Collection

2019 ASEE PNW Section Conference

Authors

Xichen Jiang, Western Washington University; Austin Bolstad

Cost and Benefits of Volt-Var Optimization on Electric Power Distribution Systems: An Undergraduate Research ExperienceAbstract:This paper presents the results of an interdisciplinary undergraduate research project thatinvestigated the economic cost and benefits of implementing Volt-VAR optimization (VVO) ondistribution feeders with an emphasis on the Pacific Northwest region. The team comprised oftwo undergraduate students, an electrical engineering faculty adviser, and engineers from a localutility. Volt-VAR optimization is the combination of both conservation voltage reduction (CVR)and volt-ampere reactive (VAR) optimization. The goal of CVR is to reduce energy consumptionby lowering

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 18: Student Learning and Problem Solving

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Ferrar, Temple University; Pete Watkins, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

successfulstudent leaving this course will develop a working Android, iOS, or Web-based App.” Studentslearned ten key programming skills including Variables, Data Types, Console I/O, Functions,Debugging, Operators, Conditional Code, Flow Control, Loops, Objects. In addition, studentsemployed integrated development environments for their final projects. Students were given achoice between these three platforms based on interest and resource availability (for example,developing for iOS requires access to an Apple computer).The third learning objective focused on developing the soft skills required to flourish asengineers: “A successful student leaving this course will create a personal learning network.”Students learned to work effectively in teams

Conference Session

Mechanics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Constans, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Karl Dyer, Rowan University; Shraddha Sangelkar, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

sines and cosines. 2. A vector loop equation is written around the linkage, and then half-angle tangent identities are used to solve for the two unknown angles.Two widely-used mechanical design textbooks use method 2, whose derivation is lengthy andwhose final results permit no simple geometric interpretation. Method 1 has a much simplerderivation but is difficult to implement in software owing to a lack of four-quadrant functions forsine and cosine.With this in mind, we have developed a more efficient method for obtaining the position solutionfor the fourbar linkage that is well-suited to educational settings as well as for designoptimization: the projection method. Because the final formulas have an elegant geometricinterpretation, we

Conference Session

Continuous improvement of programs, practices and people.

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; Dirk Joel-Luchini Colbry, Michigan State University; Julie Rojewski, Michigan State University; Astri Briliyanti

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

scientific imaging). Dr. Colbry also conducts research in computational education and high performance computing. From 2009 until 2015, Dr. Colbry worked for the Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research (iCER) as a computational consultant and Director of the HPCC. Dr. Colbry collaborates with scientists from multiple disciplines including Engineering, Toxicology, Plant and Soil Sciences, Zoology, Mathematics, Statistics and Biology. Recent projects include research in Image Phenomics; developing a commercially-viable large scale, cloud based image pathology tool; and helping develop methods for measuring the Carbon stored inside of soil. Dr. Colbry has taught a range of courses, including; com- munication ”soft” skills

Conference Session

The Best of First Year Programs: Best Paper Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua L. Hertz, Northeastern University; Noah Daviero, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

required, 4 credit-hour, first-yearengineering course at a medium-sized, private university. Course learning outcomes includedtopics in design and intellectual property, among a range of other foundational areas.Coursework included a major team-based, design-and-build project. This project had a slightlycompetitive aspect in that bonus points were awarded to the team that built the best project.Three years ago, one of the authors conceived and implemented a “class patent” system wherebyteams could write and submit an application to patent a project idea. By patenting an idea, a teamcould hope to gain competitive advantage in achieving the best project. As a pedagogical study, we sought to determine the effects of the class patent system

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Cabezas, Universidad de San Buenaventura; Eileen Webb, Accreditation Preparation

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division

sustainability in software engineering is presented in [11].Among the conclusions, authors highlight that in spite of the increasing attention sustainabilityhas received in software engineering during the last years, it is still not clearly defined norunderstood. In practice, software sustainability issues arise due to main factors: firstly, the time-to-market pressure during software development projects on which sustainability is anafterthought, and secondly, the software engineers’ lack of education and skills for applyingsustainability-improvement techniques [12].Three main approaches for classifying software sustainability works are as follows [5]: (i)considering sustainability as a part of software quality [13], (ii) using quality attributes

