Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaojing Yuan, University of Houston (CoT); Xiaohui Yuan, University of North Texas; David Adam Harden; Yang Lu

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Fellowship in 2011 and 2012. He is a member of IEEE and SPIE.Mr. David Adam HardenMr. Yang Lu Page 23.353.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Cross-Domain Integration of home automation, entertainment, and e-Health using Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network Xiaojing Yuan1, Ardavan Moinzadeh1, Yang Lu1, David Harden1, Xiaohui Yuan2 1. University of Houston 2. University of North TexasAbstractRecent advances in wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) and other emerging technologies arepromoting a paradigm shift in the way that

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Gregory L. Heileman, University of New Mexico; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Alfredo J. Perez, Northern New Mexico College; Ramiro Jordan P.E., University of New Mexico; Timothy L Schroeder; José Marcio Luna, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, support structure in the form ofadvisement and tutoring which are essential for first-generation students, and student outcomesand articulation among institutions. Further motivations for this project include: 1. Students across New Mexico, one of the largest state in the US in terms of mass land, attend colleges that may be remotely located from their local community. This characteristic is typical in NM, where remote communities may be distant from one to another by tens or hundreds of miles. Online and hybrid courses are appealing for the state because they may allow students to physically attend college fewer times per semester or per week (e.g., for hands-on lab hours or recitation hours). Figure 1 shows part

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University; Devlin Montfort, Washington State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

learning in mechanics of materials.Project FindingsTwo substantial consistent misconceptions regarding axially loaded members were found.The first is that in order for an axially loaded member to shrink in a direction then theremust be a stress in that direction. When asked to draw a stress element parallel to theapplied load and associated stresses, students drew vertical (perpendicular to the load)compressive normal stresses, even on stress elements oriented at 45 degrees from theapplied load (see Figure 1 below). When reasoning about the phenomenon, studentsalmost always indicated that the member would shrink in the vertical direction and, inorder to shrink, there must be a stress acting in that direction. In alignment with theabove

Conference Session

Dynamics - Wow! They accelerate

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sudhir Kaul, University of Mount Union; Pattabhi Sitaram, Baker College, Flint, MI

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

ABET1 outcomes ‘b’ and ‘k’. Although it may be arguedthat the inclusion of more learning outcomes may overburden the students and require them toallocate more time for this course, the feedback from students for the last two semesters has beengenerally positive. This paper provides the details of the curriculum and explains the rationalebehind the changes in a critical course for ME and CE students. It is expected that the curriculumwill lead to a broader discussion on the need to revamp critical courses in the engineeringcurriculum in order to enhance student engagement, and in an attempt to improve studentretention in engineering.Keywords: Curriculum, Statics, Dynamics, Scaffolding.1. Introduction The relationship between student

Conference Session

CEIII Wrapup

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Hull Seale, UCSB; Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University; Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

time consuming toset up. Two years ago, a new device became available that made MYOE portable and easy touse. A new MEMS accelerometer with a USB port can plug into any laptop computer. Thedevice, shown in Figure 1 and developed by the Quake-Catcher Network (QCN)2, is small,lightweight, and inexpensive (around $50). MYOE software is free and downloads easily fromthe internet. Through outreach efforts, many more teachers and schools are able to run MYOE ontheir own. Figure 1. The QCN USB sensor, available from http://qcn.stanford.edu/sensor/MYOE engages the participants in earthquake science by having them simulate an “earthquake”by jumping for 10 seconds. The QCN sensor records the earthquake and displays it on thescreen, which is

Conference Session

CEIII Wrapup

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Hull Seale, UCSB; Amir Muhsin Abo-Shaeer, Dos Pueblos Engineering Academy

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-length class)All classes apply project-based learning, i.e., the use of classroom projects to facilitate learningand assess student competence. This instructional method provides students with complex tasksbased on challenging questions or problems that involve the students’ problem-solving, decision-making, and investigative skills. Students develop valuable research and design skills. Project-based learning promotes new learning habits that emphasize creative thinking.During their first three years of study, 100 students per grade are enrolled in an integratedproject-based curriculum that collectively covers, in an interdisciplinary fashion, the contentcontained in 1) a standard laboratory science physics course, 2) a standard visual and

