Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Programs and Curricula

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

2011.Starting any new degree or program at a university can be a daunting undertaking. This isespecially true for a cross-functional degree involving three separate departments, which werethe mechanical engineering, electrical and computer engineering, and the computer sciencedepartments. Fortunately, the initial impetus and evolution of this degree was simultaneouslyenvisioned and embraced by both faculty from the various academic departments and theadministration at Lawrence Tech. Because of this joint interest the development of a roboticsengineering degree the effort became an objective of the 2011–2016 Lawrence TechnologicalUniversity College of Engineering Strategic Plan. Clearly, this joint acknowledgment of the needfor and value of a

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

circuits, embedded systems, VLSI testing and VLSI-CAD technology. He is currently serving as the 2013-2014 Chair of the American Society of Engineering Education Pacific Southwest section. He is a Coleman Fellow and entrepreneur with over 25 years of domestic and international experiences in both industry and academia. He received an M.S. and Ph.D. in computer engineering, both from the University of Cincinnati. Lily Gossage, M.Ed. (Director, Maximizing Engineering Potential, College of Engineering/ California State Polytechnic University, Pomona) Gossage provides management-level oversight for development, strategic planning, promotion

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara J. Moore, Purdue University; Kristina Maruyama Tank, Iowa State University; Aran W. Glancy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Emilie A. Siverling, Purdue University; Corey A. Mathis, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Context: Page 24.511.6 impact on natural systems, including key vocabulary; client(s) Primary - Engr (redesign desired features; and budget. They are given an option list for park considering client choices of what they would like to place in the outdoor area. At the needs and budget) closing of the lesson, the students share their design with the Secondary - Sci (use client, as well as a planned persuasive presentation to influence the learned info on human client to

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Michael S. Thompson, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

demonstrated the system functioned correctly when all the blocks were connected together, corresponding to an integration test. A second, more formal demonstration required measured data and specifications available in a format suitable for an informal presentation. The team was asked to compare the system performance to the desired performance using detailed, quantitative metrics, and develop a well-articulated plan to improve the performance of the system.10) Integration Phase II and Datasheet Generation: The second integration milestone also had two phases that demonstrated the project was fully functional. The lead engineer first demonstrated the system to the instructors informally to receive feedback, followed by a team

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Chastine, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG); Charles Richard Cole, Southern Polytechnic State University; Christopher Welty, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

discovery. At each stage they are required to document decisionsand provide visualization to represent the formal and experiential qualities of their designs. Spa-tial relationships are typically shown through conventional orthographic projections of plan, sec-tion and elevation. For instance the student may develop a floor plan to articulate the circulationpatterns within the design while simultaneously illustrating the spatial layout of the programcomponents. The experience of the space may be represented through a series of perspectivedrawings. Architectural detailing and constructability of the tectonic details are required and de-veloped through drawings and models. The student must show the relationship of building skinor enclosure with

Conference Session

WIED: Faculty and Gender Issues

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenna P. Carpenter, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

opportunity toconnect with other women faculty was also valued. Assessment indicates that over halfthe women faculty report feeling more confident about professional abilities and moreassertive in advocating for career needs. Male faculty/administrators report beingfamiliar with issues impacting the success of women, as well as strategies that can beemployed to manage around these issues. Women faculty are less likely to report feelingisolated in their department/on campus. This paper will review the plan to transition tosustainable status at the conclusion of the project, including a report on the first year ofthat transition effort.BackgroundLouisiana Tech University is in a medium-sized state university with an increasedemphasis on high-quality

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design, Part 2 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristin M Brevik, The University of North Dakota; Bradley Bowen, North Dakota State University; Frank M. Bowman, University of North Dakota; Kristi Jean, North Dakota State College of Science