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erik A. Mayer, Pittsburg State University; Yaping Liu, Pittsburg State University; David Miller, Pittsburg State University; Jeremy Wade, PacificSource Health Plans

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Engineering Calculus II course focused on mathematic topics more relevant to EET andMECET. In addition, the course included laboratory projects which utilized the open-sourceSageMath software and illustrated the applications of the mathematics to EET and MECET. Theeffectiveness of the new Engineering Calculus II course was assessed using two methods. A finallaboratory project was assigned at the end of the course and assessed with a rubric. In addition,the effect of the new course on EET students was assessed using the Electrical/ElectronicsTechnology Outcome Assessment that was regularly used for assessment for ETAC/ABETaccreditation. Approval to use student data was obtained from the university's InstitutionalReview Board (IRB) which ensures that

Collection

2019 ASEE Zone I Conference & Workshop

Authors

Salah Badjou

results in designs that are not optimized. A mechatronic systemsapproach involves the simultaneous optimization of all aspects of the design over its life cycle.The Mechatronics course was designed as a first course in mechatronics that makes use of themore advanced mathematical knowledge of electrical and mechanical engineering seniors. Thecourse emphasized mathematical modeling and a term project involving the design of amechatronic system was required. Twelve of the enrolled students were electrical and one wasmechanical engineering majors. All aspects of mechatronics were covered, including:mechatronics system design, modeling and simulation of physical systems, sensors andtransducers, actuators, system control, signals and systems, signal

Conference Session

A Technology Potpourri III

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve C. Hsiung, Old Dominion University; Lijian Xu, State University of New York, Farmingdale; Feng Jao, Ohio Northern University; Yonghui Wang, Prairie View A&M University; Suxia Cui, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Engineering Technology, Prairie View A&M University. His research interests include digital signal processing, image and video coding, and wavelets.Dr. Suxia Cui, Prairie View A&M University Suxia Cui is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Prairie View A&M University (PVAMU). She joined PVAMU right after she obtained her Ph.D. degree in Com- puter Engineering from Mississippi State University in 2003. Her research interests include image and video processing, data compression, wavelets, computer vision, remote sensing, and computing educa- tion. Her projects are currently funded by NSF, United States Department of Agriculture, and Department of Education

Conference Session

It's All About the Student: Integration, Problem Solving, Critical Thinking, and Self-Efficacy

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd M. Brown P.E., University of Hartford; David Pines, University of Hartford; Don Quinn

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Paper ID #26692Work in Progress: Integrating Civil Engineering Design Software into theCurriculum to Enhance Career Readiness SkillsProf. Todd M. Brown P.E., University of Hartford Todd Brown, P.E. received his MSCE from the University of New Hampshire in 1984. He worked as an environmental engineer in the Army for 4 years and then 28 years at Tighe & Bond working on contaminated sites, industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, collection systems, water transmission mains and urban redevelopment projects. In 2016, he became an Applied Assistant Professor in the Civil, Environmental, and Biomedical Engineering

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pablo K. Cornejo, California State University, Chico; Kevin Orner, University of South Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

students (n=79) at a Hispanic-Serving Institution(HSI) through a semester-long group project. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costanalysis (LCCA) were used to analyze the environmental and economic impacts of energyrecovery, water reuse, and nutrient recycling processes from a small-scale agriculturalwastewater treatment system in rural Costa Rica. Students’ ability to solve problems and producesolutions that accounted for environmental, economic, and social factors were evaluated usingdirect measures of student performance on specific assignments (e.g., final report, final videopresentation) and indirect measures using a self-efficacy questionnaire. Direct measures weregraded by the instructor of the course and an in-country partner

Conference Session

Insights for Teaching ECE Courses - Session I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Safeer M. Khan P.E., Arkansas Tech University; Mohamed Ibrahim, Arkansas Tech University; Nansong Wu, Arkansas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

include quizzes, homework, exams, and course projects, with a primary focus onmeasuring student skills. It is important that, along with mastering the skills, students should alsopossess self-belief that they will be able to perform required tasks with those skills. An importantresearch question is: How should self-efficacy be measured in engineering courses? This paperaddresses this question by highlighting the results of a longitudinal study conducted on students inengineering modeling and design (junior-level) courses at Arkansas Tech University. This courseis selected because the teaching method is based on project-based learning activities. Using thecollected data, we have analyzed the effect of learning style preference on the perception of

