Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katja Holtta-Otto, University Of Massachusetts-Dartmouth; Pia Helminen, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK); Kalevi Ekman, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK); Thomas Roemer, University of California-San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

multiple functions in Understanding of PD costs and economy creating a new product (e.g. marketing, finance, industrial design, engineering, production). Ability to work out project plan and schedules, manage resources, manage risks, complete a Ability to coordinate multiple, interdisciplinary project successfully, and communicate and tasks in order to achieve a common objective. document effectively. Reinforcement of specific knowledge from other courses through practice and reflection in an action-oriented setting

Conference Session

Effective Tools for Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kailash Bafna, Western Michigan University; Betsy Aller, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

exams and solve even complexproblems using Excel only. This approach should prove to be valuable to the students when theyenter the working world, where finding textbooks and business calculators are an exception forthe engineer, but having computers with Excel or any other spreadsheet software is commonplace. With an eye toward the needs of a changing student population, presentation and deliveryof course materials have also been redesigned to enhance interest and learning, and to makecourse materials more accessible than previously possible. This paper discusses the need forchange in the teaching of engineering economy, specific technological and pedagogical methodsused, the quantitative and qualitative testing and results of changes, plans

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pedro Gazmuri, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Gonzalo Pizarro, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Jose Bilbao, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile

Tagged Divisions

International

of the sameschool. The first activity of the new Dean was to devise the School’s Strategic plan for thefollowing 5 years. This plan was prepared with an innovative and highly participativemethodology (all the faculty, important alumni and students actively worked in it).This plan identified 90 projects for the improvement of the school’s activities in different areas(undergraduate and graduate teaching, research, continuous training, internal administrativemanagement, infrastructure, etc.), receiving an ample backing by the university authorities (Thedetailed methodology used in it, and the main features of the strategic plan will appear in aforthcoming article that is in preparation.) The plan considered a total increase in

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Hansen, The University of Texas-Tyler

battle between the Eloi and the Morlocks. Failing to convince them, George returns to the future in the time machine, and ... David, George’s friend: It's not like George to return empty-handed. To try to rebuild a civilization without a plan. David: He must have taken something with him. Housekeeper: Nothing…. Except three books. David: Which three books? Housekeeper: I don't know. Is it important? David: I suppose not. Only…...which three would you have taken?This scene from The Time Machine captures the essence of education, and in particular, teachereducation. Our goal, as teachers and teacher educators, is to build civilizations. The question wecontinually ask is: “What knowledge merits

Conference Session

New Trends in Engineering Graduate Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Walsh, California Polytechnic State University; Stacey Breitenbach, California Polytechnic State University; Robert Crocket, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

University of California, Berkeley. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Dr. Crockett is a specialist in technology development and commercialization of advanced materials and manufacturing processes. Prior to joining Cal Poly, he was founder and President of Xeragen, Inc., a San Luis Obispo-based biotechnology startup company. He has also served as an Assistant Professor at Milwaukee School of Engineering and was employed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company, where he was a lead engineer and Principal Investigator on projects to develop technology evolution plans for the Space Station

Conference Session

FPD7 -- Service Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bert Davy, Morgan State University; Indranil Goswami, Morgan State University; Jiang Li, Morgan State University; Gbekeloluwa Oguntimen, Morgan State University; Charles Oluokun, Morgan State University; Arcadio Sincero, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

of jobs openings in STEM areas is five times the number of US studentsgraduating in STEM. The National Science Foundation’s (NSF) “Strategic Plan: FY 2003-2008” acknowledges that tapping the potential in “previously underutilized groups” will becritical for sustaining the technological lead the U.S. enjoys throughout the world (NSF, 2006).National concern has been expressed about the status of the U. S. science and engineering base-specifically the human talent, knowledge and infrastructure that generate innovations andundergird technological advances to achieve national objectives. Analyses have shown that theremay be a significant shortage in the entry level science and engineering labor pool, and thatscientific and technical fields could

