Conference Session

Collaborative Projects in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sinead MacNamara, Syracuse University; Robert A. Svetz, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

required for the 200ftcantilever or the tower with massive atria. Grand claims are made about thermal masses,day-lighting, light-wells and airshafts, unaccompanied by the knowledge and detailingnecessary to fully examine such issues. So we set out to design an assignment that was anexercise in noticing.This paper describes ongoing efforts at Syracuse University to integrate structures andtechnology teaching into design teaching for architects. This specific assignment wasgiven in two courses, Structures II and Building Technology II, to the same group ofstudents (third year of a five year program). Students were assigned a building oncampus and required to investigate. They were charged with finding, photographing, andanalyzing the visible

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bosco Mansel Oliver, Clemson University; John R. Wagner, Clemson University; Elham B. Makram, Clemson University; Rajendra DUPE Singh, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

technology. Student andindustry assessments show that the certificate program successfully follows a pragmaticapproach that integrates theory with real world applications to prepare students for a career inthe diverse green energy industry.1. IntroductionThe world faces concurrent energy and pollution crises. Rapid population growth and an increasein the living standard in many emerging countries have led to a greater demand for fossil fuels.Over the next 25 years, the societal requirement for energy is forecasted to increase by 36% withthe bulk attributed to developing countries1. The demand for energy will eventually outpace theability to supply energy from traditional resources. Most industry experts believe that an energycrisis is likely for

Conference Session

Partner Organization Plenary II

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Vasiliy Ivanov, Kazan National Research Technological University; Svetlana Vasilyevna Barabanova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Mansur Galikhanov, Kazan National Research Technological University; Alina Guzhova, Kazan National Reserch Technological University

Tagged Topics

Partner Society Plenary

of IGIP.Because of its cooperation with IGIP, KNRTU was one of the first institu-tions in Russia toestablish a center for re-training and advanced training of engineering edu-cators, which isaccredited by IGIP as a training center for "International Engineering Educa-tors" and conformsto IGIP's curriculum for engineering pedagogy. About 70 leading profes-sors, including someuniversity presidents, rectors and chancellors have completed this course. Professor VasiliyG.Ivanov, the first Academic Vice-Rector of KNRTU, is a member of the IGIP RussianMonitoring Committee.For many years now, the KNRTU team has been an active participant in IGIP events, includ-inginternational annual conferences on engineering education, where delegates from all

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

relies on developing target models of experts’ understandings of phenomena.Both naïve and expert cognitive models can engage both individual and socially sharedcognitive processes 5, and knowledge of both processes is necessary to characterizeknowledge in a field. Situated cognition experts contend that knowledge only exists in context and hasvery limited meaning and usefulness when taught out of context 1, 6, 7. An educationalneed exists to better integrate engineering students within the context of engineeringpractice and to develop and implement curricular materials that represent this integration.The lack of a target cognitive model and associated situated and research-based curricularmaterials impedes students’ abilities to be

Conference Session

K-12 Robotics

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehmet Ayar, TUBITAK; Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Fatih Ugurdag, Ozyegin University; Alpaslan Sahin, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

a circuit to breadboardthrough LED; and to test CNY70 sensor on the breadboard. They also studied DC motor, 7895regulator, PIC 16F628A (Micro Controller), L298 integration and LM 324 (updated).As an extracurricular activity, the students visited the Ford Company where passenger cars andother vehicles were manufactured and exported to our countries. In their trip to the FordCompany, students have seen where and how the robots are used for automobile production. Atthe same time, they witnessed the environment where the engineers work after higher education.The camp participants were encouraged to attend the presentations of visiting faculty andgraduate students at different institutions. Through these presentations the participants listened

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Antonella Sciortino; Lisa Star; Tesfai Goitom

which theirdesigns are implemented. Engineering courses need to provide students with the globalengineering perspective that will prove beneficial for their careers and this should be done at theearly stages of the engineering curriculum. This study proposes a novel approach to expose civilengineering and construction engineering management students to current global issues inengineering and construction practices. An additional goal is the improvement of retention ratesby increasing students' interest in the engineering field. The proposed approach consists ofencouraging mentoring and collaboration between graduate students enrolled in a researchcourse and freshmen/sophomore students enrolled in an introductory engineering course. Thetwo

