Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Inez Hua, Purdue University; Loring Nies, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Engineering d, lIntroduction to water pollution, air pollution, noise, hazardous and solidwastes, and their control. Environmental impact statements and globalpollution issues.Engineering Environmental Sustainability d, mAn introduction to the examination of global-scale resource utilization,food, energy and commodity production, population dynamics, andtheir ecosystem impacts.Environmental and Ecological Engineering Professional Practice lSeminarSeminar lectures and discussions to introduce students to aspects ofprofessional practice within Environmental and EcologicalEngineering. Topics include career planning and placement skills,professional responsibility and ethics

Conference Session

Engaging Ethics in Teams and Communities

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Torres, Purdue University; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Megan Kenny Feister, California State University, Channel Islands; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Danielle Corple, Purdue University; Katharine E. Miller, Purdue University

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering) Patrice M. Buzzanell is a Distinguished Professor in the Brian Lamb School of Communication and the School of Engineering Education (courtesy) at Purdue University. She also serves as the Butler Chair and Director of the Susan Bulkily Butler Center for Leadership Excellence. Editor of four books and author of over 175 articles and chapters as well as proceedings and encyclopedia entries, her research centers on the intersections of career, change, leadership, and resilience. Fellow and past president of the International Communication Association, she has received numerous awards for her research, teaching/mentoring, and engagement. She has worked on

Conference Session

Integrating Sustainability and Social Responsibility into the Curriculum

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Dodson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David DiBiasio, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; John Andrew Bergendahl, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Paula Quinn, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; John M. Sullivan Jr, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Glenn Gaudette, WPI; Curtis Abel, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kristin Boudreau, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

engineering, in eachcase no student reported a gain lower than moderate. 75% rated their gains at 4 or 5, foraverages of 4.2 in each of those three prompts.Additionally the open-ended prompts at the end of the survey suggest that students had animproved appreciation for the topic of sanitation and its importance in society. Somerelevant quotes are: “I have a better understanding of the variables one must take into consideration when addressing sanitation issues, such as culture, available resources, and community involvement.” “I had never considered working on solving sanitation issues in my engineering career. This course has made me realize the great potential we have as engineers to address (these) issues

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Eddington, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Danielle Corple, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Paper ID #26697Tensions in Applying a Design-Thinking Approach to Address Barriers to In-creasing Diversity and Inclusion in a Large, Legacy Engineering ProgramSean Eddington, Purdue University, West Lafayette Sean Eddington (Ph.D., Purdue University) will be an assistant professor of Communication Studies at Kansas State University beginning Fall 2019. Sean’s primary research interests exist at the intersec- tions of organizational communication, new media, gender, and organizing. Within engineering contexts, Sean has examined career issues within the engineering discipline regarding (1) new faculty experiences

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Design I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie M. Gillespie, Arizona State University; Mark Vincent Huerta, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Jared Joseph Schoepf, Arizona State University; Joshua Loughman, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Paper ID #26443The Impact of Multidisciplinary Teams on Sustainability Projects in EPICSDr. Stephanie M. Gillespie, Arizona State University Stephanie Gillespie joined the EPICS@ASU program after finishing her Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology. She has extensive experience in K-12 outreach and curriculum development, and is passionate about giving students opportunities to make a difference throughout their academic career. As the EPICS Director of Instruction, Stephanie leads the EPICS pro- gram’s curriculum development, EPICS-Community College program, and program

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development using Robotics Activities

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shramana Ghosh, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Veena Jayasree Krishnan, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Sheila Borges Rajguru, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Team/Project-based Pedagogy and Approaches

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

James D. Carrico, University of Mary; Javad Anjum, University of Mary; Audra Anjum, Ohio University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

PBSL efforts may offer two additionaladvantages. First, since students are addressing concrete needs in an interprofessional workingenvironment, the interprofessional PBSL experience may help foster mature attitudes towardsprofessional practice. Second, the array of challenges, joys, and rewards associated with servingthe community in an interprofessional team may promote career readiness and confidence inone’s training and aptitude.The need for interprofessional education and collaborative practice is not unique to engineering.Training programs for pre-service professionals in allied health specialties, such as clinicalexercise physiology, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and athletic training, benefit frominterprofessional experiences

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

John Bernhard Kleba, ITA - Aeronautics Technological Institute (Brazil); Cristiano Cordeiro Cruz, Aeronautics Technological Institute (Brazil)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