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn Plumb, Montana State University; Durward Sobek, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

test conducted in autumn of 2006, some usability input from faculty, and ourfuture plans for using the rubric.BackgroundA few years ago, the College of Engineering at MSU began offering a multi-disciplinarydesign opportunity for the senior design project. This program, the “No Walls” program,offered students a multi-disciplinary experience as a substitute for their discipline’scapstone course(s). No Walls project teams were composed of students from at least twodifferent programs in the college, including computer science. During the 2005-2006academic year, a group of faculty, led by the second author, conducted a study of how tomove forward with multi-disciplinary education in the college. The result of that study isthat we will be requiring

Conference Session

Two Year Colleges

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russell Richardson, College of the Canyons; Kathleen Alfano, College of the Canyons; Joseph Gerda, College of the Canyons; Floyd Moos, College of the Canyons

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

is based on a facilitator development workshop that is offered in two parts, a five-day and a four-day segment. During these two segments participants are trained to conduct threeprofessional development workshops, the Teaching Skills Workshop (TSW), the TeachingDemonstration workshop (TD), and Teaching in the Community College (TICC).The Teaching Skills Workshop focuses on a specific set of instructional skills, which are the basisfor planning and implementing any successful lesson. The workshop creates opportunities forfaculty members to practice and develop these specific skills. Teaching Demonstration reliesmore heavily on mentoring. A full-time faculty member meets with a group of adjuncts tofurther discuss the lesson structure and

Conference Session

Tools for Teaching

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Scott Moor, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

in each core with their monitors on support arms allowing easymovement. Computer connections are accessible at the desktop. In addition, each clusterincludes electric power, water and compressed air. Students break into groups of three forcomputer work, and can break into groups of two, three, four or six for other activities. Whennot in use for formal classes, students use it as an informal learning space.Use of the room for classes has just begun. We are currently assessing the basic configuration ofthis space. Student surveys, room observation and instructor interviews are planned ascomponents of this assessment.Initial indications are that the room is well liked in spite of some early technical glitches.Students, particularly groups

Conference Session

Challenges of CE Education in a Global World

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carsten Ahrens, F.H. OOW

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

the single partner university. This means that the educationcontent of the first three study semesters is not part of the commonly regulated ECEM-program. This also means that there is some space for “individual” national education paths.The experience showed that knowledge gaps, if existing, will be filled by students’ effortsduring their study at the partner university. During the two theoretical semesters abroad all ECEM-partner universities follow thecommon educational frame, which has been fixed during a number of common planning andorganizing meetings. The topics or contents of the respective modules are similarly orientedtoward management skills in the very civil engineering context. They are not mirror like, butat least

Conference Session

FPD10 - Freshman Engineering Introduction to Design

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Montgomery, University of Michigan; Rodney Johnson, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

intervention as needed.In this paper, we provide details on the teaching of our course, and share insights that shouldhelp others planning to teach a similar course in the future.Course overviewThe outcomes that all students in the “Introduction to Engineering” course are expected toachieve are outlined in Table 1 and shown in more detail in the Appendix.It is worth noting that most of these outcomes do not lend themselves well to a purely cognitiveapproach—that is one that focuses on transferring knowledge from instructor to student. In fact,it is sometimes difficult to specify exactly what the “knowledge” component of design,teamwork or communication should be. Instead, we focus on developing students’ skill andconfidence as practitioners in these

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Ciaraldi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David Cyganski, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Michael Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Michael Demetriou; Fred Looft; William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Bradley Miller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Eben Cobb, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Lance Schachterle, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kenneth Stafford, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Yiming Rong, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Gretar Tryggvason, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; James Van de Ven, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

WPI many entering students have recently expressed an interest in robotics. During theacademic year 2006/07, for example, over 130 visiting prospective students listed robotics eitheras a principal interest area or as their planned major on WPI Admissions Information forms. InFall 2005 and 2006, 96 and 101 freshmen, respectively, joined the WPI Robotics Team. One-third of them stated an interest in pursuing robotics for their senior project or academic major.43% had known of the WPI/FIRST/robotics connection before enrolling at WPI and 62% ofthese indicated that this knowledge was a strong positive reason for selecting WPI.3.0 Education in RoboticsOne may date the earliest robotics-related undergraduate curricula to the 1980’s where