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the‘You’re Hired!’ project is then described. This is followed by presentation and discussion of theresearch project results, including a comparison of results for male and female students. Weconclude with a summary of key findings and plans for future research.Project Description/DesignThe ‘You’re Hired!’ project is designed to engage students in an intense, coherent set of STEM-focused experiences, which requires the use of the engineering design process and infuses 21stCentury Skills to solve real-world problems. The age of students participating in ‘You’re Hired!’ranged from 7th grade to 12th grade. While engineering outreach programs are being implementedthroughout the entire K-12 range nationwide, [14,16-21] many programs focus on middle to

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren F. Smith, UNSW, Canberra, Australia; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Farrokh Mistree, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Have the ability to plan the design process. 3. Have the ability to generate, evaluate and develop design concepts by applying knowledge of facts, science, engineering science, and manufacturing principles. 4. Have the ability to use analysis and simulation tools to understand design performance and then improve the design. 5. Have experience in manufacturing a design prototype. 6. Have generated solid models and engineering drawings of their final design using 3D modeling software. 7. Have given an oral presentation and demonstration of their design project. 8. Have experienced working on a team to complete a design project. An overview of topics covered in the course is

Conference Session

Capstone & Senior Design Projects

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Quinn Alexander Parnell; Turki Arif Aldulaijan, Michigan Technological University; Kerry O'Conner

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

team is required to prepare a typed project proposal in aformal memo format, including a proposed timeline. During the course of the project student'steam meet with their faculty advisor weekly to discuss the progress report. The weekly formalmemo is required the day prior to each weekly meeting and addresses the following three areas:current progress, problems encountered and their resolution, and plan for the following week.To stay on the top of industry requirements sponsoring the project and to receive valuableengineering feedback students conduct by-weekly web conference calls with industry liaison.The oral and written reports due near the end of each semester are to concern themselves withthe progress made in each semester. The one at

Conference Session

FPD 8: Teaching Design in the First Year

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Scott Bates, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. In addition to being introduced to the departments in the College of Engineering and tothe grand challenges, students in the class learn about the engineering design process. Thisoccurs throughout the course and within the context of the departments and challenges discussedin class. The final project is a conceptual design project where students work in small teams to Page 24.47.4identify a reasonable problem and need associated with a challenge of their choice. The studentscreate solutions to the problems and needs identified by designing prototypes and testingmethods for demonstrating that their conceptual technology will function as planned

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design, Part 1 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University; Krishan Kumar Bhatia, Rowan University; Kauser Jahan, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, most activities require moderate to extensive preparation forthe activities to be included in the lesson plans. There is a need to develop a resource for teachersthat is dynamic, flexible, well-aligned with state content standards, and provide simple in-classactivities. Specifically, activities that can be typically prepared a day ahead using supplies thatare readily available at a local grocery store. Furthermore, with the prevalence of mobiletechnologies among teachers, one can imagine a highly versatile resource that is specificallydesigned for the teacher’s handheld device, such as an iPhone. Therefore, the overall goal of thisproject is to engage and inspire K-12 students towards STEM fields by providing teachers thenecessary tools and

Conference Session

Student Learning, Problem Solving, & Critical Thinking 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Elizabeth Bumbaco, University of Florida; Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

something in a fashionthat makes sense to people. I’m not sure how to explain what I mean. Um. (pause)…”Relating critical thinking to engineering course conceptsAlthough students struggled with articulating their thoughts, students did tend to relate ideas ofcritical thinking to engineering concepts they deal with in the classroom. These engineeringcourse concepts include: applying a framework/plan; weighing, selecting, and testing options(selection and design); using background knowledge; and using problem solving. For instanceone student explained the critical thinking process in a design course as: There’s a coach but no one tells you what to do or how to solve the problem. You’re expected to understand the problem, come up with

Conference Session

Diversity Redefined: Nontraditional Views in Traditional Environments

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard R Harris, Northeastern University; Lauren Machunis, Northeastern University; William Tiga Tita, D'Amore-McKim Business School, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

undergraduateengineering and non-engineering students to understand engineering problem-solving from asocial and culturally relevant context for further entrepreneurial growth. Moreover, studentswere able to make direct connections between global initiatives, such as the United NationsMillenium Development Goals and the WorldBank strategic plans, to the work that they weredoing at the local level. Effectively, students were challenged to understand what it truly meantto think globally, and act locally.Therefore, the students’ work, if taken into consideration by local authorities, could lead tosustainable community development and an improved standard of living there.Student engagement involved stakeholders at all levels of the Cameroon community

