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Displaying results 451 - 480 of 808 in total
Conference Session
TC2K Methods and Models
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nancy Denton, Purdue University; Joseph Fuehne, Purdue University-Columbus; Henry Kraebber, Purdue University; Timothy Cooley, Purdue University-New Albany; Joseph Dues, Purdue University-New Albany
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
each. The Columbus campus MET faculty focused their efforts ondirect assessment of program outcomes by using classroom assignments, lab reports andexam questions. An example of an embedded assessment utilized by the MET faculty is alaboratory report. The MET program consists of many classes with laboratory activitiesthat require lab reports. The rubric used for lab reports is a fifteen part rubric with eachpart varying from 1 to 4. Examples of Individual categories include spelling/grammar,participation, calculations, appearance, analysis, summary, conclusions, procedures,results, and drawings/diagrams. Assessments can be made of technical content (programoutcome (PO 1)), verbal communications including both written content and
Conference Session
Computer Education Management Tools
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Promiti Dutta, Columbia University; Alexander Haubold, Columbia University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
. Specifically, we explore the pedagogic implications ofcreating two types of portals: (1) Course Management System (CMS) for course materials in anongoing semester and (2) Project Archival Tool (PAT) for completed project materials.We apply our proposed methods in a first-year engineering design course taught toapproximately 180 students per semester. The course is project-based and focuses on teachingstudents basic engineering design principles and professional skills. Coupled with these lecturesare additional laboratory components in which students learn to use MathWorks Matlab, acomputational tool, and Alias Wavefront Maya, a 3D design package. The final team-basedproject encompasses skills learned in class applied to a design problem proposed by
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Patrick Tebbe, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Stewart Ross, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Sharon Kvamme, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Brian Weninger, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Jess Boardman, Minnesota State University-Mankato
’ performance improves when strategies and skills are modeled for students15. Inother words, students learn best when they see how others approach and solve a problem. Withrespect to critical thinking skills and design methods it is obvious that the best techniques tomodel are those actually used in the real world by practicing engineers.Through a NSF Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) grant, supplementarycourse material for thermodynamics is being designed for dissemination/production in anelectronic format and for use with standard thermodynamic textbooks on the market. Thematerial will include descriptions of real-world settings, each with several skills based (i.e.standard homework) and design-based problems specified. The
Conference Session
Multimedia and Distance Learning
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Roger Owensby, Bluefield State College; Akhtar Safder, Bluefield State College; Bruce Mutter, Bluefield State College
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
3MIET 410 Mine Production Technology 3MEET 410 Industrial Operations 3GNET 499 Engineering Technology Projects 3Core Skills Social Science 3 Total 15It remains to be proven if we will be able to develop on online version of these courses in everyinstance. Italicized courses are either already offered or in development. We will need toinitially rely on the availability of some transfer coursework in the student’s area, on campusresidency, or other online courses to round out these requirements. Common market agreementsand fee structures will need to be developed. A low residency program may develop to fill insome supervision intensive laboratories. Our
Conference Session
Web-Based Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ahmed Abu-Hajar, San Francisco State University; Michael Holden, San Francisco State University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
.’ Animated computer-based lectures, presented in a standardizedsetting, could facilitate this development process.Professional engineers rely on computers for various purposes (design, verification, testing, etc.). Page 12.941.3Traditional engineering classrooms, however, are technologically unequipped to teach thecomputer skills required by industry10. This is primarily a result of limited lecture time. In thetraditional classroom model, the instructor’s lecture time is limited to teaching mathematics andtheoretical concepts. It is common for students to learn computer skills on their own, or withinthe framework of a laboratory assignment outside
Conference Session
Recruiting, Retention and Diversity in Engineering Technology
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Irene Ferrara, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona; Andrew Vavreck, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Engineering students isclearly in need of improvement. No doubt some of these students genuinely have an interest insome field totally separate from Engineering, and find a better fit for their own talents andinterests after they arrive on campus. But the fact that so many of these students are lost to thesystem entirely is alarming. These are likely students who could be successful, but for anynumber of reasons are not able to perform at the necessary academic level, or are not happydoing so. It is our belief that Engineering Technology offers a percentage of these students witha viable option. We have experienced the reaction of students who began their studies inEngineering at University Park, in theoretical courses without laboratory components