Conference Session

Global Competency and What Makes a Successful Engineer

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber Genau, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

International

DirectionThis study abroad program was offered for the first time in May of 2012. Although elevenstudents is fairly average for an upper-level materials engineering elective course at UAB, theprogram is necessarily limited in size. This is a perennial problem for global competencyinitiatives: any program involving study abroad reaches only those students who are (1) alreadywilling and able to travel and (2) able to afford the program. The current plan for implementinga version of this program more widely into the curriculum is to modify the academic portion ofthe course (The Evolution of Engineering Materials) into a standard semester-long course thatwould meet the requirements for a university-approved history course tailored to engineeringstudents

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Gregory L. Heileman, University of New Mexico; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Alfredo J. Perez, Northern New Mexico College; Ramiro Jordan P.E., University of New Mexico; Timothy L Schroeder; José Marcio Luna, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

not offer thiscourse yet; thus, if a student plans to transfer to UNM or NNMC, he/she can either take this classat the time of the transfer or enroll at UNM or NNMC while studying at CNM. It is expected thatECE 203 will be scheduled at CNM in a near future. ELVIS boards are integrated suites of 12 ofthe most commonly used instruments in the lab, including the oscilloscope, digital multi-meter,function generator, variable power supply, and Bode analyzer. Based on NI LabVIEW graphicalsoftware, NI ELVIS, with USB plug-and-play capabilities, offers the flexibility of virtualinstrumentation and allows for quick and easy measurement acquisition and display. Figure 5shows an ELVIS II board

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niaz Latif, Purdue University, Calumet ; Joy L Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech)

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

the development of this degree program, analyses were done of the stakeholder needsin the area.This paper describes the design, development and initial implementation of an interdisciplinaryMSV graduate program. The paper includes the description of: 1) needs and justification, 2)planning process, 3) program description and objectives, 4) curriculum, 5) implementation issuesrelated to faculty, students, and resources and 6) examples of MSV related industry projects. Page 23.375.2Needs and JustificationThe justification and rationale for the MSV program is described in terms of institutional missionand goals, strength of campus facilities

Conference Session

Study Abroad, International Experience, Exchange Programs and Student Retention

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ute Heinze, RWTH Aachen University; Ursula Bach; Rene Vossen; Sabina Jeschke, RWTH Aachen University

Tagged Divisions

International

introduction to a newculture along with the establishment of new friendships and an increase in autonomy. Thiscorresponds with the positive experiences students gather when being abroad (c.f. 5.4Experiences of exchange).Differences between engineers and students of other subjects can be observed at the factors‘mandatory part in curriculum’, ‘use time in a meaningful way’, ‘improvement of careeroptions’ and ‘consolidation of study-related knowledge’. While exchange periods are oftenmandatory in curricula of non-engineers, it is not common in engineering sciences. Engineerstend to be more motivated by improved career options and less motivated through using timein meaningful way, or by consolidating their study-related knowledge than other

Conference Session

Institutional Perspectives and Boundary Work

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie C. Lundy-Wagner, New York University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Page 23.657.4formal in-depth, semi-structured interview. The interview protocol questions provided space forcontextualizing each advisers professional background and position (e.g., average time spentadvising each week, placement within an academic unit or support program, and advising load),in addition to their perceptions of socioeconomic disadvantage. The interview protocol focusedon participants’ perceptions of students’ cultural capital and habitus (e.g., attitudes towardacademic advising, comfort level with faculty, level of academic preparedness, familiarity witheducational systems, senses of entitlement, schedule flexibility, and challenges with integration).Data Analysis & ValidationI transcribed the audio-taped interviews