Conference Session

Spatial Ability & Visualization Training II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yingjie Victor Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Zhenyu Cheryl Qian, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

individual organization. Collaboration suggests a more durableand pervasive relationship, and the authority is determined by the collaborative structure. Weaim to establish a true collaborative relationship in this design competition task. To judge thecollaboration type of design, identifying its mission, authority, and relationship is important.Kvan [26] suggested that collaboration is also episodic and cyclical. Collaborators interactperiodically, but they work independently and parallel during portions of the design. Kvan’smodel is demonstrated by Fig. 2. There are generally four stages in an iterative cycle: meta-planning, negotiation, expert work, and evaluation

Conference Session

Evaluation of Ethical Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jill L. May, Illinois Institute of Technology; Alan Mead, Illinois Institute of Technology; James Kemp Ellington, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

ethical decisions Dealing with Adversity Definition: how the team makes decisions under stressful situations Sample item: When the project is behind schedule, we sometimes make decisions without thinking them through completely.MethodThe sample consisted of undergraduate students (N=521) from three mid-size Midwestern andEast coast universities. At the time of data collection, the students at each institution wereparticipating in a team-based semester-long class in which each team planned and executed anapplied project. The course at School 1 (n=406) consisted primarily of engineering students(with different

Conference Session

Understanding our Students & Ethical Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth A. McBride-Pluskwik, Iron Range Engineering, a program of Minnesota State University, Mankato; Puteri S. Megat Hamari, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

engineer in a wafer fabrication facility before continuing her graduate studies. Other than being busy with her research and caring for her two children, she loves to cook and being outdoors. She also has an interest in traveling and plans to visit all 50 states. Her goal is to inspire more women to become engineers. Page 24.539.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Ethical Reasoning Development in Project-Based LearningIntroductionThis paper describes the method of ethics discussion used in Iron Range Engineering (IRE) andTwin Cities Engineering (TCE), two

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott C Streiner, University of Pittsburgh; Sydnie Cunningham Cunningham, University of Tulsa; Shaobo Huang, University of Southern California; Svetlana Levonisova, University of Southern California; Cheryl Matherly, The University of Tulsa; Mary E. Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

International

of minority students in STEM disciplines.Dr. Svetlana Levonisova, University of Southern California Postdoctoral Research Associate University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering Divi- sion of Engineering EducationDr. Cheryl Matherly, The University of Tulsa Dr. Cheryl Matherly is Vice Provost for Global Education and Applied Assistant Professor of Education at the University of Tulsa, where she has responsibility for the strategic leadership of the university’s plan for comprehensive internationalization. Dr. Matherly’ special area of interest is with the internationalization of science and engineering education, specifically as related to workforce development. She directs the NanoJapan

Conference Session

Design Realization

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Katja N. Spreckelmeyer, Stanford University, Dept. of Psychology; Jacob Hershfield; Max Hershfield, Stanford University; Carolyn McEachern, Stanford University; Martin Steinert, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology); Larry Leifer, Stanford University, Center for Design Research

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

discipline (engineering vs. non-engineering) and cognitive style to gaininsight into their impact on students’ design choices. Results of these analyses are discussedhere, along with implications and limitations of this pilot study and our plans for future work inthis domain.1. Research Context and MotivationThis research is part of an NSF-funded collaborative project between Stanford University andPenn State University that spans the boundaries between engineering design and cognitivescience1 (see Figure 1). Our extended aim is to understand and model the relationships betweenengineering design behavior (actual engineering design activity), cognitive preferences(individual psychological predisposition), and real-time physiological responses (EEG