Conference Session

CEIII Wrapup

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Hull Seale, UCSB; Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 23.357.2Visualization ResourcesFour videos and visualizations are targeted to specific audiences: (1) Grade 6 – 16 students. Animations8 compare the response of two model buildings to two earthquakes. The model buildings are very simple one-story structures with steel columns and a concrete roof; one structure has diagonal braces and the other doesn’t. These models were designed to study the passage of waves through the soil column below the structure, up through the foundation and into the structure. Often the observations of ground shaking recorded on the foundation of structures are not the same as those recorded on open ground due to the interaction between the soil and foundation. Understanding these

Conference Session

CEIII Wrapup

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Bates Talley, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Christina Kay White, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

concern – sustainability,health, vulnerability, and joy of living – and generated 14 specific Grand Challenges that await Page 23.360.3engineering solutions, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: 21st Century Engineering Grand Challenges12.The curriculum and pedagogy of our program have evolved over the years to shift with thedynamic nature of engineering education. Our curriculum evolution now incorporates the GrandChallenges as the framework for designs. The curriculum described in this paper focuses on thechallenge of “Making solar energy affordable”.Curriculum ElementsThe curriculum includes the detailed structured LEGO® builds

Conference Session

Simulation and Programming

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng.); Paras Mandal, University of Texas, El Paso; Carlos Alejandro Garcia; Natalia V Espino, UTEP; Zhonghua Hu; David Ricardo Romo; Monica I. Corella, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

is presented in this paper, which ishaving a virtual facility that will be able to teach students in a way that a real professor will do.The CF has several characteristics some of them include error free data, innovating testing, andevaluating design features which can help develop different ideas12-14. The CF will serve as akind of practice in a virtual facility, and with this practice it will train user to use the real facilitywhen it is time. In this case more than a facility it will be getting familiar in using and how tooperate the commands of the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3000 facility.Development Background of the Cyber RM FacilityThe conceptual framework of the cyber RM system (see Figure 1) consists of three main parts:(1) the

Conference Session

Integrating Engineering & Liberal Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Krystal S Corbett, Cyber Innovation Center; Galen E. Turner III, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

increasingly exploited vulnerabilities in these applications.Law enforcement and military officials have become concerned about marked increases in cyberattacks and cyber-security. To this end, they have sought to develop systems and train personnelto protect the national cyberspace infrastructure. Policy makers have wrestled with the definition Page 23.362.2of cyberspace which led to the Department of Defense’s 2006 doctrine entitled The NationalMilitary Strategy for Cyberspace Operations [1] that defines Cyberspace as“… a domain characterized by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to store,modify, and exchange data via networked

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning through Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa I Jaksic P.E., Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

alreadyfamiliar with the LabVIEW programming environment used with NI ELVIS workstations and toa limited degree NXT Mindstorms. DaNI uses a more powerful hardware platform while keepingthe LabVIEW programming environment. The addition of a Kinect for Xbox 360 sensor motionpackage and a fit-PC2 greatly enhances the capabilities of the robot (DaNI-K).Previous Work The importance of laboratory experiments and projects in engineering education can bejustified by various learning theories. In this case, the justification comes from Kolb and histheory of learning called “Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle.” According to Kolb 1, regardless Page 23.363.2of

Conference Session

Materials Science Education for the Future

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd C. Hufnagel, Johns Hopkins University; Michael J. Reese Jr., Johns Hopkins University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

passivecontent reception.1 2 A common theme of these “flipped classroom” approaches is that studentscomplete activities before class focused on content delivery—assigned readings or watching pre-recorded lectures, for instance—freeing the instructor to spend class time working with studentsin various ways that emphasize active participation.3From an instructor’s point of view, the flipped classroom is appealing because it provides astimulating classroom environment. Such perceptions, however, cannot show whether such achange in methodology is actually more effective than traditional lectures. In the fall of 2011 theresearch team embarked on the present study designed to provide both quantitative data onstudent learning gains and student perceptions of