Collection

2013 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Adam Paczuski; S.M. Krishnan

the basis for many U.S. products thus fostering an environment of safety in thefield of medical devices, efforts towards patient safety are unparalleled anywhere else in theworld [3]. The high quality of safety facilitates high growth in medical devices for manufacturesdomestically as well as globally [3,4].Safety concerns can be observed in other industries such as Toyota’s Lexus ES 350 sedan (2009)which was re-tested after numerous accidents and scrutinized until the problem was isolated andfixed [5]. The company (Toyota) had to recall affected models of vehicles on the road for thepublic’s safety. In that case, it was determined that the design flaw was a thicker than nominalfloor mat that could trap the accelerator and thus cause the

Conference Session

Novel Methods of Construction Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Tingerthal, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

also involved with forensic investigations in Iowa and Wisconsin and participated in structural coordination efforts at Ground Zero in September of 2001. He holds professional engineering licenses in the States of Arizona and Illinois. He has recently earned the degree of Doctor of Education in Curriculum and Instruction with an emphasis in Higher Education. His academic interests lie in the field of student-centered learning and teaching, currently concentrating on applying the Decoding the Disciplines process. John is a member of ASCE, AISC and The Associated Schools of Construction and advises the construction management student organization (CMO). He coordinates NAU’s teams for the Associated Schools of

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences in Signal Processing and Controls

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ding Yuan, Colorado State University - Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

within real-worldsettings, such as multidisciplinary needs of industry10-12. However, these courses could bechallenging too. Page 23.1142.2In our ABET accredited BSE- Mechatronics program, the scope of the courses included morethan one engineering discipline since mechatronics, as one of the fast growing fields inengineering, inherently required an integration of mechanical, electrical and softwareengineering into appropriate control architectures. Moreover, engineering design concepts(including a block diagram to illustrate an engineering design process) were introduced in a first-year introductory course, and reinforced several times in

Conference Session

Themes in Renewable Energy and ET

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Radian G Belu, Drexel University (Tech.); Michael G Mauk P.E., Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, Power Electronics and Controls for Photovoltaic Systems, Handbook of Research on Solar EnergySystems and Technologies (Eds: Dr. Sohail Anwar, Dr. Salahuddin Qazi, and Dr. Harry Efstathiadis), IGI, Global,pp. 68-125, 2012 (DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-1996-8.ch004).12. R. Belu, Wind Energy Conversion and Analysis, in Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering & Technology (Eds:Dr. Sohail Anwar et al.), Taylor and Francis, 2012 (in press).13. R. Belu, Renewable Energy Based Capstone Senior Design Projects for an Undergraduate EngineeringTechnology Curriculum, 2011 ASEEE Conference & Exposition, June 26 - 29, Vancouver, BC, Canada (CDProceedings).14. R. Belu and I. Husanu, An Undergraduate Course on Renewable Energy Conversion Systems for

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Raman Unnikrishnan; Victor H. Delgado; Hye Sun Moon; Edward Sullivan

Retention Strategies for Engineering and Computer Science High Impact Practices (HIP) during first year in college Raman Unnikrishnan and Victor H. Delgado College of Engineering and Computer Science Hye Sun Moon and Edward Sullivan Office of Institutional Research & Analytical Studies California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 AbstractThe High Tech Education working group of the President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness(Jobs Council) concluded that an increase in the number of U.S. engineering and computerscience graduates

Conference Session

Misconceptions

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karla L. Sanchez, Purdue University; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David Sederberg, Purdue University; Grant P Richards, Purdue University, West Lafayette; M. Gail Jones, NC State University; Hong Z Tan, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #7563Investigating the Impact of Visuohaptic Simulations for Conceptual Under-standing in Electricity and MagnetismKarla L. Sanchez, Purdue University Graduate Student in the Computer and Information Technology department, currently working as a Re- search Assistant in the Computer and Education Technology field.Dr. Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer and Information Technology at Purdue Univer- sity West Lafayette. Magana’s research interests are centered on the integration of cyberinfrastructure, computation, and computational tools and