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eleazar Marquez, Rice University; Samuel Garcia Jr., Texas State University; Samuel Molina, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

analytical or numerical schemesduring a design process. However, most of the students’ academic development is centered onderiving tedious equations and solving textbook problems, which are difficult to visualize andphysically understand, and cloud their intuitive nature to comprehend a problem on its entirety.These conventional approaches and methods of disseminating content in the classroom have atendency to exclude diverse learning styles of students. Thus, teaching schemes solely focused oncovering themes verbatim from a textbook or paraphrasing from a slide presentation are hinderingthe students’ ability to understand and apply all the engineering principles in design projects. Suchtechnical concern is observed during their senior year capstone

Collection

2019 ASEE PNW Section Conference

Authors

Michael Lawrence Anderson P.E., United States Air Force; Traci A. Sarmiento, United States Air Force Academy; Cory Cooper, U.S. Air Force Academy; Donald William Rhymer, United States Air Force

emphasizes technology infrastructure through its Computer Systems Capabilities and CyberOperations blocks, encompassing approximately 2/3 of the course material. Specific questions on the finalexam will provide assessment data for this proficiency.6: The course emphasizes implementation (prototyping), testing, and iteration throughout its AlgorithmicReasoning block, encompassing approximately 1/3 of the course material. A sub-score for programimplementation on a programming project will provide assessment data for this proficiency.8: The courses emphasizes the Understand – Design – Implement – Test systematic problem-solvingstrategy throughout the Algorithmic Reasoning block and afterwards in the course project. Homeworks,in-class assessments

Conference Session

Graduate Student Support

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael A. Matthews P.E., University of South Carolina; Darin Freeburg, University of South Carolina; Kevin Brock, University of South Carolina; Gina M. Kunz P.h.D., University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

ofgraduate-level engineering research [1, 2]. The overall hypothesis of this effort is that the two-course sequence we will describe, which utilizes the Richard Paul/Linda Elder framework of CT[3], will effectively and consistently facilitate students’ acquisition of information literacy andwriting skills, and speed the development of intellectual independence.The two courses are designed for just-in-time intervention to graduate students at key juncturesin their programs of study. The first course is for new graduate students who have selected aresearch project and who are expected to begin developing breadth and depth of understandingthereof. Course 1 focuses on information literacy: finding, assessing, and critically reading theresearch

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Endeavors: Engineering and Liberal Arts

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason R. Harron, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Multidisciplinary Engineering

that this multidisciplinary projectprovided an outlet where both engineering and fine art majors could put theory into practice in asafe environment where the outcome did not have to be perfect. Working in multidisciplinaryteams provided an opportunity for both engineers and fine art majors to gain an appreciation thatboth majors work hard but in different ways. The artists described how the experiencehumanized engineering, but gatekeeping did emerge when it came to engineers painting andmaking creative choices on the project. While the project did provide opportunities to exchangeskills and knowledge between the majors, it also lead to some resentment from the artists aboutthe abundance of resources provided to engineering majors by the

Collection

2019 CIEC

Authors

Maher Shehadi

Session ETD 545 Experimental Investigation of Pipe Heating Enhancement using Different Number of Internal Fins Maher Shehadi, Ph.D. School of Engineering Technology, Purdue Polytechnic Institute Purdue UniversityAbstractThis paper presents an experimental comparison study done as a capstone project in the Schoolof Engineering Technology at Purdue University. The project objective was to compare theeffectiveness of multiple internal fins on heating water flowing inside pipes when subjected toconstant external heat flux. The