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division New Ideas Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Jablonski, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

(rain water recovery optional) system for a new residence hall on campus. Details of the building floor plan, utilities, and HVAC system will be provided in a forthcoming document. To complete this project, your team will have to investigate how residence hall plumbing is installed, propose a reasonable layout for the plumbing system, determine all the piping, couplings, fittings, drains, vents, etc., necessary for the installation, and design an appropriate grey-water system. The team will also need to gather data and statistics on typical water usage by occupant and activity. Once the details of the plumbing and grey-water system are determined, the installation costs (including materials and labor) must be estimated. Your

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Xiaobo Peng, Prairie View A&M University; Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Elif Ozturk; Ke Liu, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

students.This exercise again segmented the students into three groups. However, this was not done bysection, but by performance on the laboratory practical. Students were either asked to bring in acontextual object (not one they had used previously) of moderate complexity or were providedeither a drawing of physical model of stylized component. These are shown in Figure 6. Studentswere given approximately one hour to model their component. Prior to the modeling exercisestudents were interviewed about the procedure they planned to use and how they would deal withany challenges that arose. During the exercise, the Camtasia screen capture software was used torecord participant screens. After the modeling exercise, students were interviewed again to

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manaz Rusi Taleyarkhan, Purdue University; Oluwatosin Alabi, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Thomas J. Hacker, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

used the last question to determine therelationship between user perceptions of nees.org and their frequency of use.How can nees.org users be characterized based on their intentions of use of NEES.orgcyberinfrastructure?As shown in Figure 1, the majority of users decided to use the NEEShub on the basis of intuition,and they believe the platform will be useful. A minority of users agreed that NEEShub willbecome popular and plan to adapt the tool as part of their practice should the Hub fully maturesto include standardized functionality and training. Page 24.162.4 Figure 1. Characterization of nees.org users based on their level of

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zachary Cody Hazelwood; Saleh M. Sbenaty, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

and creative projects and travel to disseminate results. URC Vision The URC is pursuing its vision to nurture a culture of research and creative activity through support for undergraduate students and their faculty mentors. URC Values Implement the goals of the University's Academic Master Plan related to the URC mission with the following values: Excellence in research, scholarship, and creative projects. Opportunities for student-centered learning. Productive internal and external collaborations and partnerships. Success in academic and professional careers of our undergraduate students and their faculty mentors

Conference Session

Socio-cultural Elements of Learning through Service

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Antonette T. Cummings P.E., Purdue University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

where disability did not matter. [Camp] is able to implement a practical social model that theorists can only talk about. As I continued on this project, I became increasingly convinced that that [sic] the way [camp] views disability is the way the entire world Page 24.689.8 should view disability. Based on my experience at [camp], I plan to strive toward integrating a universal design component into every software engineering project that I work on. They have inspired me to push these ideals into every proposal I will make.The students also identified that they learned teamwork and leadership skills, and how they

Conference Session

FPD 6: Course Content and Educational Strategies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria E. Goodrich, University of Notre Dame; Everaldo Marques de Aguiar Jr., University of Notre Dame; G. Alex Ambrose, University of Notre Dame; Leo H. McWilliams, University of Notre Dame; Jay B. Brockman, University of Notre Dame; Nitesh Chawla, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

) as an assessment tool for their Introduction toEngineering course sequence. While each year the ePortfolio assignments have expanded, theyhave been focused largely in three types of reflections: (1) student experiences within the collegebut outside of the course, (2) the skills gained specifically through course projects, and (3) theirfour year plan to be a successful engineering student as defined by the ABET a-k criteria.ePortfolio assignments were initially included to allow students to reflect on their education,develop evidence of their blossoming skills, and take control of their graduation plan. After thefirst year of practice, there was a clear secondary benefit to the faculty and student advisors.Anecdotally, student reflections