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Maura Borrego, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jenny Lo, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

nation were recruited,resulting to about 235 and 275 student participants, respectively for the pre- and post- surveys.In this paper, we present key findings of what students learned and valued, present outcomeswhich should be better addressed during the experience, student career path goals, etc. Thestrength of the research design plan is that the results can be generalized to other REU sites andcan be replicated across scientific disciplines and institutions at various levels and scales. These Page 13.231.3findings can aid REU site program directors and undergraduate research faculty advisors toimprove their program and assessment

Conference Session

Focus on IE Principles and Techniques

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ricki Ingalls, Oklahoma State University; mario cornejo, Oklahoma State University; Chinnatat Methapatara, Oklahoma State University; Peerapol Sittivijan, Oklahoma State University; Kim Needy, University of Pittsburgh; Bryan Norman, University of Pittsburgh; Braden Hunsaker, University of Pittsburgh; Erin Claypool, University of Pittsburgh; Nuri Gokhan, University of Pittsburgh; Scott Mason, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

(1982), a M.S. in Industrial Engineering from Texas A&M University (1984) and a Ph.D. in Management Science from the University of Texas at Austin (1999).mario cornejo, Oklahoma State University Mario Cornejo is a Ph.D student in Industrial Engineering and Management at Oklahoma State University. Mario got his M.S. in Industrial Engineering at Oklahoma State University in 2005; then he worked at DELL implementing Six Sigma methodology where he got certified as a DELL-Green Belt and an ASQ-Black Belt. Before joining the master program, Mario worked for four years at an aircraft repair station of an airline company in inventory control and production planning areas. He also holds

Conference Session

Mentoring

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terri Camesano, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David DiBiasio, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kristen Billiar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Marsha Rolle, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Susan Zhou, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

was their first researchexperience of any kind. We had a positive impact on influencing the career path of the REUparticipants, according to their self-reported plans. The mentoring program has been verysuccessful, as indicated by the number of return attendees and alumni of the Bio-Discoveryprogram, who recommend their younger sisters or friends to the program. According to ourassessment data, the Bio-Discovery Program has been the most rewarding part of the programfor several of the REU participants, even though it also presented a challenge, as it limits theamount of time REU students can dedicate exclusively to their research projects. With ourrecommendations for improvement, this program can be adopted by other faculty who wish

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Brophy, Purdue University; Gemma Mann, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Image 6 - environmentalThe question of relevance to this study was Question 3 as it would elicit the most in depthanswer containing the participants’ perceptions of engineering in the world.The week long academies consisted of teachers learning to use the Museum of Science’sEngineering is Elementary units. Specifically, on lesson was on water quality and purificationand the other was on machines (windmill). The lessons concentrate on developing the teachers’awareness of the design process which was explicitly defined in 5 phases – ask, imagine, plan,create, test, improve. Also, the teachers and the workshop facilitators shared ideas on how toteach these concepts within the context of a sequence of design activities. They also meet with anumber

Conference Session

Educational Outreach Efforts Led by the US Navy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Giver, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers; Stephen Michetti, NSWCCD

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

underwaterROV by sending signals to three thrusters (again, student-built.) The controller is tethered orconnected by hard wire to the thrusters.In addition to the building phase, the curriculum includes discussion of potential careers intechnical and engineering fields, as well as related fields of study. The program is used toinform and educate students through a hands-on activity, with the objective of generating interestand enthusiasm for continued science, technology and engineering studies. The Sea PerchChallenge has been a successful event for the past two years, and this paper will discuss thespecifics of this event, as well as the plans for developing the Sea Perch Program into a nationaldesign competition over the next five

Conference Session

IT-based Instructional Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

Based UnitsIntel Education informs that:Authentic project work puts students in the driver's seat of their own learning. Itis important that instructors take advantage of curriculum developed by teachersin a large collection of Unit Plans that integrate technology. Models ofmeaningful classroom projects that integrate instruction in thinking skills alongwith tools and strategies for developing one’s own exemplary technology-supported learning are always encouraged. They focus on three areas:1. It is important to learn how project-based units can effectively engage students in meaningful work and promote higher-order thinking.2. It is necessary to see how questions and ongoing assessment keep project work focused on important learning goals