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Shenoda, Farmingdale State College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

conducted for two summers in Australia, and application of practices and ratingsystems in that country were used to develop projects that could be certified through the LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system in the U.S. Several offerings ofa traditional on-campus course were then made, with a similar project development aspect at theconclusion of each. The learning outcomes from each type of offering are compared usingsimilar assessments, and an evaluation of the differences is made. Besides considering thebenefits of study abroad programs in sustainability education, a reflection on the benefits ofbringing an understanding of the global aspects of sustainability to on-campus course offerings isalso

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karl D. Schubert FIET, University of Arkansas; Leslie Bartsch Massey, University of Arkansas; Alan E. Ellstrand, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Environmental Engineering from the University of Arkansas. She previously served as a project manager at a water resources center, but returned to the University of Arkansas to teach general Introduction to Engineering and to coordinator for the First-Year Honors Innovation Experience.Dr. Alan E. Ellstrand, University of Arkansas Alan Ellstrand is the Associate Dean for Programs and Research in the Walton College of Business. He is also a professor in Management. He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University, and has an MBA degree in Strategic Management from Northern Illinois University. He also holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Political Science from the University of Illinois. His major areas of research include corporate

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 11

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley C. Huderson, ASME; Aisha Kenya Lawrey, ASME; Thomas Perry P.E.; Kenneth R. Balkey P.E., ASME

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

- chanical Engineers), headquartered in New York, NY. He was responsible for ASME’s worldwide activ- ities in undergraduate degree program accreditation and curriculum advancement, ME/MET department leadership development via leadership summits and workshops; ASME EdResearch projects in practice- oriented curricula and diversity/inclusion strategy in ME/MET education and workforce development programs; and precollege engineering education curriculum and teacher development. Mr. Perry joined ASME in 1991 as Director of Professional Development after serving as Deputy Executive Director and Interim Executive Director for the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) in Washing- ton, DC. He holds an AAS and BS in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Lorelle A. Meadows, Michigan Technological University; Laura Kasson Fiss, Michigan Technological University; Susan L. Amato-Henderson, Michigan Technological University; Guy C. Hembroff, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Kellie H. Raffaelli; John L. Irwin, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Academic Programs in the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan.Her primary responsibility in that role was to assure the delivery of a curriculum that addressed college-wide educational objectives to prepare students for 21st century careers. In this role Dr. Meadows led the planning, implementation and assessment of the College of Engineering first year program and targeted curriculum development projects. This led to her development as an educational researcher and she now conducts interdisciplinary research at the intersection of social psychology and engineering education, with specific emphasis on the influence of gender stereotypes in student teams.Dr. Laura Kasson Fiss, Michigan Technological

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Patberg Morin, North Carolina State University; Elena Nicolescu Veety, North Carolina State University; Pam Page Carpenter

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

adjunct associate professor in the Technology, Engineering, and Design department at NC State and earned her doctorate in Technology, Engineering, and Design in the College of Education at NC State University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Evaluation of collaborative REU exploring the energy spectrum from body-heat harvesting to smart grid technologyEngaging in research is one of the few and critical project-based learning experiences of theundergraduate engineering career. Typical students are rarely exposed to authentic applicationsof engineering design, research, and/or multidisciplinary content until the capstone course at theend of their undergraduate curriculum

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tak Cheung, CUNY Queensborough Community College; Dimitrios S. Kokkinos, Queensborough Community College; Michael Lawrence, Queensborough Community College; Paul J. Marchese, Queensborough Community College; Kimberly Anne Riegel, Queensborough Community College; Paul Sideris; Regina Sullivan, Queensborough Community College; Paris Svoronos, Queensborough Community College-CUNY; Rex Taibu, Queensborough Community College; Mangala D. Tawde

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

learn about key scientificprinciples and how to apply scientific methods, and a hands-on summer research componentwhere students become involved in conducting original research. The spring course is intendedto provide the students with the skills they need to undertake science research projects during thesummer and includes topics such as data analysis, responsible conduct of research, and thedissemination of scientific data. Fourteen students enrolled in the 2018 research course; mostwere female (only three males enrolled in the program), and non-minority (only threeminorities). During the summer, students were engaged in conducting research under thementorship of QCC faculty. Research projects included topics such as space weather

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guenter Bischof, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Markus Klatzer, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Clemens Müller, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Daniel Reifer, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Christian J. Steinmann