Conference Session
ECE Pedagogy and Assessment
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Eric Durant, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
AC 2007-596: UNDERSTANDING ABET OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMESOwe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering Dr. Petersen is Department Chair and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He is a former Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories and received his Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in 1971. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and an ABET EAC program evaluator in Electrical Engineering.Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering Dr. Stephen Williams is Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He received the Ph.D. degree
Conference Session
Experiences in Teaching Energy Courses
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ilya Grinberg, Buffalo State College; Mohammed Safiuddin, University at Buffalo, SUNY
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
. It is time for creation of Power EngineeringEducation Consortium. Advantages of such close cooperation are: 1. Mutual use of facilities (laboratory and others) for more efficient allocation of funds for equipment. 2. Coordination of curriculum development at different levels, identification of talented students for possible recruitment by educational and industrial partners. 3. Cooperation on undergraduate and graduate research, both basic and applied. 4. International cooperation with partnering institutions.It is obvious that utilizing combined resources would allow addressing industry and academianeeds more efficiently, both in terms of educating workforce and research and
Conference Session
Our Future in Manufacturing
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Truc Ngo, San Diego City College; Armando Abina, San Diego City College; Gene Lyons, Kyocera America Corporation
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
from the institution and college faculty. With tremendous departmental effort,the faculty developed the new MFET program to replace the obsolete MAFG courses,sought outside funding support for equipment, materials and supplies purchases andbuilding laboratory. Program structure had been established; however, it was not knownby the public. Since the MFET program is new and due to lack of integration between thecounseling and Engineering and Technologies departments, many SDCC counselors werenot even aware that the new MFET program existed. As a result, students were not givenfull options of career choices and were misguided in some cases.Student Recruitment StrategiesRecognizing the problems and challenges faced by the Manufacturing program
Conference Session
FPD4 -- Hands-on & Real-World Studies
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Ye, Polytechnic University; Ilya Brutman, Polytechnic University; Gunter Georgi, Polytechnic University; Lorcan Folan, Polytechnic University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
surface under water, aswell as when running submerged in between. The construction cost for material for theunderwater test field was kept below $1000.Many students are familiar with LEGO robotics on dry land. AUVs present many newchallenges: waterproofing conventional LEGO components, buoyancy, balance, and 3-D motion.Since completion of various tasks contributes different point values, the final total point value isa measure of how well the AUV has performed. This is the basis for a lively design competitionbetween Freshman Engineering teams.1 IntroductionPolytechnic University’s Introduction to Engineering and Design course consists of lectures (1hr/wk), laboratory work (3 hrs/wk), and recitations (2 hrs/wk) for an academic
Conference Session
Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Kim Shollenberger, California Polytechnic State University; Jane Kennedy, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, before joining the faculty at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, as an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering. Currently she teaches thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics. Her research is in the area of multiphase flows and computational modeling of thermal-fluid systems.Jane Kennedy, California Polytechnic State University Jane Kennedy is a lecturer of Mechanical Engineering at California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo. She received her B.S. from UCLA in 1991 and her M.S. from Cal Poly in 1996. She is the Research Director of Investors Internet Inc. and co-author of the book "The
Conference Session
Engineering in High Schools
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Mativo, Ohio Northern University; Adam Stienecker, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
figures 1 and 2. A load was placed on the specimen until ultimatestress as shown in figure 3. Table 1 shows results from student laboratory exercises andcalculation of relevant data.Figure 1: Specimen placed in UTM Figure 2: Specimen under load Page 12.894.3 Figure 3: Specimen near fractureTable 1: Data collected from this experiment and relevant calculated valuesSpecimen Length Length Strain Cross- Applied Stress E Original Final (in/in) section Force (lb) (psi) (x106) (in) (in) Area (in2
Conference Session
Programmatic Issues in Engineering Physics