, highly considered by ANU's HE leadership as a critical aspect. In fact, there is along-term partnership of ANU's minor with five or six community organizations beyond EWB.A few social enterprises have been established by alumni, which are working both domesticallyand internationally, broadening the students opportunities to undertake internships or researchprojects, including Abundant Water with programs in Lao and Timor Leste, which helps remotecommunities stop diseases by providing access to clean water, and Enable Development, whichworks with empowering people with disabilities [21].Finally, HE at ANU is not compulsory but restricted to interested students. The evidenceprovided in the benefits for a professional career and consistent

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Competency and Skill Development

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean H. Lang, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Meg Handley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Andrew Michael Erdman, The Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

. Lang’s current research interests focus on identifying, assessing, and developing key skills, knowledge, attitudes, and other intrinsic and extrinsic factors required for engineers to effectively lead others, particularly other engineers and across cultures.Dr. Meg Handley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Meg Handley is currently the Associate Director for Engineering Leadership Outreach at Penn State University. Previously, Meg served as the Director of the Career & Corporate Connection’s office at the Smeal College of Business at Penn State University. Meg holds a PhD in Workforce Education at Penn State, where she focused on interpersonal behaviors and their impact on engineering leadership potential

Conference Session

Robotics

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhidipta Mallik, New York University; Sheila Borges Rajguru, New York University; Vikram Kapila, New York University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Conference Session

Engaging Faculty Across Disciplines, Colleges, and Institutions

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jinsung Cho, California State Polytechnic University Pomona; Giuseppe Lomiento, California State Polytechnic University Pomona; Gad M. Ghada, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Katrin Terstegen, Cal Poly Pomona

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

fixate the project as soon as possible.Students also reported in the survey how, even though coordinating and understanding otherdisciplines' priorities was challenging, it still provided them a real-life experience of what theywould encounter in their careers. It was very interesting to monitor the evolution of the mutualperceptions of their roles during the project with students either gaining a better understanding ofeach other’s roles and priorities, or even of their own roles on the project. With the increasing useof integrated PDMs in the industry, this module presents a valuable platform for students fromdifferent

Conference Session

Imagining Others, Defining Self Through Consideration of Ethical and Social Implications

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tina Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stout; Devin R. Berg, University of Wisconsin-Stout; Elizabeth A. Buchanan, University of Wisconsin-Stout

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

EWBprojects, with their explicit social justice mission, has already been shown to have a positive effecton students, attitudes towards community service, and career expectations [2–7]. Other work hasdocumented the effects of service learning participation on meeting ABET learning outcomes [6]and providing global engineering competencies [8, 9]. While the benefits of service learning forstudent education are enticing, there is also some evidence that participation in projects with localcommunities, in contrast to internationally-based field work, can achieve the same studentoutcomes in terms of technical and professional skills [10, 11].Integration of service learning into the curriculum also necessitates the consideration of impactson the

Conference Session

Diversity and Inclusion

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mel Chua, Olin College; Tess Edmonds, Olin College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

software tool I haven’t used before, and it might help me get a summer job. If I do, maybe I can buy my own flight home for Christmas and save my parents some money.  I am excited about learning how project management works, because I had some really disorganized teams in high school and want to do better...The two student examples above are truncated; in the actual activity, each would continue tospeak for several minutes, often with pauses and hesitations. Nevertheless, the differences inapproach are apparent (sustainability, teamwork, future-oriented, new to machining vs.experience, career-oriented, reflecting on high school experiences, etc.). The combination of theOpen Sentence and the open time for each person to speak

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Tech Session 2, IE-ing the Classroom

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandro Salado, Virginia Tech; John Ray Morelock, Virginia Tech; Arash Baghaei Lakeh, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

changingconditions, and made decisions informed by constraints. Particularly, we sought to identifylearning frameworks that fit the data well and would help us improve the design and assessmentof the activity in later iterations. We found that the learning frameworks of metacognition anddiscrepancy resolution combined to explain most student activity relative to our learningobjectives, and these frameworks suggest several points of improvement for the design andassessment of the simulation game.IntroductionResearch shows a disconnect between academia and industry in terms of engineering educationand practice (Johri & Olds, 2011). In particular, early career engineers believe that “engineeringwork is much more variable and complex than most engineering

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division: Best Papers

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Dringenberg, Ohio State University; Amena Shermadou, Ohio State University; Amy Rachel Betz, Kansas State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

prepare these individuals to demonstrate resilience, and be life-long learners[1]. Life-long learning is critical for the development of engineering graduates who will be ableto address the Engineering Grand Challenges [2] and other wicked problems of our ever-changing world. In parallel with this mission, universities also work to address student needsrelated to retention and inclusion. To add further complexity, engineering students now pursuean ever-widening range of career paths after completing their undergraduate degree. Onecommon thread across these competing demands are the needs for engineering education toholistically develop resilient individuals who can maintain motivation, invest significant effort intheir learning, and persist in