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Swan, Tufts University; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kurt Paterson P.E., Michigan Technological University; David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Annie Soisson, Tufts University; Bowa George Tucker, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Paper ID #7552Workshops for the Engineering Faculty Engagement in Learning ThroughService (EFELTS) Project: Development and Initial FindingsDr. Chris Swan, Tufts University Christopher Swan is the Associate Dean for Undergraduate Curriculum Development in the School of En- gineering and an associate professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) at Tufts University. He has additional appointments in the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service and the Center for Engineering Education and Outreach. He has also served as chair of Tufts CEE depart- ment (2002-2007). Dr. Swan’s current research

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan K Donohue, University of Virginia; Ali Bouabid, Khalifa University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Curriculum Focused on Technology System Integration,” Proceedings of the 119th ASEE Conference and Exposition (2012).14. PVCC, “PVCC – Programs of Study,” retrieved on December 23, 2012, from http://www.pvcc.edu/programs_study/ (n.d.).15. Andrews, A.C. and Fonseca, J.W., “Community Colleges in the United States: A Geographical Perspective,” retrieved on January 2, 2013 from http://www.zanesville.ohiou.edu/geography/communitycollege/default.htm (1998).16. Wigal, C.M. and McGhee, T., “Providing and Ensuring an Effective Community College Transfer Pre- Engineering Program,” Proceedings of the 118th ASEE Conference and Exposition (2011).17. Tennessee Transfer Pathway, “Electrical Engineering | Programs | Tennessee

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation, Assessment and Program Improvement in ECE.

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed S. Khan, DeVry University, Addison, IL; Aminul Karim, DeVry University, Downers Grove, IL; Jennifer A McClain, IEEE

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

9:39 AM Page 23.1233.14 Perhaps develop an example of how the standards can be integrated into a typical Mon, Oct73. curriculum that teaches Software Engineering or the like... 22, 2012 9:34 AM Mon, Oct74. provide open access to standards from *.edu addresses 22, 2012 9:31 AM

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences in Electronics and Circuits

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Bonnie H. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

concepts,experimental concepts and skills, and give them experience in system level design andintegration.Imagine mobile hands-on learning activities that involve both thestudent and the faculty member in the learning process withoutconsiderable time or effort by the instructor. And, suppose thatthere are freely available resources to assist a faculty member,educated under the old lecture system, to introduce hands-onlearning modules and rapidly develop his or her own modulesusing validated procedures. Now, let’s consider what wouldhappen if this pedagogical approach is integrated throughout aSTEM curriculum so that students see how concepts from onecourse can be applied in other course to build a system-levelunderstanding of their discipline and

Conference Session

FPD 4: First-Year Engineering Courses, Part I: Multimedia, Large Classes, and TAs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian M Frank, Queen's University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #6447Web-based audience response system for quality feedback in first year engi-neeringDr. Brian M Frank, Queen’s University Brian Frank is an associate professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering, where he has taught courses in electronics and wireless systems. He is the DuPont Canada Chair in Engineering Education Research and Development, and the Director of Program Development in the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science where he works on engineering curriculum development, program assessment, and developing educational technology. He is a co-founder of the Canadian Engineering Education Association

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Matos, Clayton State University; Tamara Pearson, Clayton State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Mathematical Association of America. She is a member of Tau Beta Pi and Phi Kappa Phi as well as the MAA.Dr. Tamara Pearson, Clayton State University Dr. Tamara Pearson is currently an Assistant Professor of Mathematics Education at Clayton State Uni- versity in Morrow, Georgia. She received her bachelors of science in Mathematics from Spelman College in 1996 and a Ph.D. in Curriculum and instruction from the University of Florida in 2003. Page 23.720.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Improving Student Understanding and Efficiency