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Denise Martinez, Tarleton State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Physics & Physics
. in nuclear engineering. All faculty do have a Ph.D. in one of theinterdisciplinary fields represented in this program.Procedure 6.0 – Criteria 6Classrooms, laboratories, equipment, tools, and computing resources are reviewed annually, ormore frequently as situations warrant. Course evaluation forms described in the Criteria 3procedures are used as a tool for assessing facilities. Data is kept regarding additions, renovationand upgrades to classrooms, laboratories, equipment, tools, and computing resources. Theamounts requested, provided and spent are tracked by the department head.Procedure 7.0 – Criteria 7Institutional support and financial resources are reviewed annually to ensure that they aresufficient to assure quality and continuity of
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David LaGraffe, Air Force Institute of Technology; James Petrosky, Air Force Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
, the research project is coordinated with customer organizations like theDefense Threat Reduction Agency, Air Force Research Laboratory, and the Air Force NuclearWeapons and Counterproliferation Agency to provide relevance and insight into the currenttechnical problems being addressed. Many of the skills and abilities gained in the program, suchas the ability to conduct advanced research, use of the scientific method and a host ofexperimental, mathematical, and laboratory skills are applicable in all three areas. This furtherreinforces the multidisciplinary approach of the program. Finally, during their sixth and last quarter, all students complete a capstone course. Thecontent of the capstone course is based loosely on the Department of
Conference Session
Teaching Strategies in Graphics
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anthony Dean, Old Dominion University; Moustafa Moustafa, Old Dominion University; Julie Moustafa, Old Dominion University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
3 COMM 101R, Public Speaking 3 Gen Ed, Soc ial Sc ience Perspective (S) 3 Page 12.1538.3Figure 1Three course in the first two years are dedicated to drafting and design. Those coursesare:MET 100 – Engineering GraphicsCourse (Catalog) DescriptionLecture 2 hours; laboratory 2 hours; 3 credits. A modern treatment of the basic principlesof engineering drawing, including graphing, orthographic projection, sectional views,multiview drawings, pictorial
Conference Session
Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; Keith Radley, Sheffield Hallam University
Tagged Divisions
International
theCETLs within the UK, and then will go on to discuss the learning, teaching and assessmentmethods used on a first year engineering undergraduate module, in order to promote learnerautonomy within the students. The module, ‘Materials, Manufacturing and EnvironmentalEngineering’, has traditionally been taught over 2 semesters through a series of keynotelectures, followed by seminars and laboratory practical classes. Previously, case study workwas undertaken by the students in semester 2 of the module; however, this did not developautonomous learning in an effective way. The new assignment project work in semester 2provided an opportunity for students to work in groups. Each group either undertookinvestigations into ‘engineering disaster management
Conference Session
ECET Curriculum
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Peter Goodmann, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
not actually do anything of use inthe “real world”. Typical laboratory exercises are similar, and similarly dry. If our retentionpercentage is not what we would like it to be, we should not be surprised.Of course, there are a significant number of students who do not leave for the greener pastures ofmicroeconomics. Some of them already know that our discipline is rewarding in many waysother than a paycheck, possibly because they began tinkering with technology while in highschool. If we could give the rest of our students a first-year experience something like theexperience these tinkerers and radio amateurs give themselves, it seems reasonable to think thatour retention rates would benefit. That kind of experience can be provided by
Conference Session
Electrical Technology Projects and Applications
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Pocock, Oregon Institute of Technology; Kevin McCullough, Oregon Institute of Technology; Andrew Carpenter, Oregon Institute of Technology; Brant Hempel, Oregon Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
EngineeringTechnology that includes a senior level capstone course in analog integrated circuit design. Thiscourse includes a two credit hour (six contact hours per week) laboratory in which studentswould normally perform six to eight individual “canned” experiments. Recently the author hasre-structured the laboratory to become a term-long group project in the area of analog integratedcircuits. This paper describes the results of one of these team projects.IntroductionThe objective of this capstone course is to expose senior EET majors to the design process foranalog integrated circuits by working as a member of a design team. Upon completion of thiscourse, a student will have been exposed to the processes of working in a team, picking an idea,researching the
Conference Session
Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
C. Diane Matt, WEPAN
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