Conference Session

Design Methodology and Evaluation 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Chong, University of Toronto; Jason A. Foster, University of Toronto; Patricia Kristine Sheridan, University of Toronto; Robert Irish, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

understanding of engineering, design, and engineering designAbstractFreshman engineering students often begin their studies with limited, imprecise, and minimallyinformed conceptions of “engineering design.” A deep understanding of this term, however, isvital to an informed awareness of what engineering practice might involve and what engineerssee themselves as doing. Textbooks can provide authoritative definition for the student, but theseformalisms are (1) challenging for freshman students with limited engineering experience toengage with and (2) fail to capture the complexity of engineering design practices, especially indifferent disciplines and cultures. In this paper, we examine the efficacy of an activity, developedfor a freshman

Conference Session

Engineering in K-12 Science and Mathematics Standards

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth A Parry, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

align goals for knowledge and definitions standards in NC skills statements Convene reviewers and Obtain Department of revise Public Instruction approval Offer series of professional development Figure 1: Flow chart of development processHistory of defining engineering for K-12A brief summary of the historical publications/efforts that informed North Carolina’s work isincluded in this section. One of the driving motivators for curricular reform

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Lande, Arizona State University; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; James Nelson, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

between the two.In the sociological context, Wang and Kaye13 use the terms user modification and modder. Thisis more aimed at the hobbyist side of making where existing products are modified to fit one’sown needs rather than inventing something entirely new.How Do You Define Making?Definitions were also captured via an ad-hoc, grounded, in-situ approach at a recent Maker Faireevent. At the September 2012 World Maker Faire New York,2 respondents were provided withpost-it notes, asked How do You Define Making? and contributed their definitions to a sharedwall shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Wall of post-its offering definitions of makingThe method of putting out post-its as an open forum for responses to How do You Define

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Schmaltz, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

andMechanical Engineering starting in 2000, graduating initial cohorts in 2004. The threeprograms are now stable and mature, have been successfully evaluated twice by theEngineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering andTechnology (EAC of ABET)1, and have graduated 400 students with baccalaureate degreesas of May 2012. The defining emphasis of the WKU Department of Engineering is todeliver undergraduate, project-based learning engineering programs so that2: … Western Kentucky University engineering students master engineering by working on projects. From the very beginning of our programs, WKU Engineering has embraced project- based learning as our primary approach to engaged deep learning

Conference Session

"Best" of BED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony J McGoron, Florida International University; Hamid Shahrestani, Florida International University, BME; Michael Edward Brown, Florida International University; James Dennis Byrne, Florida International University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

even disciplines outside Page 23.370.3of engineering12. This is true for all engineering disciplines, but maybe more so in BiomedicalEngineering. That these skills have been learned by the students must be assessed.Two points identified in the white paper titled “Design in BME: Challenges, Issues andOpportunities” generated from the 2005 Whitaker BME Education Summit were (1)“increasingly clear mandate from industry for university BME programs to teach design skills,including team-based experiences and (2) expectations that innovation in biomedical technologywill be an important driver of economic success and that BME graduates will play a

Conference Session

New Approaches and Applications to Enhance Technological Literacy - Part I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. William Graff, LeTourneau University; Paul R. Leiffer, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

works hisproblem successfully, he leaves. From this interaction, the instructor is able to find conceptswhich need to be emphasized, and identify students that need extra help.One of these sessions is the hydro-circuits lab, described in a previous paper,1 designed to givestudents a “feel” for the hydraulic analogies for the resistor, capacitor, voltage and current. Realwater, balloons, plastic tubing, and fluid flow meters are used to show Kirchhoff’s current lawand an R-C transient. It gets pretty messy. One of the civil engineering majors, who hadquestions about fluid flow, became excited during this lab as he realized that the basis for rampumps (inertia pumps) is the same as that for current flow in an inductor. The followingtreatise is