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Professional Skill Development

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University; Susan F. Freeman, Northeastern University; Jake Alexander Levi, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

way.These skills are not assessed by any direct measurement, but are nonetheless important forsuccess in an engineering career. They can usually only be achieved through practice andexperience.Service-learning (S-L) is both a form of experiential learning for students and a teaching tool forfaculty. Students in S-L courses partner with community-based organizations as a way to learnthe course material with a fresher and more informed perspective while meeting and servingcommunity needs. Faculty who teach S-L courses are able to integrate classroom andcommunity goals resulting in an enrichment of their course experience, lifelong communitybonds and engagement for their students, and strengthening local and global communities. In thecase of the

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yoonjeong Lee, Texas A&M University, Galveston; Baukje Bee Kothuis, Delft University of Technology; Antonia Sebastian, Texas A&M University, Galveston; Sam Brody

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

Conference Session

Technical Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Porcel, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

interpretability,although without achieving a simple structure [31] (see table 8).Table 8: Rotated Component Matrixa of the study of language attitudes among UNVundergraduate students, using Varimax rotation * Questionnaire items 1 2 3 h2 13. Learning Spanish is/could be a pleasant experience for .833 .274 me 4. I am interested in learning Spanish. .826 .701 15. Learning Spanish is useful. .814 .716 7. Being able to speak Spanish will help further my career .770 .527 8. The fact that Spanish are the largest minority group in .766

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Monday Cornucopia (Classroom Innovations)

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua L. Hertz, Northeastern University; Duncan Davis, Northeastern University; Brian Patrick O'Connell, Northeastern University; Constantine Mukasa, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

FYEstudents was studied by Dasgupta and colleagues [9]. They showed that female FYE studentswho were placed on female-majority teams felt less threatened and more positively challengedwhen working in groups than ones placed on female-minority or sex-parity teams. Additionally,it was observed that the female students assigned to female-majority teams expressed higherconfidence and enthusiasm, and they verbally participated more during the group work. Suchfindings presage increased retention numbers and career aspiration in engineering for femalestudents.In general, there are four approaches that are commonly used by instructors to formulate groups:self-enroll, random assignment, instructor-selected, and computer-aided formation. Eachapproach has

Conference Session

Engaging Students with Creativity and Innovation

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lindsay Anderberg, New York University; Matthew Frenkel, New York University; Mikolaj Wilk, New York University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

his or her proposal towin the grant, the project, or the sponsor. Considering this, games and contests become a naturalway for engineering students to engage in critical thinking, problem-solving, and information-seeking skills, which will all be of service to them in their future careers. In an earlier library contest at NYU’s Bern Dibner Library, called Project Shhh!, welearned that while students showed gains in information literacy skills and enjoyed the challengeof the competition, other factors contributed to whether students would participate in a librarycontest [4]. One of the biggest concerns was time: both the timing of the contest within thesemester, in regard to classes and exams, and the duration of the contest. In the

Conference Session

Ethical Reasoning and Responsibility

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra S. Fuentes, Brigham Young University; Gregg Morris Warnick, Brigham Young University; Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Randall Davies, Brigham Young Unversity

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Technology, from Brigham Young Univer- sity. Gregg also does consulting in project management and leadership working with IPS Learning and Stanford University where he provides training for fortune 500 companies throughout the world.Prof. Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. Brent K. Jesiek is Associate Professor in the Schools of Engineering Education and Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. He is also an Associate Director of Purdue’s Office of Global Engineering Programs, leads the Global Engineering Education Collaboratory (GEEC) research group, and is the recipient of an NSF CAREER award to study boundary-spanning roles and competencies among early career engineers. He holds a

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Classroom Practice

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ada Hurst, University of Waterloo; Oscar G. Nespoli, University of Waterloo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, all from the University of Waterloo. Ada’s research and teaching interests include decision making under uncertainty, subjective probability, gender issues in STEM disciplines, design teaching, experiential and online learning, team processes, and expert vs. novice review in engineering design.Prof. Oscar G. Nespoli, University of Waterloo Oscar Nespoli is a Continuing Lecturer in Engineering and Mechanical Design in the Department of Me- chanical and Mechatronics Engineering at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo). Oscar joined Waterloo following a 23-year career in research, engineering and management practice in industry and govern- ment. His teaching and research interests are in the areas of engineering