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Willis, Southern Methodist University; Paul Krueger, Southern Methodist University; Alice Kendrick, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Memorial Award in Aeronautics and the Richard Bruce Chapman Memorial Award for distinguished research in Hydrodynamics. In 2004 he received the Faculty Early Career Development Award (CAREER) from the National Science Foundation. His research interests are unsteady hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, vortex dynamics, bio-fluid mechanics, and pulsed-jet propulsion.Alice Kendrick, Southern Methodist University Alice Kendrick is professor of advertising in the Temerlin Advertising Institute at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. Her research in advertising account planning, message content, and educational issues has appeared in journals including Journal of Advertising Research

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Pasha Antonenko, Oklahoma State University; Rebecca Damron, Oklahoma State University; Susan Stansberry, Oklahoma State University; Gayla Hudson, Oklahoma State University; Jean Dockers, Oklahoma State University; Alonzo Peterson, Langston University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

expectation and what was required in their teacher work samples. This was thefinal product that the teachers provided the research team. Monday, July 21 Tuesday, July 22 Wednesday, July 23 Thursday, July 24 Friday, July 258:30 - 9:00 Sign-in Sign-in Sign-in Sign-in Sign-in9:00 - 9:45 Recap of Week 1 Planning and Student Academy Student Academy Teacher Work Preparation for Sample Student Academy9:45 - 10:00 Break Break Break Break Break10:00 - 12:00 Refine Module Planning Team Student Academy Student Academy Teacher Work

Conference Session

Instructional Strategies in AEC Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Ghatala, Gulf States Inc.; Sang-Hoon Lee, University of Houston; Lingguang Song, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

AC 2009-2143: A SIMULATION APPROACH TO CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT EDUCATIONMuhammad Ghatala, Gulf States Inc. Muhammad Imran Ghatala is a project controls engineer at Gulf States Inc., a general contractor in heavy industrial construction arena. He is involved in the lean construction and six-sigma based strategic planning efforts and is a continuous improvement leader at Gulf States Inc. He was a graduate assistant at University of Houston where he assisted in teaching Construction Estimation, Construction Planning and Scheduling and Reinforced Concrete Construction courses offered at under-graduate level. He was a Student Ambassador at College of Technology, University of Houston and a recipient of the

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators III

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Silas Bernardoni, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Mauricio Rodríguez Alcalá, Skidmore College; Maria Rodriguez Alcala, Paraguay Educa

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

country-wide XO deployment in Paraguay and thesmall, experimental deployment in Wisconsin with the required technical support. The jointproject strives to utilize the skills and resources found on university campuses in the US tobenefit disadvantaged students both within the US and abroad, while providing qualityeducational opportunities for undergraduate and graduate learning and research. The researchconducted to-date that seeks to estimate the Total Cost of Ownership in computer deploymentsconsiders but does not include the voluntary contributions made by students. This paper strivesto exhibit and examine the value of student contributions from the academic perspective. Furtherresearch is planned to formally evaluate the value of the student

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristine Lalley, Univerity of Pittsburgh; Josephine Olson, University of Pittsburgh; Brant Hawk, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

International

participation in the Plus3Program. One goal of the Plus3 program is to encourage students to participate in another, longer studyabroad program or international internship during their college studies. For CBA students, 60% (15) of therespondents had already completed an additional study abroad experience or international internship afterPlus3, and another 8% (2) planned to do so prior to graduation. Combining these two statistics, 68% of CBAstudents who participated in Plus3 either studied abroad again, or planned to go abroad a second time. As forengineering students, 18% had already participated in an additional study abroad program, and 22% plannedon participating in an additional program prior to graduation. In total 41% of engineering students

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Developments, Implementations

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmundo Tovar, Polytechnic University, Montegancedo; Paola Carina, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Karen Castillo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Tagged Divisions

International

between some Maturity Models for EducationStages Description Per Maturity ModelLevel 0 EMM: Not performed: Not done at all.Level 1 E-CMM: Initial: Ad-hoc Processes EMM: Initial: Ad-hoc Processes ERP Maturity Model on Education: Initial: Enterprise systems curriculum not well defined CEMM: Initial: Educational processes are informal and poorly controlledLevel 2 E-CMM: Independent: Basic education level processes are established. EMM: Planned: Clear and measurable objectives for e-learning projects ERP Maturity Model on Education: Repeatable: One or more courses are defined with ERP concepts CEMM: Repeatable: Planning and