Conference Session

Materials

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Kamal Hossain, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

project criteria was an emphasis on compactness. Therefore, itwas important that our SUT be smaller yet practical. The height, length, and width of our SUTwere 1109.78 mm, 1959.76 mm, and 1270 mm, respectively. Overall dimensions are shown inFigures 1 through 4, respectively. 2000 N 1109.78 mm 1430.26 mm 1028.7 mm 1959.76 1270 mm mm Figure 1: Frame Dimensions

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liping Guo, Northern Illinois University; Jingbo Han, Northern Illinois University; Andrew Wasonga Otieno, Associate Professor

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

today are stationaryand therefore do not consistently output the maximum amount of power that they can actuallyproduce. A solar tracker will track the sun throughout the day and adjust the angle of the solarpanel to make the sun normal to the solar panels at all times. The orientation of the solar panelsmay increase the efficiency of the conversion system from 20% up to 50%. [1-3]. The suntracking solar power system is a mechatronic system that integrates electrical and mechanicalsystems, and computer hardware and software.This paper describes the Matlab/Simulink simulation of a sun tracking solar power system. Thesimulation will be used for demonstration and experiments to help the students study theory ofthe system. The solar tracker follows

Conference Session

Beyond the Classroom: Summer and Scholarship Programs to Engage Minorities

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey W. Fergus, Auburn University; Shirley A Scott-Harris, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

and is pivotal to their perception of the level of comfort that exists in the collegeenvironment11. At the same time outreach programs focused on preparing students to studyengineering in college should be academically rigorous12.Student PerformanceThe performances of the scholarship recipients in high school are summarized in Table I. Thehigh school GPA and ACT test scores of the 2010 cohort of scholarship awardees are higher thanthose of the 2009 cohort. Although differences between high school GPAs are not statisticallysignificant, the differences between the ACT scores are different to greater than 90% confidence(according to the student t-test).The average cumulative college GPAs of scholarship recipients are shown in Figure 1.Consistent

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niaz Latif, Purdue University, Calumet ; Joy L Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech)

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

interms of, 1) needs and justification, 2) planning process, 3) program description and objectives,4) curriculum, 5) implementation issues related to faculty, students, and resources, and 6)examples of MSV related industry projects. The description also includes the process, startingfrom a concept paper development through approval of the program by the State Commission ofHigher Education.IntroductionAdvanced modeling, simulation, and visualization technologies provide an innovative way forhumans to learn and understand extremely sophisticated concepts and problem solving skills aswell as effectively design and optimize complex systems and processes. Through visualizing,manipulating, and interacting with computer-generated simulations and models

Conference Session

Capstone Projects, Design Projects, and Teamwork

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emil H Salib, James Madison University; Joshua Alfred Erney, James Madison University; Matthew Edwin Schumaker

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

the Integrated Science and Technology (ISAT) program at James MadisonUniversity [1] is to prepare students to be professionally well equipped when entering theworkplace or enroll in graduate programs. This is accomplished by developing students‟ abilityto become problem solvers who are able to investigate local, national, and global issues not onlyfrom a science perspective but also from technology, engineering and social contextperspectives. During their Junior and Senior years, the program provides students with a uniquehands-on research, design and prototyping experiences in the form of Senior Capstone Projects.The intent of a capstone is for students to utilize competencies developed in the first three yearsof the curriculum in the

Conference Session

Research and Graduate Studies

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erika A. Mosyjowski, University of Michigan ; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Diane L Peters, University of Michigan; Steven J. Skerlos, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

practitioners betweencompleting their undergraduate degree and enrolling in a graduate program. In engineering andother STEM PhD programs, graduation age data suggests that a majority of doctoral students aredirect-pathway students, students who enroll in a graduate degree almost directly aftercompleting their undergraduate work1. Though returners are a minority of engineering doctoralstudents, their unique background and experiences make them an important group to study for anumber of reasons: 1. Returners represent new pathways to engineering graduate education. Highly trained engineers are critical to continued competitiveness in our global economy but there are currently too few students enrolling in engineering graduate programs2. The

