degree of personal attention when carrying out laboratory projects involvingtechnology. These non-SME&T are highly self-conscious of their lack of familiarity andexperience with hands-on scientific and technological activities. They appreciate theopportunity to get help relatively quickly when they become frustrated with problems in thelaboratory.Table 7: Themes Emerging in End-of-Course Focus Groups.Students like an
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Hai-Shuan Lam; Kurt C. Gramoll
• Digital : Radius Moto DV board• Digital : DPS spark DV board Table 3: Computer used for video compressionFor this project, 3 different types of video format were examined, Digital, Hi-8, and VHS. Thesethree are used for representing the standard video format for broadcast, industrial, and homeconsumer quality. To obtain the digital format, a Canon digital camcorder is used for capturingthe video. On the other hand, VHS and Hi-8 format were used for capturing analog video. Figure2 below shows 3 snapshots of the movie compressed using different video format. As shown,digital video has the highest contrast and video resolution. The number of horizontal pixelsshown in Table 4 portrays that the quality or resolution of the digital video
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Yousry S. El-Gamal; Sherif M. Tawfik; Abd-Elhamid Elmaghrabi
North America World Wide Web Conference, University of New Brunswick. Canada, 1998.5. David B. Oglesby, et.al, Statics On-Line: A Project Review, Proceeding of the ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Seattle, Washington, June 28- July 1, 1998.6. James A. Rehg, Developing Web-Based Courses Using an Online Development Guide and Templates, Proceeding of the ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Seattle, Washington, June 28- July 1, 1998.7. Rod Byrnes, et.al, The Development of a Multiple-Choice and True-False Testing Environment on the Web, Proceedings of AusWeb95, 1995.8. Curtis Dyreson, An Expermient in Class Management Using the World Wide Web, Proceedings of AusWeb96, 1996.9. H. Jack, A paperless (almost) Stastics
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Mary Anderson-Rowland
CAD; and teaming. A term design project is included.Prerequisites: high school computing and physics and algebra courses or equivalents.”17 Due tothe contract nature of the course, it is reasonably easy to earn a C grade. However, the requiredteaming, strict deadlines, and large amount of required homework makes the class quite Page 4.519.2challenging for most students. Surprisingly, for all groups: men, women, and minority students,retention was higher after two years for those students who took ECE 100 in the spring. Thisdifference was significant for male students. Among FFF students, while men did better takingECE 100 in the spring
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Mary Anderson-Rowland
, andcomponents; design for customer satisfaction, profitability, quality and manufacturing; economicanalysis; flow charting; sketching CAD; and teaming. A term design project is included.Prerequisites: high school computing and physics and algebra courses or equivalents.”17 Due tothe contract nature of the course, it is reasonably easy to earn a C grade. However, the requiredteaming, strict deadlines, and large amount of required homework makes the class quite Page 4.518.3challenging for most students. Surprisingly, for all groups: men, women, and minority students,retention was higher after two years for those students who took ECE 100 in the spring
Collection
1998 Annual Conference
Authors
Sara McComb; Robert Kiesow; Eric Mulkay; Douglas Boyd; James D. Jones; William Oakes
several different sources.The Dean of Engineering provided start-up funds totaling one thousand dollars. The Dean waseager to assist the start of a new organization and this amount was adequate to initiate the twoseminar series discussed below. Once the seminar series was shown as a viable idea, additionalmultiyear funding was sought. A proposal to the GE Foundation was submitted and granted fortwenty thousand dollars. From this grant, the chapter was able to support the basic and highercost chapter activities for four years. During this time, an additional grant for a project to reachunderrepresented students was submitted to and awarded by the Allied Signal Special GrantsProgram at Purdue. This two thousand-dollar grant allowed a representative
Conference Session
Teaching Technological Literacy - Engaging Students
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Thomas Howell, San Jose State University; Patricia Backer, San Jose State University; Belle Wei, San Jose State University
Tagged Divisions
Technological Literacy Constituent Committee
made… Scientific literacy is the capacity to use scientific knowledge, to identify questions and to draw evidence-based conclusions in order to understand and help make decisions about the natural world and the changes made to it through human activity. (pp. 132–33)This definition of scientific literacy encompasses technology. In this area, the colleges ofengineering are uniquely poised to provide this type of literacy education to students from otherdisciplines. The Green Report-- Engineering Education for a Changing World5, released inOctober 1994 as a joint project report by the Engineering Deans Council and CorporateRoundtable of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), challenged the deansof the colleges of