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kumar Vikram Singh, Miami University; Fazeel Khan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

need of involved mathematical models to capture various aspects of polymer materialdeformation characteristics. Later in graduate level coursework (MME 623) the students aregiven a GUI tool, as shown in Figure 5, for a more advanced VBO material model14. Theaforementioned viscoelastic basics can also be used in this course as a pre-requisite primer onmaterial modeling and fundamental governing equations. The vertical integration of thesemodules is beneficial in understanding various aspects and complexity of polymeric materials,their constitutive mathematical models and deformation behavior. Figure 5: More advanced GUI tool for the VBO model.Assessment plans and preliminary results The assessment of the overall

Conference Session

New ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chung Hoon Lee, Marquette University; Susan C. Schneider, Marquette University; Trevor Thiess, Marquette University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

t prototypee developedd 37 years latter. Students learned thaat thedevice haad been prop posed by arg guing that inhherent circuiit element syymmetry poiinted to atheoretical device rellating electriical flux and d charge [1,2]. Discussionn was focuseed on how too usethe theorretical guidellines to desig gn a develop pment plan ffor their memmristor.The secoond lecture foocused on thhe memristorr’s principle of operationn and the chaaracteristics of I-V curvess. The switch hing mechan nism of the memristor m waas explainedd by the I-V ccurves. Usinngthe coursse material as reference, students leaarned how

Conference Session

Teaching Approaches for Ethics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Raridon, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Deborah K. Nykanen P.E., Minnesota State University, Mankato; Marilyn C. Hart, Minnesota State University- Mankato; Winston Sealy, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

a specific issuewithin the broader topic of “garbage.” Students were assigned to multidisciplinary groups thatintentionally included both new and returning scholars from a variety of majors, and whenpossible, included both male and female students. The ten groups, each consisting of threestudents, selected topics to investigate such as electronic waste, automobile emissions, garbageislands, pesticide disposal, and composting. Each team researched their topic and gave apresentation to the class covering the background of the problem, possible solutions, and theethical issues involved. In addition to the presentations, the class watched the film “TheLightbulb Conspiracy”15, a documentary about planned obsolescence, and a professor in Urbanand

Conference Session

Track 1b - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Valentina Cecchi, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Mona Azarbayjani, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Brett Tempest, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

of these three innovations (the geopolymer concrete, the radiantcooling system, and the movable PV rack) results in a building system optimized for energyefficiency through the implementation of long proven design principles further augmented by aquest to innovate on those principles, and a vision for intelligent integration.II. Curricula Integration of the Solar Decathlon ProjectII.A Overview of Engineering Students’ InvolvementOur team followed a defined plan for integrating efforts revolving around the Solar Decathlonproject into the required curricula across engineering disciplines as well as across architectureand business. A project as large and multi-disciplinary as the Solar Decathlon needed toaccommodate curricular development at

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Megan Mercedes Echevarria, International Engineering Program, University of Rhode Island; Sigrid -- Berka, University of Rhode Island

Tagged Topics

Student Development

partners inChile and Spain follow, the start dates of the internships have varied: one student was able tobegin in February, while the other two began in early March.In all cases, we carefully matched the students’ internship projects with their engineering majorin order to maximize the integrated learning outcomes of their cultural, linguistic as well astechnical hands-on experience. For example, one student in biomedical engineering has long-term plans to study medicine. As a result, his primary interest for his internship placement wasclinical. One of his major responsibilities in his internship at a medical devices company is towork with the medical professionals who are using those devices in clinical settings. Anelectrical engineering

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

N. Nezamuddin, Valparaiso University; Anurag Pande, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

potential for success in this regard. 8 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored summer transportation institutes are the 9 most common transportation engineering outreach efforts. Hands-on activities at these summer10 institutes, such as collecting vehicle speed data using a radar gun and urban planning using the11 computer game SimCity, are popular with high school students. However, the review found no12 longitudinal study rigorously evaluating these efforts. Outreach efforts from other fields show13 that the near-peer activities and leveraging of contextual exposure to transportation in daily lives14 can make the transportation specific outreach programs more effective. This paper recommends15 an approach to address a