Conference Session

Learning styles affect on students in graphic and design courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice Y. Scales, North Carolina State University; Terri E Varnado, North Carolina State University; Jennifer Buelin-Biesecker, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

ideas. Requiring students toregularly assess their own degree of understanding and skill at handling concepts orproblems in a particular discipline. The attainment of knowledge by participating orcontributing. The process of keeping students mentally, and often physically, active intheir learning through activities that involve them in gathering information, thinking, andproblem solving”1 Page 23.378.2Best practices for online instruction seen in recent literature include a focus oninteractivity, skillful use of technology, a clear understanding of both technical andinterpersonal expectation;2 as well as

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

McTighe learning outcomes are organized into three levels of learning importance:1. enduring understandings, 2. important to know insights, and 3. good to know information. InPrinciples the enduring understandings are: 1., the ability to recognize entrepreneurialopportunities, 2. to communicate the benefits of those opportunities to others whether they arecustomers, partners, employees or investors, and 3., the ability to asses and compareentrepreneurial competencies. These enduring understandings establish the most importantlearning outcomes that the student is expected to know or be able to do as a result ofparticipating in the Principles course. Pelligrino’s assessment triangle approach includes in one integrated assessment model;the

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristina Elizabeth Krause, The Center for Engineering Learning and Teaching - University of Washington; Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington; Jim L. Borgford-Parnell, University of Washington; Ken Yasuhara, Center for Engineering Learning & Teaching (CELT), University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

personal knowledge. The results of this analysispoint to the experience required to incorporate broad thinking in design solutions.Introduction and BackgroundOur research seeks to understand the relationships between the possession of expertise in aparticular domain and the potential accompanying ability to situate problems and to thinkbroadly during the design process. A domain is defined as a shared system of knowledge andactivities that focus on a particular subject, and expertise “…refers to the characteristics, skillsand, knowledge that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people.”1 Gainingdomain expertise involves an amalgamation of experiences that have led a person a person toachieve a particular level of skill and

Conference Session

Curriculum Development

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MD B. Sarder, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

provide a large socio-economic impact by encouraging a diverse population ofyoung students to pursue careers in scientific disciplines.Need of logistics profession in the USAs mentioned earlier that USdomination in manufacturing in the1980s are declining steadily since thendue to the mass outsourcing of USproducts and services to overseascountries (see chart 1). On the otherhand the logistics transportation sectoris booming in the US (see table 1)4.Even though mass outsourcing isblamed for manufacturing job losses, Page 23.381.3it also helps companies achieve an endproduct or service by providing an input that is outside the company’s present

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren A Cooper, University of Colorado Boulder; Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Page 23.382.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Designing the Design Experience: Identifying Factors of Student Motivation in Project-Based Learning and Project-Based Service- LearningAbstractGrounded in motivation theory, this research evaluates how the context of project-based service-learning (PBSL) affects aspects of student motivation in a required undergraduate mechanicalengineering course - Component Design. Our research aims to answer: 1) How does the contextof service in project-based learning affect student motivation? 2) What factors are mostinfluential on student motivation to persist in project-based learning experiences?Component Design is

Conference Session

Teaching - Best Practices

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University; Julie C Baker Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

OverviewEngineers use the analytical and math-based components of design, simulation, programming,and modeling to develop new products. As Tennessee strives to encourage more high schoolstudents to prepare for and enter STEM careers, early induction into the way STEMprofessionals think and work is essential [1]. Students need to encounter these engineeringconcepts in mathematics and science courses to prepare for STEM-based high school technicalcourses, post-secondary STEM training, and to build a strong foundation in critical thinking andproblem-solving skills. DTF teacher-participants in grades 9-10 (math, science, and CTE)manipulate a number of cutting-edge software tools as they learn how similar activities caneasily be replicated in the high school