attending included 51% Caucasian, 22% Hispanic, 16% African American and 11% other. Each program's format was similar but tailored to highlight a participating university's areas of expertise. Among the subjects covered in seminars were teamwork, problem solving, decision-making, and communicating effectively. Laboratory experiences included animated web-page design, computer-chip design, laser optics, computer hardware and more. WEPAN member universities which participated in the pilot project were Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.; University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; The University of Texas at Austin; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Binghamton University, NY; and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. EXITE
Conference Session
Capstone Design & Project Courses
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Smith, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Tracy N Schierenbeck, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Linda McCloskey, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
development. Coursework and assignments aredesigned for students to gain topical knowledge, analyze and apply basic concepts, and expandwritten and oral communication skills. An early description of the course was reported byMcCloskey, et al.2.Students take and also evaluate the use of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator3. Corporate guestsfrom ExxonMobil and the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory participate in some of the classes toreinforce some of the concepts and applications in industry. PD-1 is integrated into the SecondYear Introduction to Engineering Design (IED) course, which for most students is the first majorexperience in working in multidisciplinary teams, and they are crucially interdependent forsuccess. It is important to understand that the
Conference Session
The Impact of Curriculum on the Retention of Women Students
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Keathly, University of North Texas; Robert Akl, University of North Texas; Ryan Garlick, University of North Texas
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
activities. Results from student surveys andparent surveys will be presented. The paper concludes with recommended changes andimprovements in the program, as well as a discussion of adaptations that would create programssuitable for implementation at other institutions as well as programs aimed at a different targetpopulation.The three phases previously enumerated each build upon currently accepted educationalpractices. The robotics summer camp in particular used problem-based learning approaches,similar to those described in The Power of Problem-Based Learning2. This study clearlydemonstrates the significant benefits of teaching students how to think by using a problem-basedapproach. We also developed a mobile laboratory so that the summer camp can
Conference Session
Innovations in ECE Education I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dick Blandford, University of Evansville; Deborah Hwang, University of Evansville
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
appropriate equipment tosupport those labs. Computer and electrical engineering have an array of laboratories including anetworks lab and labs for electronics, optics, control systems, circuits, and projects. It iscommon to see computer science students working in electrical engineering project labs, andelectrical engineering students using the resources in the computer science project lab. From theviewpoint of both faculty and students, we appear to have more space and resources than we Page 12.1117.7would have if we were in separate departments.The UpsideThere are genuine advantages to the combined department arrangement. Each advantage alongwith a
Conference Session
International Case Studies:Collaborations, Exchanges & Interactions
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ian Robinson, Edge Hill University; Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; John Rowe, Sheffield Hallam University
Tagged Divisions
International
in the mid 1990s, and the extension ofthe fee limit to £3000pa was introduced in 2005. The total fee accruing from an engineeringBachelors student is insufficient to pay the actual cost of delivering laboratory-basededucation, and so universities rely upon distributing the surplus fees from other disciplineareas and other business activities to support science and technology provision.The majority of students secure loans from the English Student Loan Company in order topay their fees; the debt being collected through the taxation system over the graduate’sworking life. Page 12.627.2It has thus, in the last few years, become increasingly
Conference Session
Educational Software
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Smith, U. of St. Thomas - St. Paul
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
; Sons, New York. Everett and Swain, “Whirlwind I Computer Block Diagrams,” Report R-231, MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory, 1946. Gilmore, J. T., Jr., and H. P. Peterson, “A Functional Description of the TX-0 Computer,” Memorandum 6M- 4789-1, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lincoln, MA, October 1958. On-line (retrieved 8 July 2004) at http://bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/tx-0/6M-4789-1_TX0_funcDescr.pdf Goering, Richard, “Doors 'open' to hardware,” EE Times, 6 June 2005. Hanna, K. 2002. Interactive visual functional programming. In Proceedings of the Seventh ACM SIGPLAN international Conference on Functional Programming (Pittsburgh, PA, USA, October 04 - 06, 2002). ICFP '02. ACM Press, New York, NY, 145-156. Kay, A., “Computer Software
Conference Session
Development of Undergraduate Distance Education Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Rajala, Mississippi State University; Tom Miller, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