Conference Session

Student Preparation for, and Outcomes from, Community Engagement Efforts

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Budny P.E., University of Pittsburgh; Sina Arjmand, University of Pittsburgh; David V.P. Sanchez, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

classroom. Finally the obvious outcome of international service learning is the students getinternational design experience. The projects make it very easy for students to expose themselvesto international design codes and standards rather than the national and local requirements. Theycan interact with more engineers around the globe, and perform engineering services whereneeded. They are also exposed to other cultures and understand the real world problems andconstraints. This opportunity easily enhances students’ personal skills, and improves their abilityand confidence in dealing with bigger problems, and therefore prepares them for theirengineering career [40].Another important benefit for students is that the international service learning

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 2A: Using Alternative Measurements to Look at Students and Their Success

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Schar, Stanford University; Angela Harris, Stanford University; Robert J. Witt, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Robert Rice, University of California - Merced; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

mindfulness and its impact on gender participation in engineering education. He is a Lecturer in the School of Engineering at Stanford University and teaches the course ME310x Product Management and ME305 Statistics for Design Researchers. Mark has extensive background in consumer products management, having managed more than 50 con- sumer driven businesses over a 25-year career with The Procter & Gamble Company. In 2005, he joined Intuit, Inc. as Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer and initiated a number of consumer package goods marketing best practices, introduced the use of competitive response modeling and ”on- the-fly” A|B testing program to qualify software improvements. Mark has a BSS from

Conference Session

Research on Diversification, Inclusion, and Empathy II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin L Hess, Purdue University - West Lafayette; Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

; synthesizing the influence of societal and individual worldviews on decision-making; assessing STEM students’ learning in the spaces of design, ethics, and sustainability; and exploring the impact of pre-engineering curriculum on students’ abilities and career trajectories.Mr. Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University Nicholas D. Fila is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. He earned a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and a M.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His current research interests include innovation, empathy, and engineering design. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 The

Conference Session

1st and 2nd Year Instruction in Design

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruturaj Soman, Florida A&M University/Florida State University ; Nikhil Gupta, Florida State University; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

junior stage prior to actual project-work in the capstone course year. To support thispedagogical approach, a sophomore-level capstone course [5] aims to improve computer-lab basedexperimental skills of students on the verge of entering their senior year. Here, as in otherpublications, the importance of working in teams is instilled.By default, the concept of team-based learning [6] seems an obvious choice to groom engineeringstudents to be part of their professional careers. In addition to this, efforts have been done toincorporate a collaborative learning approach [7]. A dedicated method known as the meeting-flowapproach [8] to actively monitor progress and quality of project work shows promise in terms ofmaking students understand the

Conference Session

Innovation in Engineering Leadership Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Robin Sacks, University of Toronto; Mike Klassen, Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

Conference Session

Social Responsibility and Social Justice II: From Classroom to Community

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M. Riley, Virginia Tech; Janice L. Hall, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

stipend ($2000) for their completed work.As charter school reform has continued to develop in New Orleans the need for improvingSTEM education and developing an introduction to engineering for all students still exists. Asrecently as August 2015, a joint report by New Schools for New Orleans and Public Impactentitled Ten Years in New Orleans: Public School Resurgence and the Path Ahead, discussed thechallenges remaining as New Orleans schools struggle with filling talent gaps in specificsubjects, grades and educator roles.26 There are notable teacher shortages in several areas forstudents requiring special education, English as a second language, career and technicaleducation as well as educators for the STEM subject areas. 26 It is suggested

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Budny P.E., University of Pittsburgh; Sina Arjmand, University of Pittsburgh; David V.P. Sanchez, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

involved in providing engineeringservices to communities who are in needs. Firstly, the benefit is for the community that is servedby students, and secondly, students are encouraged to connect and reflect how their educationconnects to their professional career. Through the experience students feel better about theiractions and understand the need and therefore the impact engineers have on a community. Thisencourages them to learn more about their chosen profession, and feel more confident about theirachievements. Also, students have a chance to practice and apply what they learn in class in areal project where they are exposed to the results of their design. The positive side of the servicelearning is at the end, the students are giving back to

Conference Session

Persistence and Retention

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward J. Berger, Purdue University; Lisa Lampe, University of Virginia; Julie Innes Caruccio, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

for academicreasons, in a manner consistent with the stated academic standards and policies of the school. Inthose cases, we use the date their graduation was expected before expulsion.We examine interior metrics derived from the master dataset as follows. We used the actual orexpected graduation data, plus our data of when we were in contact with students, to establish thesemester of first contact. This parameter establishes when in their academic career they firstneeded our help. We also compile academic outcome data by cohort, in order to examine howdifferent cohorts respond to the services we provided under the two different organizationalmodels described here. We examine the data by both gender and race. Finally, we parse the databy