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

is manager of HM&S IT-Consulting and provides services for Automotive SPiCE, ISO 15504+33000 and CMMI in the role of assessor and instructor. He performed more than 100 process assessments in software development departments for different companies in the finance, insurance, research, automotive, and automation sector. Currently, his main occupation is a consulting project for process improvement for an automobile supplier. On Fridays, he is teaching computer science introductory and programming courses at Joanneum University of Applied Sciences in Graz, Austria. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Investigation of the transition from order to chaos using a numerical

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Imas, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Jeffrey A. Lamack, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Larry Fennigkoh P.E., Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

their biomedical engineering (BME) hires. TheBureau of Labor Statistics projected BME to be the fastest growing engineering occupation from2016 to 2026 with a predicted employment growth of seven percent [1], and the World HealthOrganization highlighted regulation and standards of medical devices among the BMEdisciplines required for careers in industry and government [2]. It was also contended that qualityengineering concepts that include device regulation, standards and safety engineering may beeven more important than product development (design) in BME education [3]. In preparationfor an institution-wide curriculum revision, in May of 2014 we conducted our own survey of theBME stakeholders consisting of our program alumni, typical employers

Conference Session

Interest & Identity

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Ann Jacobs, Manhattan College; Zahra Shahbazi, Manhattan College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

creation of effective lesson plansthat would introduce engineering disciplines to middle and high school students and provideopportunities for hands-on experimental design. Rather than work with schools that already hadestablished STEM programs, we looked at schools without STEM programs where math andscience teachers were interested in using engineering principles and concepts as a practicalapplication of their content area.The Engineering Ambassadors collaborated in planning lessons that addressed math and sciencecontent with an engineering application. The educators focused on grade level math and sciencetopics while the engineers considered hands-on projects that could enhance the math and sciencetopics.During the first two years of the

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Matt Leonard; Joseph Morgan; Jeremy P. Coffelt

driver. board (and its C++-based programming language) with a TI Currently, the DSTR Robot is being used in STEM Nspire graphing calculator (and its Basic-basedworkshops, high school courses, college freshman programming language). Ultimately, the students wereengineering courses, a number of Capstone design projects, successful in meeting the challenge, while the DSTR wasand is also being considered for a lunar exploration mission. successful in demonstrating its versatility.DSTR is gaining recognition and interest across the state ofTexas and around the world. A DSTR workshop has beenoffered to engineering faculty in China and was the topic ofdiscussion during a recent

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Freddie Davis; Roy Issa; Kenneth Leitch; peter Hughes

by embedding phase changeTexas A&M University, students are exposed to a variety material (PCM) inside building walls. The purpose of thisof sustainability-oriented projects through senior design project is to have senior engineering students from both theand research courses. The projects are selected to provide mechanical and civil engineering programs design aan in-depth understanding of the investigated area through prototype composite residential wall that incorporatesanalytical and experimental studies. In this particular phase change material to optimize the temperature gradientproject, students in thermal design were asked to across the composite wall, and to compare the

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Ann Strehl, University of Michigan; Robin Fowler, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

courses.Dr. Robin Fowler, University of Michigan Robin Fowler is a lecturer in the Program in Technical Communication at the University of Michigan. She enjoys serving as a ”communication coach” to students throughout the curriculum, and she’s especially excited to work with first year and senior students, as well as engineering project teams, as they navigate the more open-ended communication decisions involved in describing the products of open-ended design scenarios. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Experimental evidence regarding gendered task allocation on teamsAbstractStudent teams negotiate many aspects of collaboration, including task division on teams. Somestudies

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mathew D. Evans, Arizona State University; Michelle Jordan, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

learning contexts. She is particularly interested in how students navigate communication challenges as they negotiate complex engineering design projects. Her scholarship is grounded in notions of learning as a social process, influenced by complexity theories, sociocultural theories, sociolinguistics, and the learning sciences. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 How Writing for the Public Provides Affordances and Constraints in Enacting Expert Identity for Undergraduate Engineering StudentsThe science communication field has recognized that the present media landscape is fracturedand segmented with social media and online communities making up important spaces whereaudiences