the first two years included introduction to engineering,statics, dynamics, electric circuits, and introduction to logic design, and introduction to computerorganization. During the first four years of the program delivery of courses was shared amongthe three colleges of engineering. As technology, faculty and curricula changed, NC Stateassumed more responsibility for the 2+2 programs. By 2001, all distance courses were beingdelivered by NC State faculty.Over the past twelve years, the technology has evolved substantially. 4,5,6 However, throughoutthis time we provided a combination of synchronous and asynchronous lectures, along with theon-site laboratories. Courses have originated from all three colleges of engineering, as well asfrom the
Conference Session
Perspectives for Women Faculty
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stacy Birmingham, Grove City College
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
away from theday-to-day research that draws us to the career in the first place. Satisfaction in teaching, whichis truly a passion of mine—was not to be found. I felt more like, and was, a person on stageattended by a cohort of TAs, speaking to an audience of 150 (sort of) interested students.Personal contact with students: to be avoided lest it take time from research, or more important,proposal writing. In a word (or three): what a mess.I felt a desire to focus more on personal scholarship, removed from the pressure of constantlyseeking money. I also enjoyed teaching, including working with more than 40 undergraduates inmy laboratory over the years at Michigan. This led to my search for positions in a smallerinstitution focused on teaching
Conference Session
Curriculum Implementation of Materials Advances
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ajit Kelkar, North Carolina A&T State University; Ronnie Bolick, North Carolina A&T State University; Ram Mohan, North Carolina A&T State University; Oladapo Akinyede, North Carolina A&T State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
nanotubes and or alumina particles using high energy mixing (usingultrasonication, high shear and pulverization), (b) electrospinning technique to manufacture anddeposit nanofibers (c) X-Y Computer controlled spray technique to deposit single wall carbonnanotubes on the woven fabric. The fabricated nanocomposite materials are then tested bystudents in Strength of Materials Laboratory using conventional tensile testing machine. Thispaper demonstrates limitless bounds of nanomaterials, as well as would eventually help tomodify and strengthen the existing engineering curriculums in materials, manufacturing, andmechanical and engineering technology.Introduction For the past five years, the research involving the fabrication and processing of
Conference Session
Sustainability & Environmental Issues
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Gaughran, University of Limerick; Stephen Burke, University of Limerick; Sonya Quinn, University of Limerick
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
sure than the teachers. The same graph shows a parallel response until the‘disagree’, option separates the groups. There are also distinct separations between the agegroups demographic (left graph Figure 2). The survey included 777 students and 65 teachers,from a variety of school types.The eco-literacy scores for the undergraduates at the beginning of the module demonstratedthe low level of general ecological knowledge (Figure 3). Only 2.4 percent scored an A1(>85%), in this survey, this had risen to 16.3 percent during the last quarter of the module.The term examination would test their knowledge at the end of the module.The eco-footprint of the undergraduate cohort was calculated as part of a laboratory exerciseon eco foot-printing
Conference Session
Assessment Methods
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zbigniew Prusak, Central Connecticut State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
, final, etc.)6. Comp Lect Computer lab lecture7. Lab Sh Exe Laboratory hands-on short exercises8. Lab Expm Team Laboratory experimentation – team work9. Forens Indiv Forensic analysis in-class exercises – individual work10. Forens Team Forensic analysis in-class exercises – team work11. Des Sh Exe Indiv Design short exercises in-class – individual work12. Des Sh Exe Team Design short exercises in-class – team work13. Des Proj Indiv Design projects – individual work14. Des Proj Team Design projects – team work15. Des Dev Lab Expm Design and development of new lab experiments16. Concept Gener Concept generation
Conference Session
Engineering Student Involvement in K-12 Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Malinda Zarske, University of Colorado at Boulder; Janet Yowell, University of Colorado at Boulder; Jacquelyn Sullivan, University of Colorado at Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado at Boulder; Diana Wiant, Centaurus High School
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
JACQUELYN F. SULLIVAN is founding co-director of the Integrated Teaching and Learning Program and Laboratory. She co-led the development of a first-year engineering projects course, and co-teaches Innovation and Invention and a service-learning Engineering Outreach Corps elective. Dr. Sullivan initiated the ITL's extensive K-12 engineering program and leads a multi-institutional NSF-supported initiative that created TeachEngineering.org, a digital library of K-12 engineering curricula. Dr. Sullivan has 14 years of industrial engineering experience and directed an interdisciplinary water resources decision support research center at CU for nine years. She received her PhD in environmental