Conference Session
Thinking, Reasoning & Engineering in Elementary School
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Bedward, North Carolina State University; Eric Wiebe, North Carolina State University; Lauren Madden, North Carolina State University; James Minogue, North Carolina State University; Mike Carter, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
. Inquiry-based elementaryscience education provides students with some opportunities to engage in authentic science butthe subject area expertise required by teachers can be daunting and time consuming. Currentlyengineering education professionals are looking for opportunities to positively influenceelementary (STEM) experience but the school curriculum demands limit their opportunity toexpose students to the benefits of engineering problem solving. Through professionaldevelopment we have instituted some graphic-based modeling techniques that support andextend current inquiry science curriculum activities and leverage the engineering design cycle.Research and findings done as part of a two-year NSF-supported project in elementary educationwill be
Conference Session
Technical Papers
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Virginia Baldwin, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
search interfacesdedicated as finding aids to institutional and disciplinary repositories assures expandedintellectual access as well.The results of this project support these conclusions. In this study nearly 11% of the articleswere deposited in institutional or disciplinary repositories. Much higher were the percentages offaculty in all three disciplines, in all five institutions who have at least one article with someform of open access. IR deposition is still in its infancy in these fields and repeated studies suchas this one will determine if the percentage of available publications is on the rise. Free access isincreasingly becoming the mantra and predictably faculty will more and more prefer to pull theircited publications from the
Conference Session
Graduate Student Experience
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Vaccari, Stevens Institute of Technology; Siva Thangam, Stevens Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
publicised (e.g. at conferences), so that the dissertation can be supported by the scientific and research community, not only by the opinions of the opponents. Denmark: '…capacity to carry out a scientific project involving independent use of the scientific method of the subject thereby furthering research at a level corresponding to the international standard of the PhD within the subject area.' The Netherlands: '…The dissertation must report on original research and present scientific results. It should make an original contribution to knowledge in the field and testify to the candidate's mastery of the methodology' Portugal: '…The thesis is expected to be a scholarly work which contributes to the
Conference Session
Enhancing CE Learning Through Use of Technology
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Luis Godoy, University of Puerto Rico
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
active learning work? A review of the research”, ASEE Journal of Engineering Education, pp. 223-231, July 2004.[2] Froyd, J. E., Evidence for the Efficacy of Student-active Learning Pedagogies, PKAL (Project Kaleidoscope), 2008, available in: http://www.pkal.org/documents/BibliographyofSALPedagogies.cfm[3] Schön, D., Educating the Reflective Practitioner, Jossey-Bass Publications (Wiley), New York, 1987.[4] Lyons, J. and E. F. Young, “Developing a systems approach to engineering problem solving and design of experiments in a racecar-based laboratory course”, ASEE Journal of Engineering Education, pp. 109-112, January 2001.[5] Schank, R. C., Designing World Class E-Learning, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002.[6
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Technology Courses
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rocio Alba-Flores, Georgia Southern University; Youakim Al Kalaani, Georgia Southern University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
easy to understand. • Could use some work to correct Grammar. • It was pretty easy to follow step by step. • Everything was clear and straight forward. • All necessary info provided with clear directions. • For the most part I understood what was being done.B) How did you find the Pre-lab assignments? Useful: 13 Not Useful: 3 • It helped me to understand the lab better. • Helped to set me ready for lab. • Some of them were a little confusing but they all helped prepare for the lab. • They helped to understand the general idea of what the lab was about. • They prepared me for the labs. • Useful, it allowed you to get an insight on the actual project. • Gave you a good understanding of the experiment. • They were