Conference Session

FPD 7: First-Year Engineering Courses, Part II: Perceptions and Paradigms

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janaki Isabella Perera, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Brendan Thomas Quinlivan, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Yevgeniya V. Zastavker, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

knowledge and skills gained through project work.11Clearly, this construct is complex; as such, many institutions and instructors use a modulation ofPjBL by either reducing the temporary scope of the projects or utilizing a few but not all of itsaspects (for example, Heitmann (1996) differentiates project-oriented studies from project-oriented curricula based on the length and integration of the projects into the main subject.)However, simple inclusion of PjBL elements or, for that matter, other effective pedagogicalpractices in an institutional toolkit does not make a program or a specific classroom successful;of critical importance in such programs and classrooms are the instructors’ epistemologies orunderlying personal beliefs about teaching and

Collection

2013 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Lin Wang; Si Ma; Haifeng Yan

Developing a Practicum Plan for Undergraduate Students in Railway Design and Operation Major of Transportation Engineering Lin Wang, Si Ma and Haifeng YanSchool of Transportation & Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. ChinaAbstractBecause of the increasing complexity and advancements in the area of railwayindustry, there is a growing demand for graduates to be specialists with systematicviews, specialized skills and innovative abilities. This paper presents an overview ofthe present typical arrangements of practicum curricula in railway design andoperation major in transportation engineering education for the rapid development ofrailway industry in China

Conference Session

Visualization tools and uses in graphics

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathy Schmidt Jackson, The Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence; Conrad Tucker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Gül E. Okudan Kremer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

solutions is dependent upon their ability to manipulate objects (either physically orvirtually). In this paper, we offer preliminary evidence on the comparison of tactile to virtuallearning as perceived by our students and share instructional issues that students feel either helpor hinder their ability to learn.1 IntroductionGiven that there are numerous ways to define engineering design, it follows that there are manypedagogical approaches to teaching design. While most agree that “design, above all else,defines the difference between an engineering education and a science education” 1, design Page 23.1105.2experiences in the curriculum are

Conference Session

Software and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G Belu, Drexel University (Tech.); Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Moreover, LabVIEWhas proven to be an invaluable tool in decreasing development time in research, design,validation, production test, and manufacturing. Besides this, the major advantages of LabVIEWinclude: ease of learning, using and debugging, the simplicity of using the interface (front panelof a LabVIEW program) particularly for a user with little knowledge of LabVIEW programming,modular development, complete functionality, available tools and resources, reliableperformance and the capability of controlling equipment. There are four critical elements of theLabVIEW development platform11-13: 1. Intuitive graphical programming language 2. High-level application-specific tools 3. Integrated measurement and control-specific capabilities

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie Maier-Speredelozzi, University of Rhode Island; Colleen Grinham; manbir sodhi, University of Rhode Island

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Paper ID #7955Systems Engineering Educators WorkshopDr. Valerie Maier-Speredelozzi, University of Rhode Island Valerie Maier-Speredelozzi is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Rhode Island. Her interests include lean manufacturing, health- care, and transportation systems.Ms. Colleen Grinham Colleen Grinham is a graduate student in civil and environmental engineering at the University of Rhode Island. Her interests include renewable energy resources for developing countries.Dr. manbir sodhi, University of Rhode Island

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten A Davis, Boise State University; Ross A. Perkins, Boise State University; R. Casey Cline, Boise State University; Sondra M Miller, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Engineering and Management from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Her educational research interests are focused on improving construction management education.Dr. Ross A. Perkins, Boise State University Dr. Perkins is an associate professor in the Department of Educational Technology at Boise State Uni- versity, where he also serves as the coordinator of the department’s Ed.D. program. His research inter- ests include the diffusion and adoption of technologies and innovations for education, mobile learning, instructional design for distance education in STEM and other disciplines, and ICT integration in devel- oping nations. He is the Co-PI on two grants funded by the National Science Foundation

Conference Session

Novel Teaching Methods In Engineering Technology

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles J Lesko Jr., East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

on managing and leading technological innovation in the workplace; his past experiences bring to the table a heavy technical background with a strong management and leadership base. He has over (18) years of experience in systems integration and project management fields. His experience base prior also includes (12) year’s service as an officer in the United States Marine Corps. He can be reached 252-737-1907 or at leskoc@ecu.edu. Page 23.1359.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Virtual Project Teaming: Incorporation of Immersive