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

John Collura; David E. Kaufman

. Page 1.264.1 1996 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings In a three-year project initiated in February 1996 under the NSF Combined Research and CurriculumDevelopment (CRCD) program, we are building on the prior and ongoing research of team members in theseadvanced technology areas, which are generally placed under the rubric of Intelligent TransportationSystems (ITS) research. We are integrating knowledge, concepts, and results from our past and ongoing ITSresearch into existing and new courses in the University's College of Engineering, primarily in theTransportation Program of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, in order to preparestudents at the undergraduate degree level to help plan

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Scott Johnson, University of Illinois

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

thesolutions. Because metacognition involves a cognitive dimension of evaluating one’s knowledgeand abilities4, the context of the problem that students are to solve may influence the manner inwhich they use metacognitive abilities. Students’ capability and confidence to solve a particularproblem, and their subjective perception of the task-value may correlate with the actual planning,monitoring, and regulating during problem solving activity. Paris and Winograd4 refer thosestudents’ personal judgment about their ability to meet a cognitive goal as students’ cognitiveself-appraisal, and their abilities to plan, evaluate, and make necessary adjustment and revisionduring their work as their cognitive self-management. This personal judgment may

Conference Session

ASCE Policy 465: Raising the Bar

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Russell, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Gerry Galloway, University of Maryland; Thomas Lenox, American Society of Civil Engineers; James O'Brien, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

the educational leaders of the profession believed that the time was right to begin the longroad to reformation. Their call for action ultimately resulted in the passage of ASCE PolicyStatement 465 Academic Prerequisites for Licensure and Professional Practice which states thatin the future, education beyond the baccalaureate degree will be necessary for entry into theprofessional practice of civil engineering. Ultimately, the new Committee on the AcademicPrerequisites for Professional Practice (CAP^3) was charged to develop, organize, and execute adetailed plan for the full realization of ASCE Policy Statement 465. The purpose of this paper isto discuss ASCE’s current plan for implementing Policy Statement 465.ASCE’s Raise the Bar

Conference Session

Software Engineering Curriculum Support

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James McDonald, Monmouth University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

a 1997 task force report onengineering education assessment6. Maxim7 has provided an excellent overview of onesoftware engineering program’s plan to assess their program.Criterion 2 of ABET’s current criteria for accreditation of engineering programs4 requiresthat, “Each engineering program for which an institution seeks accreditation orreaccreditation must have in place: (a) detailed published educational objectives that are consistent with the mission of the institution and these criteria Page 11.1384.2 (b) a process based on the needs of the program’s various constituencies in which the objectives are determined and periodically

Conference Session

International Engineering Education II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Mowry, University of St. Thomas-St. Paul

Tagged Divisions

International

distributed throughout country living in smallvillages and generally isolated farms.The present energy situation in Moldova is clearly not sustainable and highly undesirable.However, the lack of traditional energy resources and mineral wealth, combined with the factorspreviously noted, excludes traditional energy solutions. Hence any long-term energy plan mustfactor in the present debt load, the general lack of mineral resources, a distributed populationbase, and the existing agricultural economy. Consequently the unique conditions that currentlyexist in Moldova are conducive to unconventional approaches for resolving the presentdependence on foreign energy. Given the lack of an existing wide-spread power grid combinedwith lack of energy resources

Conference Session

K-12 Programs for Recruiting Women

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen White, Purdue University; Mara Wasburn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

over thepast decade to improve gender equity in STEM education and workforce. These programs seekto provide information and other support for women and girls, allowing them to make betterinformed decisions with respect to their educational activities and career planning.6,7 Given theproliferation of such efforts, some measurable effect on “entry and persistence” of women intothese professions should be expected. However, data do not indicate substantial gains.4,8The possibility exists that the apparent failure of these programs is due to a failure to implementor adopt them broadly. Teachers may lack the time to locate and evaluate additional resources toaddress such gender equity issues, or may lack the budget to adopt commercially